基于海气耦合模型的渤海两种类型风暴潮数值模拟与对比分析

渤海一年四季都易受到由温带风暴和热带气旋所致风暴潮的影响。为了缓解风暴潮灾害对海岸地区人员生命财产的影响，十分有必要了解大型风暴潮的发生过程和机制。目前大部分研究主要局限于单一的温带风暴潮或台风风暴潮。本文利用所构建的海气耦合数值模型研究了发生于渤海的两种类型的风暴潮，对发生在渤海的2次典型强风暴潮过程进行了模拟。由WRF模型模拟得到的风场强度和最低海平面气压与实测数据吻合较好，由ROMS模型模拟得到的风暴潮期间水位变化过程与潮位站观测结果也吻合较好。对两种类型风暴潮期间的风场结钩、海面风应力、海洋表面平均流场以及水位分布进行了分析对比，并将耦合模型结果与非耦合模型结果进行了对比。研究表明，渤海两种类型风暴潮期间的风场结钩、海面风应力、海洋表面平均流场以及水位分布等均存在巨大差异。渤海风暴潮的强度主要由海洋表面的驱动力所决定，但同时也受海岸地形地貌的影响。     

Sensitivity of hurricane surge to morphological parameters of coastal wetlands

Given the history and future risk of storm surge in the United States, functional storm protection techniques are needed to protect vital sectors of the economy and coastal communities. It is widely hypothesized that coastal wetlands offer protection from storm surge and wave action, though the extent of this protection is unknown due to the complexities of flow through vegetation. Here we present the sensitivity of storm-surge numerical modeling results to various coastal wetlands characteristics. An idealized grid domain and 400-km² marsh feature were used to evaluate the effects of marsh characteristics on hurricane surge, including the effects of bottom friction, elevation, and continuity (the ratio of healthy marsh to open water area within the total wetland area).Through coupled hydrodynamic and wave model simulations, it is confirmed that increased bottom friction reduces storm-surge levels for most storms. However, increases in depth associated with marsh elevation loss generally results in a reduction of surge. As marsh continuity is decreased, coastal surge increases as a result of enhanced surge conveyance into and out of the marsh. Storm surge is parameterized in terms of marsh morphology, namely marsh elevation, frictional characteristics, and degree of segmentation, which will assist in the justification for and optimization of marsh restoration in terms of storm protection.     

Simulation of Storm Surges in the Bay of Bengal Using One-Way Coupling Between NMM-WRF and IITD Storm Surge Model

The storm surge associated with severe tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is a serious concern along the coastal regions of India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. It is one of the most hazardous elements associated with landfalling TCs other than strong winds and heavy precipitation and about 75% of the casualities in this region are attributed to storm surges. Therefore, it is highly essential to predict the storm surges with greater accuracy at least 2 days in advance for effective evacuation. In the present study, an attempt is made to simulate the storm surges associated with severe TCs in the BoB using one-way coupling of the Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Model core of Weather Research and Forecasting (NMM-WRF) system with the two-dimensional finite-difference storm surge model developed at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD). The NMM-WRF model simulated track, pressure drop, and radius of maximum wind are used to calculate the wind-stress through Jelesnianski wind formulation. The results are compared with the observed/estimated values as provided by the operational/meteorological agencies of India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. This study suggests that using simulated surface meteorological fields of a high-resolution mesoscale model, the storm surge can be predicted at least 2 days in advance of the actual landfall of TCs with reasonable accuracy. This approach will be helpful in providing disastrous storm warning well in advance in a coastal region, which will help with rapid evacuation from the vulnerable coastal region, relocation as well as protection of valuables, disaster mitigation, and coastal zone management.     

基于GPU技术的风暴潮集合预报

台风预报的准确性在风暴潮预报中起着重要作用。台风强度和路径的不确定性意味着使用集合模式来预报风暴潮。本文利用中央气象台的最优路径台风参数驱动国家海洋环境预报中心业务化的水动力学模型，开展华南沿海的风暴潮模拟，模式模拟结果与实测吻合较好。为了改进计算效率，采用CUDA Fortran 语言对模型进行了改造，改造后的模型在计算结果与原模型基本一致的基础上，计算时间缩短了99%以上。通过融合欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECWMF）的50条路径与3种可能台风强度构造出了150个台风事件，并用150个台风事件驱动改进的风暴潮数值模型，计算结果可以提供集合预报产品和概率预报产品。通过“山竹”台风风暴潮过程可以发现集合平均预报结果和概率预报结果与实测吻合较好。改进的数值模型可以运行普通工作站上，非常适合风暴潮集合预报，并且可以提供更好的决策产品。     

