深水半潜式平台系泊系统动力特性研究

探讨张紧式系泊系统的基本特征,比较张紧式和悬链线式系泊半潜平台运动和动力响应特性,分析拖曳力系数变化对张紧式和悬链线式系泊动力效应的影响,以及张紧式和悬链线式系泊缆节点运动特点,从而为改善半潜平台系泊系统动力效应提供参考.     

系泊模式对深水Spar平台运动性能的影响

在频域和时域内研究对等分布式系泊和分组式系泊2种系泊模式对Spar平台运动性能的影响,并分析单根系泊缆破断失效后平台运动性能的变化。首先建立Spar平台的三维水动力模型,通过在平台柱体导缆孔处指定预张力、倾角和刚度来模拟系泊系统的影响;然后采用三维势流理论进行浮体水动力计算,获得Spar平台运动响应的传递函数等水动力参数;最后根据实际海况资料,在平台生存工况下,进行Spar平台在完好系泊和单根系泊缆破断失效状态下运动响应的短期预报,并在时域内进行耦合分析,研究平台运动响应和系泊缆张力变化情况。研究结果对Spar平台系泊系统设计和平台设计前期运动性能研究有参考意义。     

考虑平台转动的等效水深截断系泊系统优化设计

等效水深截断是混合模型试验中非常重要的一步,合理的截断方案是模型试验成功的前提。现有的研究大多忽略对平台转动的考虑,该文在静态相似准则的基础上增加对平台转动的考虑,推导了系泊系统回复力和转矩的计算公式,建立了满足静态一致性的目标函数,进而采用粒子群算法进行等效水深截断优化设计。以某深水半潜式平台为例,首先在不考虑转动的情况下对其系泊系统进行等效截断,研究发现截断水深的变化对转矩的优化结果影响较大,从而证明了平台转动是应该考虑的。其次在考虑转动的情况下对系泊系统进行等效截断,通过水动力软件验证所优化的结果,证明该方法的可行性,为后续的等效水深截断优化设计的研究提供参考。     

半潜式平台运动及系泊系统特性研究

针对深海半潜式平台及其系泊系统的水动力特性,运用时域耦合的分析方法,对一座水深为1 000 m的半潜式平台,及其悬链线式系泊系统的水动力性能进行探索,获得频域和时域响应结果。同时阐述了平台系泊系统的设计流程,并通过系泊系统参数的变化,研究其特性寻找影响系泊系统作用的一般规律,为平台及其系泊系统设计提供参考。     

深水半潜式生产平台耦合动力特性对比研究

应用数值模拟与模型试验相结合的方法研究半潜式生产平台系泊状态下的耦合动力特性。建立耦合分析模型,时域内计算求解平台的动力响应,选取缩尺比为1∶60,采用等效截断模型方法对数值模拟结果进行验证。通过对比模型试验与数值模拟结果发现:等效截断系泊系统可以较好地模拟平台的位移响应,但在系泊张力方面却差异较大,此外极端海况下平台的甲板上浪问题也必须得到充分重视。     

深海系泊系统动张力有限元计算

考虑深海聚酯尼龙系泊缆的拉伸和弯曲变形,取正交坐标和切向量描述任意结点的6个广义位移,缆变形的几何非线性,基于细长杆理论推导缆索单元的刚度矩阵和质量矩阵,得到12×12的非线性单元特性矩阵,利用有限元软件计算系泊系统的动张力.针对水深1 800 m由12根缆定位的Spar平台,考虑水流对系泊系统的作用,计算了不同外激励下的系缆动张力,讨论了激励频率对系缆张力的影响.结果表明,建立的缆索单元特性矩阵可以较好模拟深海聚酯缆的力学性能,并且得到的深海系泊缆动张力变化规律和力学特性是合理的.     

