“鲇鱼”超强台风过程分析

通过对超强台风“鲇鱼”几个阶段路径的特点和NCEP再分析资料分析发现:台风的引导流场始终由中高层气流提供,因此要用中高层引导气流来分析其动向;其次,台风的强度有海温、高低层流场、暖湿气流的供应共同作用;再次,台风由南口进入台湾海峡后特殊的地形往往有利于台风强度的维持.     

台风“凡亚比”在台湾海峡所引起风暴潮的数值模拟

基于FVCOM海洋模式,利用台风模型构造的风场作为大气强迫,模拟了台风凡亚比经过台湾海峡时引起的风暴潮过程。分析了水位、流场等要素对台风的响应。结果显示:模拟的风暴潮水位与实测水位吻合较好,误差较小,从侧面验证了近岸水位变化主要是局地风场造成;台风凡亚比造成台湾海峡大部分区域出现显著增水,大陆沿岸作为迎风区,增水最为明显,增水最大值达到2m以上,增水主要受到风场和地形的影响;表层风生流场与Ekman风生漂流特征一致;大陆沿岸风暴潮的先兆波振幅在20~30cm,余振阶段并不明显。台风造成的表层平均流方向在近岸平行于岸线,流速加强,在海峡中间形成非闭合逆时针流动,流向与跨越海峡过程中台风最强时的风场方向一致。     

1205号台风“泰利”影响下台湾海峡风浪特征分析

利用相对密集的海上浮标和岸基台站观测资料,分析、总结了1205号台风"泰利"影响期间台湾海峡及周边海域的风浪特征,得到如下结论:(1)台湾海峡东南海域海浪始终相对较大,过程极值出现在该区域的七股浮标;(2)台风中心位于台湾海峡中部和南部时,海峡中线浪高自台风中心向外递减,台风中心位于台湾海峡北部时,海峡中线浪高自台风中心向外递增;(3)台湾海峡西南侧1号浮标风速曲线两次出现漏斗型向下波动;(4)在13个主要浮标站点中有8个浮标的风浪经验相关系数未达到高度相关。本文从台风机构、风浪成长要素、相关天气系统、台湾海峡特殊地形、边界层风场环流等方面分析了台湾海峡的台风浪分布特征及形成机理,研究成果可为该类型台风浪预报提供参考。     

0418号"艾利"台风暴雨过程的数值模拟

本文利用中尺度MM5模式模拟了0418号“艾利”台风造成闽东北强降水的一次物理过程．模拟结果表明：充沛的水汽和强烈的上升运动是造成台风暴雨的直接原因，降水与850hPa涡度场、散度场有较好的对应关系．基本流场存在二次切变时，横渡型扰动会激发产生并且发生不稳定，从而导致暴雨天气的产生．台风附近相当位温密集陡峭和CAPE值的突增表明台风有加强的可能，CISK和涡旋Rossby波的传播是可能的机制．水汽的敏感性试验结果表明：水汽变化会影响台风的强度和降水的强度，水汽的微小变化可造成降水极大的变化，但对台风的位置影响不大．     

台风"杜鹃"影响期间福建大风天气的特点及成因

台风“杜鹃”影响期间，福建大风天气出现的比较早，而且范围比较大．本文通过对天气尺度的环境场、具有代表性的单站资料的对比分析，寻求大风出现的原因．还深入利用MM5模式对台风的气压场、风场、流场等进行数值模拟，分析结果表明台湾地形倒槽的形成对此次大风天气出现有着重要的作用，此外从流场分型的角度进一步分析台湾地形倒槽的形成原因．     

0307号台风"伊布都"影响广西南部暴雨的数值模拟及诊断分析

本文用MM5模式模拟了0307号台风“伊布都”影响广西的暴雨过程．其结果表明：副高西侧偏南风急流的加强为广西大范围的暴雨天气创造了有利条件，台风环境风场的不对称结构导致其暴雨的不对称分布．盂加拉湾至中南半岛一带维持强盛的西南风急流，为台风南部维持强的涡度中心提供了大尺度的背景场．涡度空间分布的不对称是造成台风南部暴雨的主要原因．本次桂南暴雨的水汽源来自盂加拉湾，中南半岛水汽输送通道明显；过程前期螺旋度高低空负、正垂直螺旋度配置十分有利于系统自身的发展及暴雨的维持；对流不稳定度的增强和湿斜压涡度的发展，导致中低层湿位涡的增强，有利于降水加剧．     

