南海湖泊沉积物中的陆源粉尘记录

对采集于南海西沙东岛"牛塘"的湖泊沉积柱(DY6)进行元素、粒度、显微成像、扫描电镜及场发射能谱分析。元素分析结果表明,Ti、Al元素在沉积柱中的含量远高于3个主要沉积端元(珊瑚砂、鸟粪和植物),具有外源的特征,在Ti和Al的高值层位中存在较多不溶于酸的粉尘颗粒,与春季合肥地区收集到的北方风尘颗粒形貌特征相近,粒径相对较小,也与季风携带沉降于朝鲜半岛和南海北部海域的风尘形貌相似;X射线能谱分析结果显示,这些粉尘颗粒物成分以硅酸盐岩和石英为主,很可能是东亚冬季风携带下源自亚洲大陆的沉积;沉积物中Ti和Al的含量变化可以用于指示历史时期南海中北部海域陆源粉尘颗粒的沉降通量。     

基于XRF岩心扫描的中国西部湖泊沉积物元素地球化学特征

对我国西部地区典型山地、高原及荒漠绿洲湖泊沉积物岩心采用高分辨率XRF元素扫描进行地球化学元素测试。挑选其中XRF信号强度较高且信号相对稳定的Al、Si、Cl、K、Ca、Ti、Mn、Fe、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr等元素进行聚类分析、因子分析和相关分析等多元统计分析,结果表明:湖泊元素组成与区域环境和湖泊类型密切相关;在我国西部湖泊中,沉积物元素组成主要以湖泊流水补给所带来的Al、Si、K、Ti、Rb等外源碎屑元素为主,外源碎屑元素的含量和组成受流域基岩状况、风化状况、植被覆盖程度以及以降水为主导的流域侵蚀作用强弱的控制,可用来指示流域降水量和相应的生态环境状况;Ca、Sr等强烈迁移元素的变化受湖泊水位、湖泊水化学特征和湖泊类型影响,可用来指示湖泊水文特征。     

冲绳海槽北端表层沉积物过渡元素地球化学特征

利用原子吸收和等离子发射光谱等方法,对冲绳海槽北端184个表层沉积物中的Al和过渡元素(Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Zr)进行了化学分析。结果表明,由于受生源碎屑稀释作用的影响,过渡元素在陆架砂质区含量较低,其分布呈北西-南东向舌状延伸;由于细粒组分的增加,在陆架细粒沉积区和海槽区过渡元素含量较高。Mn主要在海槽区富集,在陆架和陆坡区变化不大。除了Mn之外,Al和其他过渡元素均呈明显正相关。Al/Ti比值与陆壳平均值接近,说明二者主要来源于陆源碎屑。Mn/Fe比值与邻近海区沉积物类似,但在陆架区CaO含量大于20%的沉积物和海槽区沉积物中相对较高,这分别是生物富集作用和自生沉积的结果。过渡元素富集因子分析结果表明,研究区过渡元素部分来自于黄河、部分来自于长江物质。     

青岛即墨温泉沉积物的地球化学标识与沉积相研究

经野外取样和地球化学测试分析,即墨温泉喷流沉积物呈现元素的富集并形成Fe,Ba,Li,La,Ce,Sc等10种元素的正异常.喷流沉积物中的Fe/Ti,(Fe Mn)/Ti及Al/(Al Fe Mn)比值分别为22.63,22.76和0.36～0.39,具有高铁低铝的热水沉积地球化学标识特征,符合Bostrom K.的热水沉积的标识;越流沉积物呈现诸多元素的亏损与负异常;越流沉积的Fe/Ti,(Fe Mn)/Ti及Al/(Al Fe Mn)比值仅为5.91,5.97和0.65,不具备热水沉积标识特征;通道-喷口沉积物呈现元素的富集并形成La,Ce,Sc,Sr元素的正异常.通道-喷口沉积中的Fe/Ti,(Fe Mn)/Ti及Al/(Al Fe Mn)比值分别为17.14,17.26和0.42,与＞20,＞20±5,＜0.35比值比较,基本具备热水沉积特征,符合Bostrom K的热水沉积的标识.根据上述地球化学标识特征,结合温泉沉积的沉积学、矿物学标识,将即墨温泉沉积物划分为喷流相沉积、越流相沉积和通道-喷口亚相沉积并阐述其 "盆下源"沉积模式.     