深水锚泊定位半潜式钻井平台性能数值与试验研究

近年来,深水半潜平台已成为海洋工程领域研究的热点。分别通过模型试验和数值模拟的方法,对不同水深和浪向条件下作业的深水半潜平台的运动以及系泊系统的受力进行全面分析。在此基础上,进一步研究平台在深水作业时的运动和动力特性,以及水深和环境海况的变化对平台运动和系泊系统受力的影响规律。同时,对比完整系泊系统的情况,对一根系泊缆破断的极端状态下平台的特性开展研究,获得运动和系泊系统受力的变化规律。对比发现试验和数值的结果能较好地相互吻合,且均能满足相应的安全度要求,保证平台实际作业时的可靠性,为深水半潜平台设计中的安全极限计算提供一定的依据。     

半潜平台浮子式系泊系统参数优化研究

通过在系泊缆中设置浮子可以改善系泊系统性能,降低平台运动响应。建立浮子式系泊系统的数值计算模型,验证浮子式系泊系统数值计算方法,详细分析浮子设计参数(设置位置和净浮力大小)变化对系泊缆张力特性与平台运动的影响规律,并根据得到的规律选择了优化的浮子系泊系统方案。最后对优化方案进行评估,表明优化方案可以显著降低系泊中的平台水平运动,尤其是低频运动,同时系泊缆张力变化不大,仍满足安全要求。研究结果可为今后浮子式系泊系统设计提供参考。     

半潜式起重平台系泊系统设计与优化研究

近年来,国内兴起了大力发展半潜式起重平台的势头,系泊系统的设计与优化是该类型平台开发中的关键问题之一。采用时域方法对半潜式起重平台系泊系统进行耦合动力分析,研究系泊系统主要参数对其动力响应特性的影响,并给出主要参数的设计优化流程,在此基础上,以能够满足安全校核且性能较优的系泊方案为目标,对该半潜式起重平台的系泊系统进行优化设计,并研究单根系泊缆发生破断对整个系泊系统的影响。结果表明:基于主要参数对系泊性能的影响规律,经优化设计得到的系泊方案,预留的安全欲度适中,能够保障半潜式起重平台在恶劣海况下的生存能力,同时具备较好的经济性。     

新型张力腿式储油处理平台的动力响应分析

针对目前小油田早期生产中存在的不足,提出一种适用于浅水海域的新型张力腿式储油处理平台,该平台主要由储油箱、浮箱、吸力桩、系泊链和甲板结构构成,具备原油处理和储存功能。应用非线性时域耦合分析法,研究了有义波高、平均波周期、水深对该平台的运动响应和系泊链张力的影响。计算结果表明,波高对平台动力响应有较大影响,有义波高每增加0.4 m,平台水平位移相应增加0.408 m,而系泊链力随有义波高的增加呈准线性增大;波周期对平台水平运动影响显著,平均波周期从6.5 s逐级变化至8.5 s时,最大水平位移自3.760 m渐增至5.467 m,而波周期对系泊链力影响较小,变化率一般小于10%;该新型平台对水深大于20 m的浅水海域有良好的动力特性,而对水深小于20 m的海域却表现异常。因此,该新型张力腿式平台能满足水深不小于20 m浅海区的油田早期生产需要。     

Influence of Active Control Strategy on the Motion Compensation at the Truncated Point of Mooring Line

The maximum predicting error of the commonly used passive truncated mooring system method may reach 30% due to the difference of dynamic characteristics between the truncated and full-depth mooring line. In this paper, the experimental strategy called three-parameter (displacement, velocity and acceleration) active control method at the truncated point of mooring line is established to implement the synchronous equivalent of motion and force, and the realization of active truncated mooring system for model test is studied theoretically. The influences of three-parameter and one-parameter (displacement) active control strategies on the compensation effects are compared by numerical study. The results show that the established three-parameter active control method can feasibly realize the static and dynamic equivalent of truncated and full-depth mooring system, laying a good foundation for the following physical model test of active truncated mooring system.