非结构网格模型在闽东沿海台风浪模拟中的应用

基于加密的非结构三角网格，以Holland模型风场叠加美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）海面风场构造的合成风场驱动第三代浅水波浪数值模型（SWAN）对2017年影响闽东海域的“纳沙”和“泰利”台风过程进行数值模拟，并运用浮标站的实测数据对模拟结果进行验证.结果表明，模型计算的风速、有效波高与实测值符合较好，合成风场能较好地模拟台风期间的风速变化过程，SWAN模式能够合理地再现闽东沿海台风浪的时空分布特征.由模拟结果可见：台风“纳沙”中心越过台湾岛进入台湾海峡北部海面，受海峡地形的约束，其波浪场呈NE—SW向椭圆状分布，北部海域的浪高大于南部，闽东沿海遍布大范围的巨浪到狂浪；超强台风“泰利”未登陆闽东，当其台风中心与大陆的距离最近时，海面波浪场分布与台风风场结构一致，台风中心附近海域为14 m以上的怒涛区，巨浪遍布于闽东沿海.研究结果可为闽东沿海台风浪灾害预警和应急管理提供技术支撑和参考依据.     

台风"森拉克"的数值模拟研究:海洋飞沫的作用

台风作为一种在海洋上生成和演变的强烈天气现象，除了环境流场、自身结构以及地形等因子对它产生影响外，海气间的热量动量交换也是台风演变过程中不可或缺的因子。台风期间在海气界面生成大量海洋飞沫，这些飞沫在台风边界层的蒸发必然对海气之间的通量传输过程产生影响，进而影响到台风本身的演变。文章将海洋飞沫参数化引入大气中尺度模式中，对2002年16号台风“森拉克”的演变进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明，引入海洋飞沫参数化方案，可使台风期间海气界面的潜热通量增加50％，10m层风速最大值增加30％，从而使模拟台风的强度明显增加，使模拟结果更趋于合理。因此，在台风数值模拟和预报中考虑海洋飞沫的作用是十分必要的。     

三种典型路径下的台湾海峡台风浪特征研究

以WRF风场驱动SWAN波浪模式,模拟分析了北路、中路、南路3种典型台风路径下,台湾海峡及周边海域的台风浪的特征。结果发现:(1)数值模拟与浮标实测情况基本一致,并模拟出台风浪场右半圆大于左半圆、前进象限以涌浪为主、主波方向辐射向前传播、台风的正后方向的主波向混乱等特征;(2)在中路和南路台风影响时,台湾海峡较早出现15 m/s的风速等值线,但是海峡内风场与台风风场被台湾岛地形分割致使海浪成长风区变短,而且远海涌浪无法传播到海峡内部,使得海峡内海浪没有达到远海同样风速区域的6 m左右的高度;(3)中路台风影响下,台湾海峡的浪场受台湾岛的影响出现异常明显的不对称性结构,台湾海峡北部混合浪和涌浪高出海峡南部很多;(4)台湾海峡海浪能量谱方向与局地风向之间角度较大,在北路台风影响下北部有明显的自东向西的周期大于15 s的涌浪谱,在南路台风西行时出现两股明显的成直角的风浪谱和涌浪谱。这些特征对船舶航行安全有潜在危险。     

0414号强台风"云娜"风暴潮特征分析与总结

2004年14号台风“云娜”在浙江省温岭市石塘镇登陆,此次台风引起的大风、巨浪以及连续暴雨给浙江南部沿海构成极大威胁,台风风暴潮造成的沿岸高潮增水呈北面大南面小的趋势。本文通过对浙南沿海潮位站资料的分析,目的在于总结预报经验,提高台风风暴潮的预报精度。     

海洋微塑料检测技术研究进展

海洋微塑料污染目前已成为全球性的环境问题,近年来海洋微塑料检测技术越来越受到人们的关注。本文简要总结了微塑料样品采集及处理方法,并从检测方法的角度系统综述了近些年来微塑料检测技术的研究进展,涉及目视分析法、光谱法(如傅立叶变换红外光谱法和拉曼光谱法)、热分析法以及其他分析方法等(如质谱法以及扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪联用法)。本文简要评价了各类检测方法的优缺点,以期为海洋微塑料检测技术的发展提供参考,并探讨了未来海洋微塑料检测技术的发展方向。     