晚第四纪南海北部陆坡沉积物常量元素比值对气候变冷事件的指示意义

南海北部陆坡柱状沉积物的常量元素统计分析表明, 沉积物中的Ti、Al、Fe、K、Mn、Mg代表了陆源元素组合;而消除粒度效应的陆源元素比值Al/Ti、Fe/Ti和K/Ti等的变化曲线与浮游有孔虫氧同位素曲线对比表明, 在气候变冷事件(Heinrich事件、Younger Dryas事件、PME斜室普林虫低值等事件)期间, 陆源常量元素比值明显降低。这一对应特征, 一方面体现了气候变冷事件的发生对陆源区化学风化强度的制约, 另一方面也说明与指示长时间尺度气候相似, 陆源元素比值对短时间尺度的气候变化也具有明显的指示作用。     

内蒙古乌梁素海湖泊沉积物元素地球化学特征及其影响因素

在210Pb同位素测年的基础上,通过对乌梁素海沉积物元素含量的分析,研究了沉积物中元素的变化规律,探讨了沉积物中元素变化的影响因素,结果表明沉积物中Ca、Sr、Cu、Mn、P等元素随深度加深含量下降,其余元素含量随深度加深呈增加的趋势。通过对元素富集系数的变化规律进行研究后,发现Ca、Sr、Cu、Mn、P等元素的富集系数与其含量变化趋势基本相同,反映了该组元素主要受沉积通量的影响;Al、K、Be、Ba、Mg等富集系数与其含量的变化趋势具明显差异,与黏土含量变化一致;而Cr、Fe、Ni、V、Co、Pb、Zn等重金属元素可能受到黏土吸附作用影响。最后,应用有序样品聚类分析方法,对元素这一环境代用指标在研究湖泊历史演化中的作用进行了探讨,研究表明:在湖泊演化过程中,湖泊的形成、20世纪70年代入湖水量的急剧改变以及近年来河套灌区化肥用量逐年加大、大量生活污水和工业废水排入等人类活动的增强等事件,均在湖泊沉积物元素的变化中有所体现。     

酸沉降影响的湖泊沉积学证据

以阳宗海为例 ,通过湖泊短柱状沉积物的磁参数、Fe、Al和化石生物的分析研究以及自然酸性湖泊沉积参数的对比验证 ,结果显示 :低频磁化率 ( χlf)、非磁滞剩磁 (ARM)的数值以及介形类、硅藻的属种与浓度变化灵敏地指示工业大气污染和酸沉降的起点、过程和环境变化趋势 ;Fe、Al的显著递减同步于较强酸沉降时段 ,是工业大气污染危害湖泊环境的标志。上述环境参数可作为识别湖泊酸化趋势的沉积学证据。酸性水体的元素地球化学作用及其对水生生物的影响———生物贫化和耐酸物种的扩张是湖泊沉积物重现酸沉降的历史和过程的理论依据。     

南海铁锰结核(壳)的元素地球化学研究

本文利用南海11个铁锰结核(壳)样品的化学分析资料,研究了铁锰结核(壳)中Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn,Cr,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Si,P,Al,Ti,Sr,Ba及∑REE的元素地球化学特征。结果表明:(1)铁锰结核(壳)以高Fe,∑REE,低Mn,Cu,Co,Ni等元素为主要特征;(2)铁锰结核(壳)中Fe,Mn间无明显相关,而Fe与∑REE,∑Ce,∑Y呈弱的正相关,Mn与∑REE,∑Ce,∑Y呈明显的正相关,结壳中Fe,Mn与Si,Al,Cu Co Ni呈负相关;(3)结核(壳)中Mn/Fe与Cu/Ni,Ce/La呈负相关,Mn/Fe主要受Mn控制;(4)结核(壳)中Fe,∑REE等元素主要来自南海陆源中酸性岩类的风化、淋滤和沉积。     