影响连云港的几次显著温带风暴潮过程分析和及其数值模拟

本文建立一个温带风暴潮模式，包括海上边界层风场模式和风暴潮数值模式。利用建立的温带风暴潮模式，模拟了影响连云港的几次显著温带风暴潮过程，结果表明，本模式所采用的海上边界层风场模式和风暴潮数值模式是匹配的，能够满足海洋工程中的风暴潮数值计算的需要，甚至可以成为日常温带风暴潮数值预报的有用手段。     

Support vector regression methodology for storm surge predictions

To avoid property loss and reduce risk caused by typhoon surges, accurate prediction of surge deviation is an important task. Many conventional numerical methods and experimental methods for typhoon surge forecasting have been investigated, but it is still a complex ocean engineering problem. In this paper, support vector regression (SVR), an emerging artificial intelligence tool in forecasting storm surges is applied. The original data of Longdong station at Taiwan ‘invaded directly by the Aere typhoon’ are considered to verify the present model. Comparisons with the numerical methods and neural network indicate that storm surges and surge deviations can be efficiently predicted using SVR.     

辐射应力对台风风暴潮预报的影响和数值研究

台风过程期间,风暴潮和海浪是相伴相生的,相互作用的.波致辐射应力对于近岸风暴增、减水起着十分重要的作用,传统的海浪模式计算辐射应力耗时较多,不能满足业务化预报的要求.根据已有波浪辐射应力的理论表达式,经过严密的数学推导,适当的简化处理,提出了一个较为简单的波浪辐射应力表达式,并将其应用到业务化风暴潮数值预报模式中去,通...     

Development and application of an operational tide and storm surge prediction model for the seas around Taiwan

Storm surges are abnormal rises in sea level along coastal areas and are mainly formed by strong wind and atmospheric depressions.When storm surges coincide with high tide,coastal flooding can occur.Creating storm surge prediction systems has been an important and operational task worldwide.This study developed a coupled tide and storm surge numerical model of the seas around Taiwan for operational purposes at the Central Weather Bureau.The model was calibrated and verified by using tidal records from seas around Taiwan.Model skill was assessed based on measured records,and the results are presented in details.At 3-minute resolution,tides were generally well predicted,with the root mean-square errors of less than 0.11 m and an overall correlation of more than 0.9.Storms(winds and depressions) were introduced into the model forcing by using the parameter typhoon model.Five typical typhoons that threatened Taiwan were simulated for assessment.The surges were well predicted compared with the records.     

渤海局部海域风暴潮漫滩的数值模拟

在Johns变边界模型的基础上,提出了一种嵌套式变边界数值模型,应用于渤海风暴潮的数值计算。分别模拟得到了1964年和1969年两次渤海风暴潮黄河三角洲一带的最大淹水范围和水位过程曲线。模拟过程中考虑了天文潮与风暴潮的非线性耦合效应。模拟结果分别与实测值和固定边界模型的结果进行了比较,从而证实了变边界模型不仅能计算出最大淹水范围,而且得到的风暴潮水位值也更加符合实际。     

渤、黄海天文潮—风暴潮相互作用及其对极值水位的贡献

基于Delft3D模型建立了中国渤、黄海风暴潮数值模型,选取1979—2020年影响该海域的93场风暴过程（包括台风、寒潮和温带气旋）,模拟了所产生的风暴增水和风暴潮总水位。采用泊松—皮尔逊复合极值分布理论,推算了渤、黄海对应不同重现期的极值水位;通过数值试验,对天文潮—风暴潮非线性相互作用对极值水位的贡献进行了量化分析。研究结果表明,渤海的莱州湾、渤海湾,以及黄海的江华湾、西朝鲜湾风暴增水最大,其中江华湾北侧和渤海湾西南侧的百年一遇风暴增水可达4 m;天文潮—风暴潮非线性相互作用在潮差较大、水深较浅的河口、湾顶区域更为显著,与耦合模型结果相比,非线性作用使极值水位值偏小,天文潮、风暴潮增水的线性叠加可显著高估极值水位,高估的幅值可达0.5~0.8 m。考虑重现期极值水位是海岸灾害防护工程的关键设计参数之一,对海岸构筑物的安全和建造成本影响极大,应重视天文潮—风暴潮非线性相互作用对重现期水位的影响。     