并矢相关谱分析方法在非线性资料分析中的应用

本文利用到率并矢相关谱估计方法,对青岛月平均气温（1896年1月—1992年12月）足赤道局部地区日表层水温（0°±0．5°S,165°±0．5°E;1986年12月6日—1991年11月16日）进行了谱分析,结果表明：青岛气温除具有1年周期的主频振荡和二倍峰频处0．5年周期二阶非线性耦合效应外,还隐含有2年周期的低频耦合振荡及0．4年周期的高频耦合振荡;赤道局部地区日表层水温含有90天,63天,50天,40天和29天等几个主要的低频周期振荡。     

Sampling effort required to recover the main gradients in marine benthic species composition

Marine benthic surveys and monitoring programs may have several goals. When the aim of such studies is to reveal and describe gradients in species composition, the gain in ecological insight achieved by the study depends on how well the spatial variability of species’ occurrence and abundance within the study area is covered by the sampling design. The common practice in such programs is to collect four or five grab samples from each visited site to capture the site's species composition. The rationale for this practice is based on the aim of capturing a large proportion of species at a specific site (i.e. point). We argue that this practice has been established without taking Iterative approaches into account, such as decreasing the sampling effort at each site and instead increase the number of sites visited. The collection and processing of data from marine sediment ecosystems are time‐consuming and, thus, expensive. Therefore, finding the optimal trade‐off between the number of sites visited and the number of samples per site is important. We examined this trade‐off by exploring how reduction of sampling effort per site affects the stability and recovery of gradients in species composition of marine benthic macrofauna. Our full data set consisted of four grab samples from each of 28 sites from the inner part of the Oslofjord, SE Norway. Procrustes analysis and calculation of Kendall's rank correlation coefficients showed that the main gradient in species composition extracted by detrended correspondence analysis of data sets with reduced per‐site sampling effort closely resembled the main gradient extracted for the full data set. Our results therefore suggest that marine benthic surveys that aim to identify the main gradient structure of species composition and relate this structure to main environmental complex gradients are likely to benefit from reducing the sampling effort at each site and, instead, increasing the number of visited sites. We argue that coverage of both the variation in species composition and the environment in the study area will then be improved. Monitoring programs with other aims than to identify the main gradients in species composition may also benefit from the adoption of a many‐sites, one‐sample sampling strategy. This may be particularly true if additional sampled sites are based on a stratified sampling strategy that ensures that the spatial variability in the study area is accounted for.     

Identification of biomarkers of cores from the South China Sea

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Investigation of Arctic air temperature extremes at north of 60°N in winter

Air temperature is a key index reflecting climate change. Air temperature extremes are very important because they strongly influence the natural environment and societal activities. The Arctic air temperature extremes north of 60°N are investigated in the winter. Daily data from 238 stations at north of 60°N from the global summary of the day for the period 1979–2015 are used to study the trends of cold days, cold nights, warm days and warm nights during the wintertime. The results show a decreasing trend of cold days and nights(rate of –0.2 to –0.3 d/a) and an increasing trend of warm days and nights(rate of +0.2 to +0.3 d/a) in the Arctic. The mean temperature increases,which contributes to the increasing(decreasing) occurrence of warm(cold) days and nights. On the other hand,the variance at most stations decreased, leading to a reduced number of cold events. A positive AO(Arctic Oscillation) index leads to an increased(decreased) number of warm(cold) days and nights over northern Europe and western Russia and an increased(decreased) number of cold(warm) days and nights over the Bering Strait and Greenland. The lower extent of Arctic autumn sea ice leads to a decreased number of cold days and nights.The occurrences of abrupt changes are detected using the Mann-Kendall method for cold nights occurring in Canada in 1998 and for warm nights occurring in northwestern Eurasia in 1988. This abrupt change mainly resulted from the mean warming induced by south winds and an increased North Atlantic sea surface temperature.     