富钴结壳中成矿元素的微区分布特征及其地质意义

采用X射线荧光光谱仪,对CCLLD27站位富钴结壳中8个主要成矿元素(Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Si、Al、Ca和Ti元素)含量的分布特征进行了微区扫描和人工分层样品方法的分析,结果表明:(1) 成矿元素Mn、Fe、Co和Cu的微区变化很大:Mn与Co元素的微区分布特征相似,而Fe和Cu元素的微区分布特征则相反.主要造岩元素Si和Al的微区分布特征基本类似;Ca元素的微区变化较大,在近底部的基岩层其含量达到最高峰值.Ti元素的微区分布特征与Mn、Co元素微区分布特征接近.(2) 微区扫描与人工分层样品两种不同测试方法所得的结果基本一致,说明微区扫描方法具有一定的可靠性,能反映富钴结壳在不同生长时代各成矿元素含量的变化特征.(3) 富钴结壳微区元素分布特征的研究,有助于对结壳不同成矿阶段各种不同成矿作用的定性评估.     

莱州湾E孔中更新世末期以来的地球化学特征

对1994年在莱州湾沿岸所取的E孔(37°07'N,118°55'E,孔深为821m)岩心进行了地球化学研究.用等离子光谱法测量了9个常量元素、15个微量元素和碳酸钙的含量.结果表明,(1)E孔大部分常量元素、微量元素含量、尤其元素特征比值(Mn/Fe,Sr/Ba,Sr/Ca,Ti/Al)在地层分界处都有明显变化,可作为该区第四纪地层划分的重要指标;(2)常量元素含量变化主要受宿主矿物控制,主要反映物质来源,同时也反映沉积作用和沉积环境,Fe,Al,Ca,Mg,Mn,Ti对物源和环境反映较为敏感;(3)微量元素在中更新世末期、最后间冰期、最后冰期和全新世四个不同沉积时期分布特征不同,尤其在气候“冷期”和“暖期”有不同分布规律;大多数微量元素含量变化旋回曲线之“波谷”对应着沙层沉积,有6个沙层代表“暖期”沉积,1个沙层代表“冷期”沉积;(4)E孔在冰期低海面时期风成粉砂沉积中碳酸钙含量偏高,间冰期时海侵沙层中碳酸钙的含量偏低,碳酸钙含量变化与粒度和沉积物类型有关,对气候、环境和地层划分有良好的指示.     

Seasonal and areal variation of continental aerosol in the surface air over the western North Pacific region

Weekly aerosol samples were collected for two years from 1981 at six stations in the western North Pacific region. The samples were analyzed for aluminum to determine the mineral dust concentration in the air. By combining our data with observations in the central and eastern North Pacific by a US research group, the following results and conclusions have been obtained. Spring peaks in atmospheric mineral dust were observed at all the stations accompanied byKosa episodes (hazes due to mineral dust of Chinese origin). The spring peaks, however, varied from year to year. The mean concentration of mineral dust depends not only on the distance from the Asian coast but also on the latitude of the sampling station. The half-decrease distance of the atmospheric mineral dust turned out to be 500–600 km for all latitudes in the western North Pacific. This indicates that the rate of deposition of mineral dust in the western North Pacific is much larger than that in the central and eastern North Pacific.     