2012年“苏拉”和“达维”双台风影响的近海风暴潮过程

作为影响我国沿海的主要自然灾害之一,台风风暴潮的产生和影响机制与防灾减灾息息相关。双台风引起的风暴潮因台风强度、路径等相对关系复杂多变,目前双台风相互作用下的风暴潮研究还不充分。采用参数化台风模型对2012年典型双台风"苏拉"和"达维"的风场、气压场过程进行了模拟与融合,并采用ELCIRC模型对双台风作用下的风暴潮过程进行了模拟。引入单台风单独作用的假设算例,探讨了双台风之间对增水、流场的相互影响和影响区域。研究结果表明,虽然两个台风登陆强度相当,但台风"达维"在海州湾海域引起的增水要远大于"苏拉"在台湾、福建海域引起的增水。风暴潮引起的增水及流速变化与台风在海表的风应力密切相关,较大变化幅值分布在台风行进路径的右侧。与台风单独作用时相比,台风"苏拉"与"达维"引起的风暴潮增水与流速变化在两者相互作用下均有所削弱,其中"苏拉"引起的风暴潮受到的影响更大。双台风风暴潮之间的非线性效应在不同区域的强度存在差异,在台风"苏拉"主要影响区域内非线性效应较强,其他区域则相对较弱。以上结果表明产生风暴潮较弱的台风一方对气象环境敏感性更高,风暴潮的响应更显著。     

基于多变量LSTM神经网络模型的风暴潮临近预报

台风的风暴潮是台风引发的一种重要次生灾害，对沿海城市带来的威胁是多方面的。及时准确地预报风暴潮，对沿海地区采取合理措施减少人员伤亡和经济损失具有重要意义。本文利用长短期记忆神经网络 （LSTM） 模型，综合考虑风速、 风向、气压等气象因素和前时序的潮位数据，建立了风暴潮的临近预报模型。结果表明，基于 LSTM 的临近预报模型具有相当的预报技巧，利用前时序的风速和风向数据以及潮位数据建立的模型可对风暴潮潮位进行准确地预测。研究还表明，仅考虑前时序潮位的预测模型误差最大，考虑气压后的模型预测能力有一定进步，而考虑风的要素以后，预测的效果提升更为明显。     

北海市沿岸风暴潮特征研究

根据1965—2009年间影响北海市沿岸的热带气旋资料和风暴增水资料,进行统计分析北海市沿岸的风暴潮特征。结果表明:北海市沿岸平均每年发生风暴增水2—3次,其中较大以上强度的风暴增水每年0.87次,严重以上强度的风暴增水每3年有一次;北海市沿岸每年4—11月均有可能发生风暴增水,且集中在7—10月,尤以9月最多。影响北海市沿岸的热带气旋主要以西北行路径为主,且多是穿过雷州半岛或海南岛后在越南沿海登陆,此种情况下,风暴增水曲线表现为周期性波动。另外,本文还采用Pearson-Ⅲ分布和Gumbel分布来估算风暴增水频度,得出北海市沿岸不同重现期的高潮位值。     

渤海风暴潮概况及温带风暴潮数值模拟

分析研究表明,天津沿海是世界上风暴潮最频发区和最严重的区域之一,风暴潮灾一年四季均有发生,除夏季有台风风暴潮灾害发生外,春、秋、冬季均有灾害性温带风暴潮发生.采用球坐标系下的二维风暴潮模式,对1969年4月23日引起渤海最大温带风暴增水过程进行了数值模拟.对风场和增水过程的计算结果验证表明,该模式可用于温带风暴潮的工程计算,并且只要依据文中方法计算出预报气压场和风场,该模式也具有预报能力.     

