历年影响广西沿海的热带气旋及其灾害成因分析(英文)

登陆或经过广西沿海的热带气旋是一种严重的自然灾害,每年热带气旋所伴随的大风、大雨、风暴潮等灾害造成沿海地区严重的财产损失或人员伤亡。通过对1950~2012年影响广西沿海的热带气旋的统计分析发现,影响广西沿海的热带气旋数量年际变化明显,最多的年份达9个,最少的年份为0个;热带气旋季节分布具有明显规律性,每年的7、8、9三个月为影响高峰月,其次为6、10月;热带气旋从菲律宾以东洋面进入南海后穿过海南省和雷州半岛再次登陆广西沿海的次数最多,该类热带气旋引起的风暴增水平均值为111.2 cm,到达非登陆台风增水的2.6倍。风暴潮灾害的形成与强台风天气系统、全日大潮、河流下泄洪水直接有关。强台风产生巨浪及降雨,使入海河口水位上升,与风暴潮叠加后产生明显的增水,造成巨大的潮灾。     

热带气旋影响福建沿海风暴潮特征分析

文中利用1990~2008年气象要素资料、热带气旋路径资料和福建沿海9个验潮站资料,从热带气旋登陆、路径以及福建沿海地理特征等方面,分析研究福建沿海热带气旋风暴潮特征。结果表明:每年平均约有5.58个热带气旋登陆或影响福建,风暴潮发生率为81.1%,福建沿海风暴潮主要出现在5~10月,风暴潮过程最多的是8~9月,平均每年有4.53次风暴潮过程。正面登陆福建的热带气旋和登陆浙南的影响热带气旋,最容易引发福建省沿海热带气旋风暴潮过程,且风暴增水最强,最大增水可达200cm以上,其次是登陆广东的影响热带气旋。由于闽江口的喇叭口地形作用,位于闽江入海处的闽江口岸段在全省4个岸段中风暴增水最强。     

闸坡站风暴潮增水与热带气旋登陆点及路径的关系

将1992～2006年15a间影响和登陆闸坡站的热带气旋按照登陆点和移动路径进行分类．研究各类热带气旋在闸坡站引起的风暴潮增水峰值的出现时间与热带气旋登陆点及移动路径的关系，定性分析热带气旋风场结构对风暴潮增水的影响并经过2007年至今风暴潮增水预报过程中的实例检验．结果表明：闸坡站的增水类型与热带气旋的登陆地点和路径关系密切．在闸坡站登陆的东北行热带气旋引起的风暴潮增水多出现在登陆前，其他路径则出现在登陆时或登陆后；在闸坡以西登陆的热带气旋引起的风暴潮增水峰值一般发生在登陆时或登陆后1h以内；在闸坡站以东登陆的热带气旋引起的风暴潮增水峰值一般发生在登陆前10h以上；而其他类型的热带气旋引起的风暴潮增水由于个例较少规律尚不明显．     

东南沿海台风风暴潮特点及其变化规律

本文收集了1949-1990年的台风及相应验潮站的实测潮位资料，计算分析了连云港至汕头之间沿海港口的热带气旋增水，得出了东南沿海各港口的增水特征。该海域风暴潮强度较大，易形成特大潮灾，各港口最大增水出现时间不一，有的在热带气旋登陆前，有的在热带气旋登陆后，多数在热带气旋登陆前后0-6h。台风及风暴潮易造成舰船、码头等损坪，形成非战斗力减员。     

海口港风暴潮特征分析

本文在统计分析1949～2001年间影响海口港的热带气旋的基础上,对海口港1953年～1991年的风暴潮特征进行总结分析.结果表明:海口港平均每年发生风暴潮3～4次,其中较大风暴潮以上的2次,严重程度以上的每2年就有一次;海口港每年6～12月均有可能发生风暴潮,且集中在7～10月,尤以10月份最多.影响海口港的热带气旋主要以西北行路径为主,且多在我国东南沿海登陆,此种情况下,风暴增水曲线表现为周期性波动.在海南岛登陆的热带气旋往往会给海口港造成较为严重的风暴潮灾害.     

