福建北部近岸海域晚更新世以来典型地震剖面声学反射特征

根据2015年采集的3 500km浅地层剖面资料,以层序地层学为理论基础,运用地震地层学的分析方法,结合沉积学原理的相关理论,对福建北部近岸海域典型浅地层地震剖面声学反射特征进行了系统的分析和解释。根据本次获得的浅层地震剖面资料和以往的相关解释结果,将研究区浅部地震剖面划分为6个主要的地震反射界面(从上至下定名为QT1、QT2、QT_2~1、QT3、QT_3~1、QT4),这些界面将剖面划分为5个地震单元(从上至下定名为SU1、SU2、SU3、SU4、SU5)。详细描述了每个地震单元的反射界面特征及其层序内部特征,合理推测了每个地震单元的沉积地层特征及其演化,为研究福建北部近岸海域的沉积环境提供科学依据。     

长江潮区界上界河槽浅层沉积结构探测研究

研究地层沉积结构是认识河流变迁历史的重要手段之一,潮区界作为河流物质和能量传输的关键界面之一,于2015年洪季,利用浅地层剖面仪对长江潮区界上界河段河槽浅地层结构进行了"覆盖式"探测。结果表明:长江潮区界上界河段河槽床面发育了大量沙波,尺度较大,陡坡明显朝向下游;崇文洲下游两侧水道中沙波发育较少,尺度也较小;浅层沉积结构显示该河段部分河槽床面以下存在4处不同形态的地质构造。     

北黄海浅层声学地层

通过对北黄海高分辨率浅地层剖面的分析解译,划定了具有层序意义的9个声学反射地层单元或亚单元(SU1(1)、SU1(2)、SU1(3)、SU2、SU3、SU4、SU4(2)、SU4(3)、SU5).通过典型声学地层剖面与区内钻孔的沉积地层岩性单元对比,发现依据浅地层刹面进行的声学地层划分与钻孔岩心的沉积地层划分有较好的对...     

渤海海峡及周边海域浅地层结构及地层声速的拾取

通过系统分析渤海海峡及周边海域的高分辨率浅地层剖面与3口钻孔的资料,将研究区地层自上而下划分为T0、T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6、T7、T8共9个反射界面及SU11、SU12、SU13、SU2、SU3、SU41、SU42、SU43、SU5共9个声学地层单元,SU1地层单元对应全新世海相沉积,其底界为一海进侵蚀面,削蚀对应晚更新世晚玉木冰期陆相沉积的SU2地层单元。SU3地层单元对应晚更新世晚玉木间冰期的海相沉积,通过侵蚀间断面与上覆SU2呈不整合接触。SU41地层单元对应晚更新世早玉木冰期晚期的陆相沉积,SU42地层单元对应晚更新世早玉木亚间冰期的海相沉积,与上覆SU41呈侵蚀不整合接触,SU43地层单元对应晚更新世早玉木冰期早期的陆相沉积,其顶界面为海进侵蚀面,与下伏地层呈不整合接触,SU5对应晚更新世玉木—里斯间冰期的海相沉积。对比分析浅地层剖面地层单元与钻孔沉积地层,确定了研究区海底面之下不同地层单元对应的平均声学速度,为后续的地层层序的研究奠定了基础。研究区"海侵-海退-海侵-海退-高水位"的沉积过程,决定了地层平均声速随深度自下而上呈现由高-低-高-低的变化模式。     

东海北部外陆架MIS 6以来的沉积地层格架及古环境演化

利用最新采集的高分辨率浅地层剖面资料,结合SHD-1钻孔岩心资料,对东海北部外陆架MIS 6以来的地层结构进行了分析,建立了MIS 6以来的沉积地层格架,并对地层的地质年代进行了厘定。根据Octavian Catuneanu(2005)的层序地层学理论,研究区地层划分出海侵和高位体系域、下降期体系域、海退和低位体系域。研究表明,过孔的浅地层剖面与钻孔岩心的沉积地层有很好的对应关系。东海北部外陆架MIS 6以来可划分出7个不整合界面(D7—D1)和7个地震单元(SU_7—SU_1)。东海外陆架的海进层序与海退层序有规律地交替发育,它们与海平面变化曲线也有很好的对应关系。其中,地震单元SU_1、SU_5分别为MIS 1、MIS 5形成的海侵沉积,主要发育浅海沉积层,100 m以浅的位置发育潮流沙脊;地震单元SU_2、SU_4、SU_6分别对应MIS 2、MIS 4和MIS 6低海平面时期形成的河流/河口—三角洲沉积;地震单元SU3、SU4为下降期体系域,这两个亚单元分别对应MIS 3和MIS 4晚期。MIS 4—MIS 3发育厚层且分布广泛的水下三角洲,但MIS 4发育的水下三角洲的规模不及MIS 3大。总之,对MIS 6以来沉积地层格架的建立和古环境研究可为东海外陆架晚第四纪地层的海平面变化、古环境演化等相关研究提供参考。     

