烟台海洋倾倒区生物群落结构现状及动态变化分析

利用烟台海洋倾倒区2008年的监测结果和相关历史资料,分别对倾倒区的生物群落结构现状及动态变化过程进行研究。倾倒区内目前有浮游植物18种,浮游动物23种,底栖生物17种。浮游植物以硅藻门的新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium W.Smith)占有绝对优势,浮游动物的优势种为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus Brodsky)和强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa Tokioka),底栖生物的组成以环节动物最多,优势种不明显。综合指数分析表明倾倒区海域的生物群落结构相对稳定。然而,多年的疏浚物倾倒使该区的生物群落发生了变化。与倾倒初期相比,浮游植物的种类数量减少,物种多样性总体上呈现下降趋势;浮游动物的种类数量和密度在2006年的调查中出现最低值,群落结构趋向单调,至2008年这一趋势有所缓和;底栖生物的种类数量和密度较倾倒初期也有明显的下降,多样性指数的降低和优势度的增大也预示群落结构稳定性的下降。     

东营近海枯水期浮游生物群落特征研究

分析研究东营近海海域15个站位水质和浮游生物样品,结果表明东营近海枯水期海水为贫营养和中营养化水平。浮游植物群落主要由硅藻和甲藻组成,细胞丰度变化范围为16881~141795cell/m3,优势种以夜光藻、圆筛藻、刚毛根管藻和布氏双尾藻为主。浮游动物群落主要由原生动物、桡足类、甲壳类和多毛类幼体等组成,个体丰度变化范围为708~5488个/m3,优势种以夜光虫、强壮箭虫、太平洋纺锤水蚤和长尾类幼体为主。浮游植物和浮游动物多样性指数均小于3,生物群落处于亚健康状态。     

上海市金山三岛海域浮游动物分布特征

2002年5月和8月对上海市金山三岛海域浮游动物进行了调查研究,结果表明：两个航次共鉴定浮游动物21种,其中桡足类7种,水母类3种,糠虾类2种,端足类、等足类各2种,浮游幼虫类3种,其它3种,虫肢歪水蚤、火腿许水蚤为平水期和丰水期的主要优势种类,优势度分别为0.45和0.43。平水期和丰水期浮游动物个体密度平均分别为124.13ind/m^3和335.30ind/m^3;平均生物量分别为230.00和190.75mg/m^3。多样性指数（H′）偏低,平均值小于2。该海域浮游动物类群是一个沿岸低盐群落,与邻近海域相比,该海域浮游动物种类组成比较单一,个体数量较多,但生物量相对较低。     

长江口基础生物资源现状及年际变化趋势分析

探讨长江口生物资源可持续利用和对生物栖息环境的保护措施,2004年对长江口海域的基础生物资源进行4次监测。结果表明:浮游植物5月份有5门39属86种,8月份有6门48属139种,河口锋附近水域的浮游植物种类、数量较多,中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)在数量上处于绝对优势;浮游动物5月份为77种,8月份为91种,中小型浮游动物的数量在河口锋附近水域较高,主要优势种有针刺拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus aculeatus)等,大型浮游动物种类数量较高的区域位于长江冲淡水以外的海域,主要优势种为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、五角水母(Muggiaea atlantica)、真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta);2004年共鉴定底栖生物146种,5月份63种,8月份108种,其中多毛类41种、甲壳类41种、软体动物32种、棘皮动物6种、鱼类21种、其他4种;长江口沿岸的崇明东滩、南汇边滩和嵊山岛共鉴定潮间带生物126种,其中5月份86种,8月份71种;鱼卵仔鱼计8目20科30属34种,鱼卵中绝大部分为凤鲚,其数量占95.7%,仔鱼以中华小公鱼出现频次最多。通过年际变化分析表明,长江口门以内区域浮游生物种类明显下降,长江冲淡水区域的生物资源基础饵料生物种类数基本保持稳定,浮游生物群落结构发生变化,硅藻比重减少,甲藻增加,长江口区域的潮下带和潮间带底栖生物种类数也存在不同程度的下降,以口门以内区域下降明显。     