1949—2019年登陆中国的热带气旋特征及致灾分析

利用1949—2019年中国台风网资料,对登陆中国的热带气旋进行统计,分析了其主要气候特征及灾害成因。结果表明:近71年来在西北太平洋地区共生成热带气旋2 333个,其中登陆我国的有636个,占生成总数的27.3%;平均每年生成热带气旋33个,在我国登陆的有9个,登陆数量的年际差异明显,最多年份达15个,最少的年份仅为4个,近71年来登陆热带气旋呈逐年减少趋势;按年代统计分析,20世纪50、60年代最多,均为97个; 90年代以后陆续减少,2010年以来达到最低,仅80个; 21世纪以来登陆我国的热带气旋数量虽然下降趋势明显,但活跃时间段在延长:近71年来最早登陆和最晚登陆热带气旋均出现在21世纪;登陆时段趋于集中,高频期出现在7—9月,其中8月份最多,约占全年总数的28.5%;登陆地点趋于集中,首次登陆点集中在广东、海南、台湾地区,其中广东最多,占登陆总数的34.6%;大风、暴雨、风暴潮是热带气旋灾害的主要因子,若遇天文大潮,则潮灾不容忽视。     

广西沿海风暴增水特征分析

根据1965—2016年间影响广西沿海的热带气旋资料和风暴增水资料,分析研究广西沿海风暴增水特征。结果表明:在时间分布上,广西沿海平均每年发生风暴增水过程1.8次,每年6—10月均有可能发生风暴增水,且集中在7—9月。在空间分布上,广西沿海风暴增水过程呈现出规律性:在不同路径热带气旋影响下,各观测站风暴增水均是先减水,后增水,最后逐渐回落至正常状态;观测站距离热带气旋登陆地点越近,其最大增水值越高;反之,其最大增水值越低。另外,还采用Pearson-Ⅲ型分布计算广西沿海不同重现期的高潮位值。     

影响湛江的热带气旋路径、登陆地点和增水关系探讨

本文根据影响湛江的典型热带气旋和风暴潮增水资料,系统地分析了热带气旋登陆地点、路径等要素和湛江港增水的关系。结果表明,湛江港发生的增水极值时间和增水形式因热带气旋登陆地点和路径的不同而异。从动力学进一步分析也表明,湛江港的增水类型与热带气旋登陆地点和路径关系非常密切。本文最后还讨论共振现象对湛江港增水的影响。     

1949—2009年登陆和影响浙江的热带气旋分析

通过对1949—2009年61年间登陆和影响浙江的热带气旋的时空分布特征、主要影响路径等的分析,发现在7—9月份登陆浙江的热带气旋占登陆总数的92.5%,7—9月份影响浙江的热带气旋占影响总数的82%。影响浙江的热带气旋中登陆福建或在台湾海峡消失的热带气旋占的比重最多。虽然西北太平洋上热带气旋生成个数近年来大幅减少,但登陆浙江的强台风有明显增多的趋势。随着气候的变暖,海水温度的增高,热带气旋生成的时间提早,结束的时间偏迟。另外通过对热带气旋影响时各海岛、沿海和内陆站的大风、暴雨的分析,发现热带气旋影响期间容易引起大风天气的是大陈和嵊山站;容易引起暴雨天气的是温岭、临海和温州站。本文还分析了验潮站最大增水超过1m、2m、3m的时空分布特征。     

进入广西沿海影响区的登陆热带气旋气候特征分析

本文利用40a（1960年～1999年）热带气旋基本资料,分析进入广西沿海影响区的登陆热带气旋的一般气候特征,根据热带气旋的登陆点不同,进一步分析在广西沿海影响区内登陆的热带气旋和登陆后的强度变化、维持时间、消失位置等方面的特点,为做好影响广西沿海的登陆热带气旋的预报和服务提供依据.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,