舟山群岛册子水道现代潮流沙脊的初步研究

Geopulse甚高分辨率浅地震剖面记录和水深测量结果显示,在舟山群岛册子水道北部东侧发育有一条现代潮流脊,宽度约1~1.2km,研究部分长度超过2km(沙脊两端超出研究海域),脊顶水深50~60m,外翼高20~25m,水深65~85m,内翼高约10m,水深50~70m;脊内层理发育,以向海倾斜为主,表明潮流脊是由岸向海方向堆积发育的。根据地震剖面记录特征和沉积环境,推断潮流脊以细砂和粉砂为主组成,来源于册子水道轴部晚更新世陆相地层的侵蚀物质;由落潮流向东南搬运,再由涨潮流向西北搬运,在潮流脊上沉积而成。潮流脊的发育可能与外钓山岛和舟山本岛在研究海域向西突出有关,造成册子水道显著缩窄、流速加大、底质变粗。     

渤海海峡老铁山水道基底埋深特征

浅地层结构通常是跨海通道工程建设需要重点考虑的因素之一。在渤海海峡地区,查明蓬莱至旅顺一线海域海底浅地层结构是开展该区域海底隧道施工的先决条件。以往的海底浅地层结构调查多关注南段蓬莱角至砣矶岛,少有涉及到北段老铁山水道。本文以老铁山水道海底地层为重点研究对象,开展单道地震及钻探工作,获取了目标海域海底浅地层结构,对该海域海底基岩面埋深特征开展了初步探索。结果表明:老铁山水道南部以浅埋基岩为主,埋深多在30 m以浅;中部发育巨厚的粉砂黏土层,第四纪沉积层最厚186.30 m以上;北部大范围区域发育坚硬的厚砾土或铁板砂。本文的调查研究工作为渤海海峡海底隧道工程建设提供了科学支撑。     

山东半岛南部滨浅海区晚第四纪声学地层

通过对山东半岛南部滨浅海区高分辨率浅地层剖面的分析解译,将研究区晚第四纪的地层划分成具有层序意义的6个声学反射地层单元(SU1—SU6),通过典型浅地层剖面与研究区内QDZ03孔和QDZ01孔进行对比,发现声学反射地层单元的划分与钻孔岩心沉积物沉积单元的划分具有很好的对应关系,依据钻孔岩心沉积相特征和沉积物测年数据,我们认为SU1、SU3和SU5分别对应于氧同位素1期、3期和5期的海相沉积,SU2和SU4对应于氧同位素2期和4期的陆相沉积。     

闽北近岸海域潜在的海洋灾害地质特征

根据2014—2017年在霞浦近岸海域实测得的约3 500km浅地层剖面和同网布设的单道地震剖面、侧扫声纳等地球物理资料,结合遥感影像和岸滩监测剖面等数据,综合运用海洋沉积学、层序地层学、构造地质学等方法,识别了研究区内存在的主要潜在海洋灾害地质因素,包括埋藏古河道、浅层气、浅埋不规则基岩面、楔形泥质体、潮流沙脊、海岸线变迁等,简要分析了其特征、成因机制和危害性,为探讨研究区的灾害地质防治奠定理论基础,为海洋资源开发及海洋工程建设提供科学依据。     

现代长江水下三角洲浅地层地震相特征

利用传统的地震相分析方法,分析总结现代长江水下三角洲浅地层地震剖面反射波的几何形态、内部反射结构、连续性、振幅等特征,形成对长江水下三角洲各典型地震相特征的认识,圈定相应的地震相范围,并结合钻孔资料,解释了长江口范围三角洲前积、浅海沉积、古河道等各沉积相的分布。结果表明,现代长江水下三角洲浅地层各地震相特征明显。典型的三角洲前积地震相主要分布在长江口外东北部,其余大部为典型浅海沉积地震相,且浅海地震相特征向口内逐渐变弱,表现为浅砂或淤泥型地震相,向口外逐渐有晚更新世基底地震相出露,并发育古河道地震相,此外,浅层气地震相嵌入区内各个地震相范围。     

中国台湾浅滩海砂砂体的地球物理特征及有利赋存标志*

探测查明海砂分布及其资源量, 对海洋矿产资源规划和社会经济发展有重要意义。利用在中国台湾浅滩采集的单波束测深、侧扫声呐、浅地层剖面、单道地震等多源地球物理数据, 识别出海底沙脊、沙波、埋藏古河道等有利于海砂赋存的地貌标志, 以及厚泥盖层等不利标志, 它们在平面上渐变交错分布。地球物理数据与表层沉积物、钻孔岩心结果对比, 证实浅地层剖面能有效识别表层砂体上部和排除厚泥盖层(厚度>10m), 表层砂体上部呈断续中弱振幅杂乱反射; 单道地震剖面能有效识别砂-泥地层界面, 垂向上刻画表层及埋藏砂体形态, 砂体最主要的特征为连续性差的弱振幅反射中夹杂空白、杂乱的“白雾”反射。砂体响应特征反映了砂体声学较难穿透的特性, 同时也可能是砂体含气所致。分析表明在砂体形态多变或钻孔分布密度低时, 利用地球物理方法, 结合一定数量的钻孔岩心约束, 相比仅依靠大量钻孔岩心, 可更为经济、高效地对砂体的垂向形态和平面展布进行精细刻画, 从而有利于更准确地估算海砂的资源量。     