     

Hybrid Verification of A Deepwater Cell-Truss Spar

Hybrid model testing technique is widely used in verification of a deepwater floating structure and its mooring system,but the design of the truncated mooring systems which can reproduce both static and dynamic response same as the full-depth mooring system is still a big challenge,especially for the mooting systems with large truncation.A Cell-Tress Spar operated in 1500 m water depth is verified in a wave basin with 4 m water depth.A large truncation factor arises even though a small model scale 1:100 is adopted.Computer program modules for analyzing the static and frequency domain dynamic response of mooting line are combined with multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II to optimize the truncared mooting system.Considering the asymmetry of layout of mooring hnes,two different truncated mooring systems are respectively designed for both directions in which the restoring forces of the.mooting system are quite,different.Not only the static characteristics of the mooting systems are calibrated,but also the dynamic responses of the single truncated mooting line are evaluated through time domain numerical simulation and model tests.The model test results of 100-year storm in the GOM are reconstructed and extrapolated to a full depth.It is found that the experimental and numerical resuits of Spar wave frequency motion agree well,and the dynamic responses of the full-depth mooring lines are better reproduced,but the low frequency surge motion is overestimated due to the smaller mooring-induced damping.It is a feasible method adopting different truncated mooring systems for different directions in which the restoring force characteristics are quite different and cannot be simulated by one truncated mooring system.Hybrid verification of a deepwater platform in wave basin with shallow water depth is still feasible if the truncated mooring systems are properly designed,and numerical extrapolation is necessary.     

Dynamic Response Analysis of the Equivalent Water Depth Truncated Point of the Catenary Mooring Line

The real-time computer-controlled actuators are used to connect the truncated parts of moorings and risers in the active hybrid model testing system. This must be able to work in model-scale real time, based on feedback input from the floater motions. Thus, mooring line dynamics and damping effects are artificially simulated in real time, based on a computer-based model of the problem. In consideration of the nonlinear characteristics of the sea platform catenary mooring line, the equations of the mooring line motion are formulated by using the lumped-mass method and the dynamic response of several points on the mooring line is investigated by the time and frequency domain analysis method. The dynamic response of the representative point on the mooring line is analyzed under the condition of two different corresponding upper endpoint movements namely sine wave excitation and random wave excitation. The corresponding laws of the dynamic response between the equivalent water depth truncated points at different locations and the upper endpoint are obtained, which can provide technical support for further study of the active hybrid model test.     

Dynamics of large-truncated mooring systems coupled with a catenary moored semi-submersible

With the floating structures pushing their activities to the ultra-deep water,model tests have presented a challenge due to the limitation of the existing wave basins.Therefore,the concept of truncated mooring system is implemented to replace the full depth mooring system in the model tests,which aims to have the same dynamic responses as the full depth system.The truncated mooring system plays such a significant role that extra attention should be paid to the mooring systems with large truncation factor.Three different types of large truncation factor mooring system are being employed in the simulations,including the homogenously truncated mooring system,non-homogenously truncated mooring system and simplified truncated mooring system.A catenary moored semi-submersible operating at 1000 m water depth is presented.In addition,truncated mooring systems are proposed at the truncated water depth of 200 m.In order to explore the applicability of these truncated mooring systems,numerical simulations of the platform’s surge free decay interacting with three different styles of truncated mooring systems are studied in calm water.Furthermore,the mooring-induced damping of the truncated mooring systems is simulated in the regular wave.Finally,the platform motion responses and mooring line dynamics are simulated in irregular wave.All these simulations are implemented by employing full time domain coupled dynamic analysis,and the results are compared with those of the full depth simulations in the same cases.The results show that the mooring-induced damping plays a significant role in platform motion responses,and all truncated mooring systems are suitable for model tests with appropriate truncated mooring line diameters.However,a large diameter is needed for simplified truncated mooring lines.The suggestions are given to the selection of truncated mooring system for different situations as well as to the truncated mooring design criteria.     

Optimal Design of Equivalent Water Depth Truncated Mooring System Based on Baton Pattern Simulated Annealing Algorithm简

The highest similarity degree of static characteristics including both horizontal and vertical restoring force-displacement characteristics of total mooring system, as well as the tension-displacement characteristics of the representative single mooring line between the truncated and full depth system are obtained by annealing simulation algorithm for hybrid discrete variables （ASFHDV, in short）. A“baton” optimization approach is proposed by utilizing ASFHDV. After each baton of optimization, if a few dimensional variables reach the upper or lower limit, the boundary of certain dimensional variables shall be expanded. In consideration of the experimental requirements, the length of the upper mooring line should not be smaller than 8 m, and the diameter of the anchor chain on the bottom should be larger than 0.03 m. A 100000 t turret mooring FPSO in the water depth of 304 m, with the truncated water depth being 76 m, is taken as an example of equivalent water depth truncated mooring system optimal design and calculation, and is performed to obtain the conformation parameters of the truncated mooring system. The numerical results indicate that the present truncated mooring system design is successful and effective.     