美国4 个凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)种群形态差异与判别分析

采用3种多元分析方法,对来源于美国的4个凡纳滨对虾种群的13个形态比例参数进行比较研究.聚类分析结果表明,Kona Bay种群与Molokai种群形态差异很小,而SIS种群、OI种群趋异程度逐渐增加.判别分析结果显示,4种群的13个形态比例参数有着极显著的差异(P>0.01);4个种群雌虾的判别准确率P1为61.76%-97.14%,判别准确率P2为62.03%-96.43%,综合判别率为80.25%;4个种群雄虾的判别准确率P1为75.76%-97.06%,判别准确率P2分别为67.57%-97.06%,综合判别率为80.71%,各种群的判别函数判别准确率均较高;主成分分析,构建的雌体的5个主成分方差贡献率分别为,主成分1:23.594%,主成分2:19.534%,主成分3:15.748%,主成分4:13.653%,主成分5:8.653%.累积贡献率为81.182%.而在构建的雄体的5个主成分中,方差贡献率分别为主成分1:22.095%,主成分2:19.270%,主成分3:15.430%,主成分4:15.245%,主成分5:7.885%.累积贡献率为79.925%.综上所述,Kona Bay种群与Molokai种群应是同一种群,与SIS种群亲缘关系较为接近,SIS种群和OI种群为独立的种群.     

Velocity and AVO analysis for the investigation of gas hydrate along a profile in the western continental margin of India

The occurrence of gas hydrate has been inferred from the presence of Bottom-Simulating Reflectors (BSRs) along the western continental margin of India. In this paper, we assess the spatial and vertical distribution of gas hydrates by analyzing the interval velocities and Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) responses obtained from multi-channel seismics (MCSs). The hydrate cements the grains of the host sediment, thereby increasing its velocity, whereas the free gas below the base of hydrate stability zone decreases the interval velocity. Conventionally, velocities are obtained from the semblance analysis on the Common Mid-Point (CMP) gathers. Here, we used wave-equation datuming to remove the effect of the water column before the velocity analysis. We show that the interval velocities obtained in this fashion are more stable than those computed from the conventional semblance analysis. The initial velocity model thus obtained is updated using the tomographic velocity analysis to account for lateral heterogeneity. The resultant interval velocity model shows large lateral velocity variations in the hydrate layer and some low velocity zones associated with free gas at the location of structural traps. The reflection from the base of the gas layer is also visible in the stacked seismic data. Vertical variation in hydrate distribution is assessed by analyzing the AVO response at selected locations. AVO analysis is carried out after applying true amplitude processing. The average amplitudes of BSRs are almost constant with offset, suggesting a fluid expulsion model for hydrate formation. In such a model, the hydrate concentrations are gradational with maxima occurring at the base of hydrate stability zone.     

植物同工酶基因定位方法初探

根据基因在异源多倍体染色体组间的变异，提出通过缺对一四体和双端体的酶谱分析，无需在不同品种间杂交，即可将同工酶结构基因定位在特定的染色体臂上。还提出，由于等位基因在双体和三体间的变异．通过三体酶谱分析，也能有效地进行同工酶基因定位。     

我国海洋捕捞业政策变迁、结构特征及优化研究——基于政策文本的量化分析

自20世纪80年代以来,我国出台了众多海洋捕捞相关政策,厘清这些政策变迁规律对海洋捕捞业的健康发展具有重要意义。本文对1986年以来我国海洋捕捞业的政策文本展开量化分析,构建政策时间维度、政策工具维度、政策价值维度三维政策文本分析框架,梳理当前捕捞业政策变迁和结构特征,并深入分析了捕捞业政策与现实的匹配性。研究发现,海洋捕捞业的部分政策目标之间存在一定的冲突和矛盾;政策工具体系全面,但不同政策工具数量分布不均衡;早期政策的经济价值取向突出,社会、生态价值相对不足,需要适时调整政策价值取向。未来应明确政策目标,推动海洋捕捞管理范式由投入控制向产出控制的转变;优化政策工具组合,引导渔民自觉养护海洋渔业资源,提高海洋捕捞业政策的有效性;整合政策价值取向,协调产业发展、资源养护和渔民利益的关系,推动海洋捕捞可持续发展。     

Eigensensitivity analysis of moisture-related buckling of marine composite panels

In this paper, an approximate closed-form solution is presented to compute the moisture-related buckling of symmetric angle-ply laminates. The environment corresponds to a steady state condition, which provides a uniform moisture distribution for the laminate. The laminate consists of four layers [θ/−θ]_s constructed of low, moderate and high stiffness ratio materials. Comparative results using the Rayleigh–Ritz method provides a means of assessing the accuracy of the expression. For certain laminate architectures, several modes must be computed to ascertain the lowest buckling mode, and once identified, provides an excellent approximation for the mode computed using the Rayleigh–Ritz method.