春季刘公岛南部海域浮游生物群落特征

利用2014年4月在威海刘公岛南部毗邻海域获取的生物样品,研究了该海域叶绿素a浓度分布趋势,以及浮游生物的种类组成、丰度分布、优势种和群落多样性。结果显示,调查海域表层叶绿素a浓度平均值(9.51μg/L)高于底层(8.97μg/L),表层叶绿素a浓度分布趋势呈现为由近岸向外海逐渐增加。本次调查共记录浮游植物25属41种,其中硅藻21属36种,占浮游植物总种数的87.8%;甲藻4属5种,占总种数的12.2%。调查海域硅藻(3.16×105 cells/m3)和甲藻(0.52×105 cells/m3)的平均丰度分别占浮游植物总丰度(3.67×105cells/m3)的85.9%和14.1%。硅藻在浮游植物物种数和丰度上都占显著优势。浮游植物优势种为威氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus wailesii)、丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)、新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)、长菱形藻(N.longissima)、柔弱几内亚藻(Guinardia delicatula)和夜光藻(Noctiluca scientillans)。该海域浮游动物共记录18种、浮游幼虫7类,合计共25种。其中浮游动物成体分别隶属于刺胞动物(3种)、甲壳动物(桡足类9种,端足类3种、糠虾1种)和毛颚动物(2种)。调查海域桡足类在浮游动物种类和丰度上占优势,平均丰度占浮游动物总丰度的40.3%。浮游动物优势种为双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)、腹针胸刺水蚤(Centropages abdominalis)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、钩虾(Gammaridea)和长尾类幼体(Macrura larva)。     

温州沿岸海域春、夏季浮游动物群落特征及与环境因子的关系

文章根据2016年5月（春季）和8月（夏季）温州沿岸海域浮游动物和环境因子的调查资料,对浮游动物的种类组成、生态类群、优势种、丰度和生物量进行研究,并通过典范对应分析探索环境因子对浮游动物群落特征的影响。研究结果表明:春、夏季共鉴定到浮游动物117种和浮游幼虫20类,大多数种类属于暖水性近海类群;春季的优势种包括中华哲水蚤、大西洋五角水母和百陶箭虫,夏季的优势种包括拟细浅室水母、齿形海萤、肥胖箭虫和精致真刺水蚤等;浮游动物的丰度和生物量春季高于夏季,水平分布大致为近岸低、远岸高;浮游动物样品的季节性差异与表层水温和盐度有较大关系,而影响浮游动物群落结构空间差异的环境因子春季为盐度、活性磷酸盐、硝酸盐和氨氮,夏季为盐度、总氮、总磷和叶绿素a。     

2007年夏季黄河口及其邻近水域浮游动物的群落特征

利用2007年夏季在黄河口及其邻近水域以浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物样品,对浮游动物种类组成、丰度分布和群落结构进行分析;同时结合环境参数,初步探讨浮游动物与环境因子的关系.结果显示:夏季共鉴定浮游动物52种(不包括浮游幼体20类),浮游动物平均丰度为4769.6 ind/m3,香农-威纳指数和均匀度指数分别为2.34和0.48.浮游动物优势种类为:柱头幼虫(tornaria larvae)、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)和双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa).其中体长较小(0.7～1.1mm)的柱头幼虫和小拟哲水蚤是最重要的优势种类.据各站位浮游动物种类组成和丰度,用聚类分析法可将该水域浮游动物划分为3个组群.相关性分析表明,影响黄河口及邻近水域浮游动物群落结构的主要环境因子组合为底温、表盐和水深.     

渤海强壮箭虫摄食的初步研究

阐明了强壮箭虫营浮游动物食物，主要捕食桡足类。真刺唇角水量、双刺唇角水蚤和小拟哲水蚤是它的主要捕食对象。强壮箭虫有同种相残的弱性，但发生频率不高。其消化道内的小颗粒硅藻和甲藻并非由它主动摄入。     

福建湄洲岛周围海域浮游动物的分布

根据１９９０年５月至１９９１年１月采自湄洲岛海域的浮游动物样品,鉴定出１０种终生浮游动物和１２类阶段性浮游幼体,桡足类的种类和数量在群落中均占优势。中华哲水蚤、精致真刺水蚤、中华假磷虾、肥胖箭虫和短尾类溲状幼体为主要优势种。海龙箭虫、拟经车浅室水母、针刺真浮莹等１０种,四季都有分布,本文还描述了总生物量,总个体和主要种类的分布,并对夏季浮游动物的分布与上升流的关系,以及总生物量季节纱明显进行了讨论     

鸭绿江口浮游植物群落特征及与环境因子的关系

于2009年3月对鸭绿江河口进行了10个站的浮游植物生态调查,分析了该海域浮游植物的种类组成、优势种类、群落结构以及水平分布等特征参数.本次调查共鉴定浮游植物48种,其中硅藻种类最多,达41种,甲藻其次,为6种,金藻1种.浮游植物可划分为广温类群、暖水类群和暖温类群3个生态类群,以广温类群为主.浮游植物细胞数量平均4.67×108个/m3,细胞数量自河口向外海逐渐降低.其中,中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)占据绝对优势.浮游植物群落优势种单一且优势度较大,群落结构相对简单.相关性分析表明温度和盐度是浮游植物细胞数量的主要限制性因子.浮游植物数量受鸭绿江径流的影响较大.     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...