中国北方四省市邻近海域深度基准面模型的构建

通过两步构建了覆盖中国北方四省市邻近海域、分辨率为1′×1′的深度基准面模型。首先以精密潮汐模型为基础,由理论最低潮面的定义算法构建了初步模型;其次设计了以略最低低潮面传递法为基础的订正算法,由历年测绘海图所用的179个验潮站L值,对初步模型实施订正,构建了成果模型。43个长期验潮站评估表明,初步模型的中误差为5.4cm。空间分布密集的验潮站点将深度基准面模型归化至海图的深度基准系统,达到了工程实用的要求。     

山东邻海长周期分潮对深度基准面的影响分析

利用潮汐模型NAO.99Jb和FES2014确定了山东邻海的深度基准面模型并对其精度进行了评估,结果表明,NAO.99Jb模型确定的深度基准值L10的中误差为23.28 cm,FES2014模型确定的深度基准值L13的中误差为34.37 cm,长周期分潮的相对误差过大导致加入长周期分潮改正项后深度基准值中误差分别增大了11.04 cm和12.38 cm,较其他分潮对深度基准值精度的影响更明显,所以基于潮汐模型构建深度基准面模型时,长周期分潮部分必须加入实测数据改正。进一步采用山东邻海13个长期验潮站实测数据,定量地分析了长周期分潮对深度基准面确定的影响,结果表明,长周期分潮改正项的量值介于13.89~22.39 cm,平均改正值为18.03 cm,在深度基准值中占比达到15.15%。因此,长周期分潮改正对深度基准面的精确确定研究贡献较大,准确的长周期分潮模型是构建高精度深度基准面模型的基础。     

东印度洋海域最优深度基准面模型构建

利用东印度洋海域周边长期验潮站实测数据、TOPEX/Poseidon等系列卫星测高反演结果,评估了DTU10,EOT11a,FES2014,GOT4.8,OSU12和TPXO8六种全球潮汐模型精度,根据卫星测高结果给出了浅水分潮改正量和长周期分潮改正量的经验模型,又在此基础上分析并构建了研究区域精度最优的深度基准面模型。考虑到全球潮汐模型在近岸的影响因素及验潮站位置,将13个验潮站分成开阔海域与近海海域两类,与潮汐模型的对比,结果表明,DTU10和FES2014模型分别在开阔海域和近海海域精度最优。根据潮汐模型在不同分潮处的精度,如EOT11a模型在O1和K1分潮处精度较高,DTU10在N2,M2,S2和K2分潮处精度较高等,分别构建了开阔海域与近海海域的组合深度基准面模型,计算得知误差分别为11.33和20.95 cm,其精度显著提高。     

天津港邻近海域精密潮汐模型的构建

基于POM模式的"blending"同化法,构建了天津港及附近海域分辨率为1'×1'、13个主分潮的精密潮汐模型。构建过程中重点关注水深数据格网化与潮汐模型的精度评估。水深数据格网化过程基于尽量扩大覆盖范围、分辨率与水深数据相匹配以及保持岸线形状基本不变等原则。潮汐数值模拟过程采用分批同化T/P点与验潮站,实现对潮汐模型精度的可靠评估。经估计,在天津港附近的9个主分潮RSS在10cm内。     

深度基准面的最低潮意义不一致性问题分析

因资料时长、算法实现等差异,长期验潮站的深度基准面L值存在最低潮意义不一致问题。通过对北方海区长期站的算法实现考证,表明最低潮意义不一致是普遍现象。从三个层次提出了解决方案:(1)对于一般测量作业单位,以不同传递方法的结果判断最低潮意义一致性,以保持L值空间连续分布为原则取值;(2)对于基础海洋测绘管理部门,应构建全海域的深度基准面模型,作为基础数据集提供查询与内插的公众服务;(3)对于国家层面的多部门统筹,应统一深度基准面的历元与算法实现,建立基准维持与调整的长效机制。     

基于GMT的潮汐信息图件制作软件设计和实现

基于通用制图软件GMT(generic mapping tools)和中国近海精密潮汐模型,开发了潮汐信息图件制作软件。软件以交互界面设置图幅、验潮站及分区以及等值线分布等信息,可制作主要分潮的潮波图、潮汐类型数与深度基准面等值线分布图。两个测量实例的测试表明,软件可在沿岸潮汐复杂海域制作潮汐信息图件,可作为技术文档中验潮站设计的佐证材料。     

山东沿海无缝深度基准面模型构建

无缝深度基准面模型的构建是实现海洋测绘成果基准统一的一项重要基础性工作,对于促进实现陆海统筹具有重要意义、根据我国目前规定采用的深度基准面,即理论最低潮面,以及国际上推荐使用的最低天文潮面,本文利用全球潮汐模型FES2014提供的13个分潮调和常数,分别构建了山东沿海(34.5°N-38.5°N,117.5°E-124°E)分辨率为1/16°×1/16°的理论最低潮面模型和最低天文潮面模型,对两者的基准值在该研究海域的分布情况进行了统计分析,分别位于-30.39 cm到-318.57 cm以及-33.69 cm到-318.76cm,并研究了两者的差异情况,差值介于-6.68cm到7.99cm,其中94.1%点位的差值位于±5 cm内,78.9%的点位表现为正值,说明在山东沿海的多数海域,最低天文潮面位于理论最低潮面以上。     

连续深度基准面构建及通航水深服务模式研究

通航水深是船舶在某时段沿着一定航线通过特定区域的最浅水深，对船舶的安全航行具有重要意义。海图测绘时将水深归算至深度基准面，由验潮资料求得，而潮汐值是通过临近区域发布的潮汐表来进行推算，由此获得的通航水深精度不 高，且不同港区之间采用深度基准不统一，所以无法为船舶提供精确、连续的通航水深。本文提出了一种基于高精度 GNSS的通航水深测量方法，直接测量海底高程，通过精密数值模型模拟海面高程，由此获得通航水深，并提出了实时通航水深的应用模式。为了建立与陆地地形相衔接的海底地形模型，以 CGCS2000 参考椭球面为垂直参考基准面，深度基准面采用 POM（Princeton Ocean Model） 模式进行潮波数值模拟的方法构建。实验结果显示：数值模型精度较高，构建的深度基准面误差在5 cm 以内。本文提出的方法改变了传统的通航水深测量及服务模式，提供高效率、高精度通航水深、海图水深数据，可为船舶用户提供实时动态水深服务。     

珠江口及邻近海域实时水位监控的可行性分析

采用基于POM模式与blending同化法构建了珠江口及邻近海域的13个主要分潮的精密潮汐模型,空间分辨率为1'×1'。精度评估表明,模型的总体综合预报误差小于9. 3cm。在广州海事测绘中心管辖的长期验潮站控制下,以余水位传递的方式,珠江口海域的实时水位计算精度能满足水位改正的相关指标要求。对于大鹏湾海域,余水位的空间一致性较强,后续若建立长期站,则也能实现水位改正精度指标下的实时水位监控。     

调和常数及深度基准面的变化与历元订正

分析和验证了黄海沿岸部分长期验潮站M2分潮振幅的线性变化趋势及深度基准面L值增大趋势,发现了长周期分潮调和常数不稳定性对深度基准面确定的影响。研究表明,在剥离了深度基准面变化趋势后,由年观测数据分析结果确定的深度基准面可达到厘米级的精度水平,而由月分析结果确定的深度基准面存在周期性变化,其深度基准面不宜直接计算确定。论证了对潮汐调和常数附加历元信息的必要性和基本方案。通过研究得出对统一深度基准建立的指导性结论。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...