几种抗生素的抑菌效果及其对中肋骨条藻生长的影响

通过实验室培养,观察了不同浓度的氯霉素、氨苄青霉素、链霉素、多粘菌素B对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum(Greville)Cleve)生长的影响及其抑菌效果.结果表明,一次性添加＞1.0 mg/L氯霉素对中肋骨条藻的生长抑制作用较强,一次性添加0.01 mg/L氯霉素时抑菌性不理想.每天添加0.1和0.5 mg/L的氨苄青霉素、链霉素和多粘菌素B对中肋骨条藻生长影响较小.0.1和0.5 mg/L的链霉素和多粘菌素B联合应用时,对中肋骨条藻生长影响很小,且浓度为0.5 mg/L时抑菌效果较理想.     

水产品中多氯联苯残留量的气相色谱法测定

研究并建立了水产品中的7种多氯联苯残留的气相色谱检测方法，用该方法对鱼、虾、贝、蟹、甲鱼等多种水产动物中多氯联苯的残留量进行了分析测定。结果表明，7种多氯联苯的峰面积与其质量浓度在1.0～200ng／mL范围内呈线性关系，相关系数均大于0．999。鳕鱼和牡蛎样品中添加1.0ng／g的多氯联苯标准液时，多氯联苯的回收率为81．33％～85．33％；相对标准偏差为7．33％～9．21％。方法的测定低限为0．3ng／g。另外，通过优化前处理方法，使用硅胶净化柱，缩短了样品的前处理时间，减少了试剂消耗，提高了回收率。     

呋喃唑酮间接竞争ELISA(ciELISA)检测法的建立

为快速检测水产品中FZ残留ELISA ;将呋喃唑酮 (Furazolidone ,FZ)与牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)、人血清白蛋白 (HSA)联接 ,分别作为免疫原及包被原 ,建立了水产养殖动物组织中呋喃唑酮的ELISA筛选方法。实验结果表明 ,理想的呋喃唑酮———人血清白蛋白 (FZ- HSA )包被抗原的浓度为 1.2 5 μg/mL ,酶标二抗 (羊抗兔IgG HRP)的工作浓度为 1∶10 0 0 ,多抗 (FZ- PcAb)的工作浓度为 1∶3 2 0 0 ,可测定的最适范围为 10～ 10 0ng/mL ,最小检测限为 1ng/mL。本实验所建立的ELISA方法的孔间差异为 4.16% ,板间差异为 9.2 0 % ,实验重复性好。添加回收率试验测的虾肉样本品均回收率为 (94.86± 9.5 5 ) %。在实验浓度范围内 ,呋喃唑酮 (FZ)的抗血清与氯霉素 (Chloramphenicol)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶 (Sulfamethazine)、红霉素 (Erythromycin)、恩诺沙星 (Enrofloxacin)、甲氧苄啶 (Trimethoprim )等可能会因同时使用而导致共同残留的抗微生物药物未显示免疫交叉反应性 ,与结构相似或相近药物呋喃西林 (Furacilinum)的交叉反应性为 43 %。这表明所建立的方法有较高特异性和灵敏度 ,适合呋喃唑酮残留的快速筛选。整个测定时间为 5h。     

一株海洋发光细菌的分离鉴定及其发光条件的初步研究

从青岛近海海洋沉积物样品中分离出一株海洋发光细菌，命名为D40。经过形态观察以及一系列生理生化特征测试结果，确定这株菌属于弧菌属(Vibrio)的哈维氏发光弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)。同时对这株菌的发光条件和发光特点进行了初步研究，实验结果表明，细菌D40在PH7．5，温度30℃，NaCl浓度为3．0％时，发光强度最高，液体培养4h开始发光，6h后，发光达到峰值，持续发光时间可达19h。     

南海中、东部海区发光细菌的生态分布与种类组成

初步研究了南海中、东部海区海洋发光细菌的生态分布与种类组成.对28个测站的表层水样和部分测站的水柱垂直分层(50、100、150和200 m)水样进行了发光细菌培养、计数、分离和菌种鉴定.结果表明,水体中发光细菌检出率达76.92%,检出率自表层向底层逐渐升高;观测海区表层海水中发光细菌的平均菌量为(8.60±15.57)CFU/dm3,深层海水的菌量较高,至150 m水层平均菌量达最高值,为(49.47±75.40) CFU/dm3,细菌丰度变幅为3～307 CFU/dm3,平均菌量的最高值和较大的变幅范围都出现在150 m水层;在200 m以浅水体中,发光细菌垂直分布趋势基本与深度的增加以及水温的降低相关联,高值大多出现在100～150 m水层;观测海区发光细菌主要由哈维氏发光细菌Lucibacterium harveyi、曼达帕姆发光细菌Photobacterium madapamensis、明亮发光细菌Photobacterium phosphoreum和费氏发光细菌Vibrio fischeri组成,分别占鉴定种群的42%、33%、19%和6%.     