南四湖表层沉积物营养元素分布特征

对南四湖不同湖区的20个表层底泥样品的营养盐浓度做了实验分析,结果表明:南阳湖的总磷最高,独日湖次之;独山湖的总有机碳和总氮含量最高,南阳湖次之;而昭阳湖的总有机碳、总氮和总磷含量为最低。显然,南阳湖和独山湖两个湖区显示出一定程度的营养盐污染。表层底泥总氮与土覆表层湖水的总氮相关程度不高,其原因是该湖水中的总氮主要是无机氮含量;而底泥中的总氮主要是有机氮。而表层底泥总磷与土覆表层湖水的总磷含量相关程序很高。这表明南四湖底泥与湖水中的总磷在其来源和迁移转化途径上是相同的,即是湖水中的总磷主要是由流域内工农业及生活污水排放带来的,并在底泥中沉积和积累。     

Inferred geothermal inflows to Lake Rotorua

Chemical data on samples from tributaries to Lake Rotorua are used to show that a large proportion of the chloride load on the lake comes from a source other than the surface tributaries. This source is probably a flow of c. 0.6 m³ s^‐1 of geothermal water with a chloride concentration of c. 500 g m^‐3.     

Effect of human activity on Lake Saroma (Japan) during the past 150 years: Evidence by variation of diatom assemblages

Diatom assemblages of the surface and in core sediment samples from Lake Saroma (Japan) were examined for the purpose of evaluating anthropogenic effect on the coastal environmental changes. Before the first inlet excavation, the lake's water quality and ecology were controlled by water exchange with the Okhotsk Sea as well as lake-level variation. However, large-scale ecological modification occurred, mainly due to artificial excavation and shellfish industrial farms. A distinct record of the succession of the dominant diatom taxa was preserved in core sediments. Low-oxygen water was prevalent in the lake in 1929, before the first inlet excavation. Immediately after the first inlet excavation, the low-oxygen water in the western basin of the lake began to disappear, in a trend that became increasing transparent, which has been attributed to an increasing rate of water exchange. However, the lacustrine environment of bottom sediments resumes deterioration 20 years after since the first artificial excavation: the resultant deposition of river-mouth materials into the deep basin caused eutrophication and environmental disturbance of the lake bottom. At the same time, the eutrophication of surface water became intensified with the onset of intense scallop culturing beginning in 1966. Increasing organic loads deposited onto the bottom layer in the form of excreta from the scallop nursery led to more oxygen deficiency and the elution of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sediment, which again brought about eutrophication of the surface layer. Such environmental change was reflected in a decrease of benthic diatom taxa and an increase of planktonic taxa, trends which have continued until today. Particularly, the numbers of diatom assemblage have been decreasing all over the lake during the last 10 years, which suggests that Lake Saroma's present-day deterioration and eutrophication will continue or become even worse.     

新疆艾比湖湖面波动特征及其原因

艾比湖为西北内陆封闭湖泊,湖泊面积变化反映了区域气候环境的变化。通过艾比湖历史时期及近期湖面波动特征研究,对近期湖泊的演化趋势进行了分析。研究认为,近50年来艾比湖湖面经历了两次大幅度变化,20世纪60年代湖泊面积的大幅度萎缩与21世纪初湖泊面积的大范围扩张。近期艾比湖湖面扩展与流域降水增加密切相关,而20世纪60年代湖泊面积的萎缩主要受流域农业灌溉耗水等人类活动的影响。从气候历史演化的角度(没有人类活动作用)分析,类似目前的气候条件,艾比湖湖面以较稳定地保持在1000～1500km^2内较为客观。     

Aerosols over the Arabian Sea: Atmospheric transport pathways and concentrations of dust and sea salt

This paper provides an overview of dust transport pathways and concentrations over the Arabian Sea during 1995. Results indicate that the transport and input of dust to the region is complex, being affected by both temporally and spatially important processes. Highest values of dust were found off the Omani coast and in the entrance to the Gulf of Oman. Dust levels were generally lower in summer than the other seasons, although still relatively high compared to other oceanic regions. The Findlater jet, rather than acting as a source of dust from Africa, appears to block the direct transport of dust to the open Arabian Sea from desert dust source regions in the Middle East and Iran/Pakistan. Dust transport aloft, above the jet, rather than at the surface, may be more important during summer. In an opposite pattern to dust, sea salt levels were exceedingly high during the summer monsoon, presumably due to the sustained strong surface winds. The high sea salt aerosols during the summer months may be impacting on the strong aerosol reflectance and absorbance signals over the Arabian Sea that are detected by satellite each year.     

