海底油气集输管网的线性规划模型

本文对海上油田开发的油气集输管网系统进行了分析,提出了一个海底管网投资的线性规划模型,即“０～１”整数数学规划模型,运用图论和网络分析中的生成树方法对该数学模型进行求解。该方法能够对海底油气集输管网系统进行规划,并对一个具体实例进行了优化分析,得出了投资费用最省的管网布置方案。     

BZ19—4海底混输管网优化算法探讨

以海洋油气开发工程为实例，利用HYSYS和PIPEFLOW软件，分析了影响海底混输管网计算的若干因素，指出了HYSYS和PIPEFLOW的适用条件，最终确立了海底混输管网优化算法，提高计算效率。     

水下生产系统在海洋石油开发中的应用

水下生产系统是一种将全部或部分油气集输设备放置于海底，低成本开发海洋石油的先进方法。对这一方法的研究在我国仅是近几年的事情。本文根据我国海洋油田的具体情况，提出了多种开发边际油田的方案，可供设计、生产部门参考。     

海底油气管道夹具维修技术

夹具维修技术目前已经成熟地应用在陆地和海底油气管道维修作业中。根据夹具维修技术在海底油气管道的应用情况,介绍了海底管道夹具维修方法。针对海底油气管道维修技术中的关键部件海底管道夹具,依据不同密封形式,对"国外夹具"设备性能进行了介绍,并分析了海底管道夹具设备研发设计需依据的标准、关键点,为海底管道夹具研发设计做参考。最后根据我国目前海底管道运行及建设情况,提出了开发海底管道夹具维修技术的建议。     

海底测井正在得到快速推广应用

Emgs公司与一家大型能源公司日前签订了一项价值600万美元的合同，目的是应用Emgs公司先进的海底测井技术确定利比亚海上潜在含油构造中的油气含量。这是该地区的首个海底测井服务合同，进一步说明海底测井正在成为全球油气勘探的重要勘探技术。     

海底油气渗漏浅表层声学探测技术

海底油气渗漏是海洋环境中广泛存在的自然现象,探测海底油气渗漏信息对海洋油气资源勘探与开发具有重要意义。目前,通过海底浅表层声学探测所获取的声学微地貌与剖面反射特征是油气渗漏研究的主要证据。对海底油气渗漏的形成环境、浅表层声学技术在渗漏探测中的发展与现状、渗漏产生的地貌形态与浅地层反射剖面特征等进行了系统讨论与分析。结合国内外应用实例,对不同海区声学探测方法、参数选择以及渗漏特征进行了归纳总结,指出应综合多种资料进行渗漏异常分析,并发展有针对性的数据处理方法。     

洋底财富——油气资源

1、海底油气资源储量：许多海底区域的沉积岩中蕴藏着油、气资源。据美国统计，全世界有油气远景的沉积盆地面积7746．3万平方千米，其中位于海底区域的约2639．5万平方千米，占34％。     

海底混输管线严重段塞流动的预测与控制

随着海洋油气田开发向深水海域发展,海底混输管线距离过长,且存在立管系统,容易形成严重段塞流动的现象日益严重.在严重段塞流工况下,管线的流动参数,如压降、段塞长度、段塞频率、持液率都随时间变化,并且表现为周期性变换的压力波动以及间歇出现的液塞.严重段塞流的不稳定性给油气田集输系统的设计及运行管理造成了巨大的困难.本文介绍了海底混输管线中严重段塞流动预测与控制的实验与理论研究进展,同时,对于节流、气举、分离等8类15种控制严重段塞的方法分别进行了评述,旨在为进一步开展海底油气混输管线严重段塞流动的研究提供借鉴,为工程实践提供参考.     

海底输油气管线对海洋环境影响性分析

我国近海海底有超过3 000km的输油气管线,定期对海底输油气管线进行检测是保障海底输油气管线安全和海洋环境安全的重要手段。为保护海洋环境和海底油气管线安全,对广东近海某段海底输油气管线进行了安全检测,采用浅层剖面测量、侧扫声呐测量和多波束测量手段,对管线路由区域进行了勘测。勘测结果表明:检测区域油气管线路由没有裸露和悬空,路由周边地层较稳定,根据侧扫声呐和多波束测量结果,发现在路由区海底存在影响管道安全的因素,路由区海底拖锚等痕迹较多,距离路由大约950m处有人工采沙坑存在。建议相关部门对该区域应加以重视,加大海上巡逻执法力度,加强宣传工作,增强大众的海底管道保护意识。     

海南乐东陆架海底沙波分布特征及对海底管道的影响

海底管道是海上油气开发系统的重要组成部分,是油气输送的主要手段。海底沙波普遍发育于海底,特别是陆架地区。因为沙波的迁移往往会引起海底管道、海底构筑物等方面的灾害,随着海洋油气勘探开发工作的不断进行,浅水陆架区的海底沙波越来越受到人们的关注。文章以海南乐东陆架区域为研究区,利用海洋物探手段对本区的海底沙波分布做了初步的监测和研究。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,