《联合国海洋法公约》群岛制度及其发展趋势和启示

为系统梳理相关国际海洋法律制度的历史和发展情况,推动我国进一步维护国家海洋权益和依法解决海洋争端,文章基于《联合国海洋法公约》介绍群岛制度的谈判历史和发展趋势,并提出对我国群岛制度建设的启示。研究结果表明:对群岛问题的实质性讨论和群岛制度的初步形成始于联合国第三次海洋法会议;历经谈判和博弈,群岛国和群岛基线等内容被《联合国海洋法公约》确定;根据《联合国海洋法公约》,群岛国和非群岛国多通过国内立法行使和充实其群岛权利,推动群岛制度的发展,其中大洋群岛的权利是重要领域和趋势;我国应在遵守《联合国海洋法公约》的前提下加强研究,积极参与国际海洋事务及其规则制定,在充分考量自身实际情况的基础上,通过完善国内立法,构建群岛制度。     

中国与国际海底开发制度

1 国际海底及其开发制度 第三次联合国海洋法会议通过的《联合国海洋公约》(以下简称《公约》)提出了一个崭新的概念——国际海底,它是指国家管辖范围以外的海床洋底及其底土。《公约》明确规定,国际海底及其资源是人类共同继承财产,国际海底内的活动应由国际海底管理局代表全人类,根据公约予以安排、进行和控制。在此基础上,公约还建立了一套国际海底开发的法律制度。     

国家管辖范围以外区域环境影响评价的筛选机制研究

国家管辖范围以外区域(Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction,ABNJ)海洋生物多样性养护与可持续利用问题是当前国际社会共同关注的一个焦点。联合国大会2015年通过关于BBNJ(Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction)养护和可持续利用问题的69/292号决议,决定在《联合国海洋法公约》框架下制定具有法律约束力的新协定(BBNJ国际协议)。环境影响评价是BBNJ国际协议的重要组成部分。对ABNJ当前主要的人类活动以及现有环境管理机制进行梳理,结合国际层面和区域组织的环境影响评价框架以及主要国家的环境影响评价实践,对ABNJ主要人类活动的环境影响评价筛选机制进行研究,着重分析以“重大不利影响”作为环境影响评价的启动门槛的正当性;并从项目的选址、项目特征和项目影响这3个主要因素出发,阐明适用于ABNJ的环境影响评价筛选标准;最后,基于不同类型活动的综合分析,就ABNJ环境影响评价的适用活动范围进行初步探讨,并尝试为ABNJ环境影响评价适用的活动清单提出方案设想。     

深海采矿的环境影响

20世纪70年代以来,随着大洋多金属结核勘查和开发活动的日益频繁,深海采矿可能引起的环境问题亦引起了国际社会的广泛关注,联合国建立了多种临时委员会和常设委员会来研究开发海洋矿产资源的法律、经济、科学和技术方面的问题,《联合国海洋法公约》等有关法律和法规相继出台。而在《联合国海洋法公约》框架基础上成立     

第十二届国际海洋生物技术大会反映的新进展

海洋生物技术是规模化生产和利用海洋生物资源获取海洋生物产品和服务的系统工程技术。自1989年日本东京第一届国际海洋生物技术会议以来,国际海洋生物技术在促进海水养殖业健康可持续发展、开发海洋生物制品、保护海洋环境、保护海洋生物多样性以及建设“和谐海洋”等领域得到迅猛发展,不仅促进了传统海洋生物产业的转型升级,还催生了包括海洋天然药物、海洋生物材料等许多新的产业生长点。第十二届国际海洋生物技术会议于2019年9月9?13日在日本静冈召开,会议以“下一代的海洋生物技术”为主题,旨在全球范围内交流海洋生物技术研究和开发的最新进展,强化一个国际层面的“政府?学术?产业”之间的交流与合作平台。这次会议最大的特点是把青年科学家、企业家和政策制定者推向了大会交流的一线。本文针对本次会议反映的新进展,提出我国未来5～10年特别值得关注的重点方向,建议把青年人才特别是学术、工程和产业融合型人才的培养放到最重要的位置,及时布局下一代海洋生物技术的原始创新和新兴产业孵化的战略制高点。     

海洋环境保护与多边贸易规则

"21世纪是海洋的世纪",海洋环境的保护早已提上人类的议程,正确认识多边贸易与海洋环境保护的关系极为重要.多边贸易规则与1982年的《联合国海洋法公约》二者关系的研究是不可回避的问题,同时还涉及单边规则与保护海洋生物资源的关系.实践中存在不少与海洋环境有关的贸易争端,这些争端的解决机制的发展是该领域的重要内容.面对世界范围内多边贸易与海洋环境保护的发展,中国必须充分认识和积极面对,促进二者的和谐发展.     

维护海洋权益,开发海洋资源,持续发展海洋经济

一、国际海洋法律制度发生了深刻变化,国际海洋事务形成了一些热点和新的特点《联合国海洋法公约》（以下简称《公约》）于1994年11月16日正式生效,标志着人类和平利用海洋和全面管理海洋的新时期已经到来。《公约》共有17个部分320条,连同9个附件共446条,包括了内海、领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架、群岛水域、公海和国际海底等海域的各个部分的法律制度,并对海洋资源开发、环境保护与利用、技术转让与技术发展、海洋争端的解决都作了规定,内容涵盖了海洋的一切资源和用途,涉及海洋法的所有领域。是迄今为止,范围最广泛,内容…     

《联合国海洋法公约》生效与南海石油开发

今年11月16日,是世界上第60个国家圭亚那政府批准《联合国海洋法公约》(以下称《公约》)周年之日,根据《公约》第308条条款规定《公约》批准所要求的国家数量一旦达到60个(据统计,世界沿海国现共有145个),《公约》即可生效,它将成为一个正式的国际法律。 尽管《公约》内容尚不够完善,然而它一旦生效,各沿海国均享有领海及毗连区、200海里专属经济区等主权权利。海洋区域国际争端的解决、世界海洋资源仲裁和经济开发     

基于DSR模型的海洋可再生能源战略环境影响评价(SEA)指标体系研究

以战略环境影响评价的工作目标和评价内容为依据,分析了海洋可再生能源战略环境影响评价(SEA)指标体系的建立原则、建立方法和过程,建立了基于驱使力-状态-响应(DSR)模型的海洋可再生能源战略环境影响评价指标体系,为今后我国开展海洋可再生能源战略环境影响评价工作提供了科学参考和技术支持。     

加强国际经济合作，促进海洋产业振兴

加强国际经济合作促进海洋产业振兴虞源澄（国家海洋局国际合作司）《联合国海洋法公约》的生效,标志着海洋国际新秩序的建立,也是人类和平利用海洋和全面管理海洋新的里程碑。海洋已成为当今国际事务热点,越来越多的国家把合理有序开发利用海洋资源、保护海洋环境,作...     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.