Geochemical characteristics of the Paleogene shales in the Dongying depression,eastern China

Fluctuations in lacustrine sedimentary environments significantly affect distributions of organic matter (OM), uranium, and other elements in shales. In this study a high-resolution geochemical record of fluctuations in the paleo-depositional environment of a terrestrial lake basin is provided on the basis of extensive samples collected from the Member 3 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es₃) of the Niu-38 well in the Dongying Depression, Eastern China. These samples were tested for total organic carbon (TOC), element concentrations, and biomarkers to study the evolution and fluctuation in the depositional environments of an ancient lake basin and associated geochemical response. The evolution and fluctuation of the sedimentary environment from a deep lake to a semi-deep lake and then to a shallow lake delta were indicated by geochemical response. During this evolution, the values of TOC, S₁, S₂, Sr, and Ts/(Ts + Tm) remarkably decreased, whereas those of Co, Ni, Rb, Na, Fe/Mn, Fe/(Ca + Mg), and C₂₉ mortane/C₂₉ hopane significantly increased. The deep lake basin shows depositional fluctuations, as indicated by rock lithofacies and their geochemical parameters. A close interrelationship was observed among U concentration, TOC content, and inorganic element content. Uranium concentrations are positively correlated with TOC contents, Ca and Sr concentrations, and Sr/Ba and Ca/Mg ratios but negatively with K, Na, Ba, and Rb contents and Fe/(Ca + Mg) and Fe/Mn ratios. The observed increase in U concentration in the lower Es₃ section is closely related to surface adsorption by clay minerals and OM, together with some replacements of Ca and Sr by U in the shales.     

品清湖沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物与重金属生物毒效性研究

测定了广东汕尾品清湖海域7个站位表层沉积物样品的酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步浸提重金属(SEM)质量摩尔浓度,对AVS、SEM及其比值以及分布进行了分析。结果表明,该海域表层沉积物AVS质量摩尔浓度范围为0.315～1.635μmol.g-1;SEM质量摩尔浓度分布范围为1.332～2.424μmol.g-1。通过分析,品清湖表层沉积物中Cu和Pb的生物有效性较高,对底栖生物存在潜在的毒性效应,其它单个重金属不会对底栖生物产生毒性效应。     

邛海湖盆形态研究

邛海是四川省第二大淡水湖泊,本研究是为更好地利用和保护该人类资源所做的基础研究工作之一。通过基于GPS-RTK技术以及测深仪的水下地形测量,结合原有历史资料,应用湖沼学理论,对邛海的湖盆形态进行定量化研究。经研究,邛海为南北长、东西宽湖体较为接近半球体形式的断陷湖泊,正常高水位(1510.3m)下最大水深18.80m,平均水深10.63m,湖长10.85km,湖面最大宽度5.24km,平均宽度2.53km,岸线长37.4km,湖面面积27.408km2,湖底真面积27.411km2,容积291.43×107m3。研究结果对邛海流域的深入研究及保护与开发提供了基础信息支持。     

Water Column Distribution of Mercury Species in Permanently Stratified Aqueous Environments

Biogeochemical structures of three permanently stratified waterbodies were studied: a sea water basin (the Black Sea), an estuary (Hunnbunn fjord), and a freshwater lake (Nordbytjernet), with focus on the distributions of methylmercury (MeHg) and total mercury (THg). THg concentrations were similar in the sea water basin (0.2–1.8 ng/L) and the freshwater lake (0.8–1.2 ng/L), but significantly higher in the estuary (0.6–9.4 ng/L). An increase in the MeHg concentration and MeHg/THg ratio were found in the redox zone in all three basins, indicating bacterial production of MeHg in the aqueous phase. In the lake and estuary, the maximum MeHg concentration and MeHg/THg ratio were found in samples located closest to the bottom sediments, likely due to the formation of MeHg in surface sediments and subsequent diffusion to the overlying waters.