基于浪潮组合的台风暴潮强度等级划分

为准确定位风暴的强弱及灾害的大小,文中提出了泊松-二维对数正态分布,并将其用于海岸地区台风暴潮致灾强度的长期预测。选取青岛地区建国以来所出现的主要台风暴潮作为观测资料,以水位和显著波高系列组成样本,进行了台风暴潮重现期的统计推算。提出了判别台风暴潮致灾强度的新标准。实例显示,新标准概念清楚,简单易行,适用于青岛地区台风暴潮的强度确定。基于新模式的风暴潮强度随机分析方法对我国其它海岸地区的防潮减灾具有参考意义。     

天津沿海风暴潮灾害概述及统计分析

经分析研究，表明天津沿海是世界上风暴潮最频发区和最严重的区域之一，风暴潮灾一年四季均有发生，除夏季有台风风暴潮灾害发生外，春、秋、冬季均有灾害性温带风暴潮发生。本文分析了天津沿海风暴潮的统计特征，概要介绍了几次严重的潮灾案例，并计算了不同重现期风暴潮和高潮位，所做工作对改善天津沿海的风暴潮预报和防潮减灾工作有所裨益。     

Experimental Study of Overtopping on Sea Dikes and Coastal Flooding Under the Coupled Processes of Tides and Waves

Storm surges are cataclysmic natural disasters that occur along the coasts and are usually accompanied by large waves. The effects of coupled storm surges and waves can pose a significant threat to coastal security. Previous laboratory studies on the effects of storm surges and waves on coastal structures have typically utilized steady water levels and constant wave elements. An indoor simulation of the coupled processes of tides and waves is developed by adding a tide generation system to an existing laboratory wave basin to model continuous dynamic tide levels so that tide generation and wave-making occur synchronously in the pool. Specific experimental methods are given, which are applied to further study waves overtopping on artificial sea dikes and coastal flooding evolution under the coupled actions of tides and waves. The results of the overtopping discharge obtained by the test with a dynamic water level are compared with those obtained from steady water level tests and the existing empirical formula. In addition, the impacts of ecological coastal shelterbelts and structures on coastal flood processes and distributions are also investigated. The proposed simulation methods provide a new approach for studying the effects of storm surges and waves on coastal areas. The study also aims to provide a reference for coastal protective engineering.

     

黄、东海天气系统对渤海风暴潮影响

渤海沿岸是风暴潮多发区域。研究者多关心渤海局地风引起风暴潮变化,而忽略黄、东海天气系统对渤海风暴潮的影响。为研究外围天气系统对局地风暴潮的影响,本文采用实测资料对比和设计理想数值试验等方法,对黄、东海天气系统影响的渤海风暴潮进行了研究。结果表明:1、TY1814"摩羯"和TY1818"温比亚"台风风暴潮的实测资料呈现当黄、东海风力较大,而渤海风力较小时,渤海沿岸也会出现较大风暴潮现象; 2、从FVCOM(Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model)模拟的理想数值试验中发现,黄、东海风向是东南风时,引起渤海沿岸风暴增水极值最大;3、以入海气旋和登陆北上台风两种类型天气系统风向变化设计理想数值试验,发现黄、东海的东南风持续时间对渤海沿岸风暴潮极值大小和出现时间影响较大。理想试验获得的结论不仅能为渤海风暴潮预测和防灾减灾提供理论依据,还能够有效减少预警应急中漏报的现象,降低沿海经济损失。     

海岸工程对渤海湾风暴潮高潮位影响分析

渤海湾是全世界受风暴潮灾害最严重的地区之一。近年来渤海湾建设了大量的大型海岸工程,为研究其建设以后风暴潮可能发生的变化,采用大-中-小区域多重嵌套方法,建立渤海风暴潮二维数值模型。以对渤海海域影响最显著的9216、9711台风和2003年10月三次风暴潮为例,对渤海湾大型工程实施前、后的风暴潮过程进行模拟,分析工程实施后风暴潮高潮水位变化,为工程实施可能对风暴潮防护带来的影响提供基础。计算表明,由于沿岸围垦减小海域的纳潮受水面积,海水被挤压抬升,渤海湾海域工程后风暴潮高潮位普遍抬升。在特大风暴潮作用下,水位最大升高可达0.10 m以上,在堤防设计中需引起重视。     

渤海沿岸风暴沉积体的研究

渤海沿岸是风暴潮常发地区之一.温带气旋和热带风暴作用形成该区的风暴沉积体.研究风暴沉积体的特征及其分布规律,探讨全新世以来风暴作用对沿岸地质环境演化影响及沉积模式.进行野外地质调查和历史资料研究,综合研究渤海沿岸风暴潮动力环境.渤海沿岸的风暴沉积体表现为滨岸沙堤、贝壳堤、风暴沉积砂层等地质体.保护风暴沉积体,合理开发利用,提出减轻灾害的措施和对策,有利于当地经济的可持续发展.