NaCl 对三疣梭子蟹消化酶活力的影响

作者采用酶学分析方法研究了反应介质中添加NaC1对三疣梭子蟹(Porturrus tritubrculatus)中肠腺蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶、羧肽酶A、羧肽酶B、淀粉酶活力的影响,反应介质中NaC1浓度设置为0、0.005、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0和2.0 mol/L 8个梯度.实验结果表明,反应介质中添加NaC1对消化酶活力影响显著,除羧肽酶B外,添加NaC1对三疣梭子蟹消化酶均有激活作用,且所有消化酶都有很高的耐盐性.当反应介质中NaC1浓度为0.1～0.5 mol/L时蛋白酶活力最大;0.5 mol/L时胰蛋白酶活力最大;胰凝乳蛋白酶在反应介质中NaC1浓度为1 mol/L时酶活力最大;羧肽酶A在反应介质中NaC1浓度为0.05～0.1 mol/L时酶活力最大;NaC1对羧肽酶B有抑制作用,在反应介质中NaC1浓度为2 mol/L的条件下,只有未添加NaC1时酶活力的60%;NaC1在0～2 mol/L时对淀粉酶均有激活作用,其最大激活能力在0.5mol/L左右.     

三价砷和五价砷对鱼类乙酰胆碱脂酶的体外抑制比较

为开展水产品中三价砷的酶法快速检测工作,文中研究了三价砷(As3 + )、五价砷(As5+ )对8种鱼脑中乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的抑制率。结果发现,在10 -7～10 -4mol/L范围内,草鱼和鲫鱼脑中AChE的抑制率与三价砷的浓度负对数值有较好的线性关系,相关系数都在0 .97以上;在10 -6～10 -4mol/L范围内,黑、马鲛、鲈鱼脑中AChE的抑制率与三价砷的浓度负对数值的线性相关系数大于0 .99。对于三价砷,由IC50 得到AChE的敏感性为:美国红鱼>草鱼,鲫,鲈鱼>黑,马鲛>鲤,白鲢。鱼种不同,AChE受到的三价砷、五价砷的抑制作用也不同。在浓度为10 -6～10 -4mol/L范围内,三价砷、五价砷对8种鱼脑中AChE的抑制作用存在极显著差异(p <0 .0 1) ,三价砷对AChE的抑制作用远大于五价砷的抑制作用。     

中华白海豚SRAP分子标记多态性的初步研究

首次将SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism)方法引入中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)多态性研究中,利用高分辨率的毛细管凝胶电泳分析了模板DNA、Mg2+、dNTP、引物、Taq DNA聚合酶等因素对SRAP-PCR扩增结果的影响.确定了me1-em5为扩增中华白海豚基因组DNA的最佳引物对.并进一步确立了适合中华白海豚的SRAP最佳反应体系:25 mm3体系中,模板DNA浓度为0.8 ng/mm3,Mg2+浓度为1.0 mmol/dm3,dNTP浓度为0.1 mmol/dm3,引物浓度为0.2μmol/dm3,Taq DNA聚合酶浓度为0.04 U/mm3.利用该反应体系对10个白海豚样品进行SRAP分析的结果表明,不同样品间DNA谱带清晰、多态性丰富.证实该体系稳定可靠,可以用于中华白海豚的分子标记研究.     

用PCR方法快速检测水产品中的副溶血弧菌

建立了水产品中副溶血弧菌快速,敏感,特异的PCR检测方法;选择的引物具有良好的副溶血弧菌的种特异性,对人工污染在冷冻水产品中副溶血弧菌的检测低限是12-21CFU/10g,对其增菌液的检测低限是7600-9100GFU/ml。每PCR反应体系的检测低限为91-109CFU,对400份自然污染样品的检测结果显示,PCR方法的检测结果同常规培养法的结果完全相符。     

海洋细菌Bacillus sp. Cs-700耐受及移除铯能力研究

为了筛选可以耐受高浓度铯离子(Cs⁺)的海洋细菌并探究细菌耐受Cs⁺的机制,本研究从广西近海沉积物样品中筛选出一株能够耐受700 mmol/dm³ Cs⁺的海洋细菌,是目前已报道的可耐受最高浓度Cs⁺的细菌。通过形态学分析、16S rRNA序列分析及生理生化特性的测定,确定该菌属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),故将该菌株命名为Bacillus sp.Cs-700。在添加有700 mmol/dm³氯化铯的培养基中,菌体对铯的移除率最高可达52.06%。研究结果表明Bacillus sp.Cs-700不但具有耐受高浓度Cs⁺的特性,还具有较好的铯移除能力,具有修复放射性铯污染环境的潜力。本研究可为探索海洋放射性铯的生态修复提供参考。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.