Effect of Failure Mode of Taut Mooring System on the Dynamic Response of A Semi-Submersible Platform

Mooring system failure can lead to largely different dynamic response of floating structures when compared to the response under the condition of intact mooring system. For a semi-submersible platform with taut mooring system under extreme environmental conditions, the typical mooring system failure includes anchor line breaking failure due to the broken anchor line, and the anchor dragging failure caused by the anchor failure in the seabed soil due to the shortage of the anchor bearing capacity. However, study on the mooring failure caused by anchor failure is rare. The current work investigates the effect of three failure modes of taut mooring system on dynamic response of a semi-submersible platform, including one line breaking failure, two lines breaking failure, and one line breaking with one line attached anchor dragging failure. The nonlinear polynomial mooring line model in AQWA was used with integrating the load and displacement curve from the anchor pulling study to characterize the anchor dragging behavior for mooring system failure caused by the anchor failure. The offsets of the platform and the tension of mooring lines were analyzed for mooring system failure with 100-year return period. It is found that the mooring failure of one line breaking with one line attached anchor dragging is a case between the other two mooring failures. The traditional mooring analysis considering only the damaged condition with one line breaking is not safe enough. And the simple way of mooring analysis of two lines breaking is too conservative for the costly offshore engineering.

     

混合模型试验等效水深截断系统优化设计研究

进行了深海海洋平台混合模型等效水深截断系统优化设计试验研究,优化方法选用混合离散变量模拟退火法,目标函数为截断系统和原系统的静力特性相似程度。以一个转塔式系泊浮式生产系统为例进行了等效水深截断系统优化设计计算。     

Research on truncation method of FPSO and offloading system in model test

The model test method of the FPSO and offloading system is investigated by using the development mode of “FPSO + CALM + TANKER” working in a 1700-m depth of offshore West Africa. An equivalent design based on static and dynamic similarity criteria for oil offloading line (OOL) is discussed, and a type of creative method for the equivalent design of OOL in a model test is proposed. Based on the static similarity criterion, the truncated design of the FPSO mooring system in water depth and horizontal directions is carried out. After that, a relevant static optimization is conducted. Meanwhile, to avoid interference between the FPSO mooring system and CALM mooring system, a horizontal equivalent design for the CALM mooring system is provided. On this basis, the model test scheme is conducted. Time domain coupled analyses for the whole system before and after truncation are later performed. After comparison, it is observed that the calculated results of the truncated system are basically consistent with those of the prototype system, and the design of the model test scheme is demonstrated to be robust and reliable.     

Fatigue damage induced by nonGaussian bimodal wave loading in mooring lines

Catenary mooring lines are typically subjected to bimodal loads, comprising of a wave frequency (WF) component due to the first-order wave forces and a low frequency (LF) component induced by the second-order wave forces. For moored vessels, the LF forces due to current and wind also play a role. Only dynamic wave loads are considered herein, while current and wind loads are modeled as constant forces. Because of the nonlinearities of the mooring line characteristics, the dynamic line tension and the second-order responses, both the WF and LF line tensions are in principle nonGaussian. These facts make it difficult to estimate the combined fatigue damage of mooring lines in the frequency domain. A fatigue combination rule based on the Jiao and Moan’s theory has been extended to cover the nonGaussian case. The purpose of this paper is to improve and validate the frequency-domain method by time-domain analysis based on a simplified, but accurate mechanical model of the dynamic line tension. Improvements on the LF and combined fatigue damage estimation have been made by considering the nonsymmetrical property of the LF line tension distribution. Both the WF and LF mooring line tensions due to wave loading have been simulated in the time domain for different sea states and the combined fatigue damage has been estimated by using the rainflow cycle counting algorithm. The accuracy of the frequency-domain method for estimating the bimodal nonGaussian fatigue damage of mooring lines has been verified by the time-domain simulations and is considered to be acceptable.