日照近岸海域晚更新世以来地层结构及沉积环境演化

根据在日照近岸海域施工的地质钻孔和浅地层剖面测量资料,对比南黄海已有钻孔成果,系统地开展日照近岸海域晚更新世以来地层结构特征识别和沉积环境演化重建。结果表明:日照近岸海域沉积地层中见含有有孔虫化石的第二海相层,形成年代介于34.3~41.4 cal.ka B.P.,对应MIS3的暖湿阶段,该层位可能与古三角洲有关。沉积层从上往下分别为:滨海相细砂混杂泥质沉积层(命名为DU1沉积单元);河流-河口相粉砂质黏土夹粗砂、粉砂层(DU2沉积单元);浅海相粉砂质黏土夹粗砂层(DU3沉积单元);河流-湖泊相粗砂夹黏土层(DU4沉积单元)。晚更新世以来日照东部南黄海海域主要经历了2~3次显著的海侵和海退,各区域因条件不同表现有所差异:日照近岸浅水区主要表现为两次海侵和海退,东部深水区主要表现为三次海侵和海退,由于地势高低和侵蚀破坏等原因,总体表现为从离岸深水区域向近岸浅水区域海相地层厚度逐渐减少的趋势,部分地层出现尖灭消失。     

渤海湾盆地沙南凹陷曹妃甸14-5区沙河街组砂体成因分析

西洼沙河街组沉积位于渤海湾盆地沙南凹陷,从Es3m到Es1,沙南凹陷经历四期裂陷幕,其间发育的不整合面T5使区域古地貌隆升,形成四期的三级层序变化旋回,并在西洼东—西向中央断裂带的控制下形成南、北物源和北部断裂坡折。双向物源和断裂坡折控制沙河街组沉积,形成多类型沉积,其中Es3m以半深湖—深湖、富泥质的湖底扇为特征,形成弱水动力沉积环境;Es3u以半深湖—深湖、富砂质的湖底扇和火山岩为特征,形成局部动荡的水动力沉积环境;Es12沉积较薄,形成独具特色的多样式、多类型沉积,包括半深湖—深湖、扇三角洲前缘、前缘斜坡扇、滑塌体、湖底扇及火山岩沉积,以及牵引流与重力流并存,以重力流为沉积主导。层段内的沉积序列及演化特征决定该区域形成南、北物源控制的4种成因砂体,南物源的晚期成砂机制,包括扇三角洲前缘砂、前缘斜坡扇砂,北物源的中晚期成砂机制,包括滑塌体砂和湖底扇砂。因此,西洼区域勘探以寻找岩性圈闭、构造—岩性圈闭为主,断裂与砂体的空间匹配关系决定了圈闭的有效性。     

Bottom processes, morphology, and geotechnical properties of the continental slope south of Baltimore Canyon

The continental slope south of Baltimore Canyon seaward of the coasts of Delaware and Maryland has a different morphology and sedimentary structure than adjacent portions of the continental margin. Ridges of sediment 600 m thick and transverse to the slope contain many unconformities that can be traced from ridge to ridge. The age of the sediment is inferred to be late tertiary to recent with the morphology related to a major drainage system. Physical properties of a suite of sediment cores display a pattern that varies in relationship to the morphology and depositional environment. Sedimentary structures and low shear strengths indicate instability of surficial sediments present on the upper slope and can be correlated with regions where the seismic reflection profiles show slumping has occurred. A veneer of sand overlying the general silty clay of the area is present on the upper slope and on the ridges indicating sand spillover from the shelf with a recent change in deposition pattern.     

Tectono-sedimentary control on modern sand deposition on the forebulge of the Western Taiwan Foreland Basin

Whether the formation of the isolated sand body deposition in the forebulge area of a foreland basin system is structure- or deposition-controlled has puzzled geologists for decades, although sand body deposition is generally believed to be indicative of the position of the flexural forebulge in a foreland basin. The formation of a modern sand body in the forebulge area is thus examined by multi-scale geophysical observations based on combined reflection seismic profiles and compressed high-intensity radar pulse (CHIRP) profiles across the sand deposition along the forebulge of the Western Taiwan Foreland Basin (WTFB), which is a Late Miocene-present foreland basin in the overfilled stage. These profiles suggest that the accumulation of the sand deposits along the forebulge of the WTFB is not directly associated with forebulge faultings. The relief map of the forebulge deposit substratum shows a northwestward tilting slope, and the isopach of the forebulge sand body indicates that a large part of the sand body accumulated along the axis of the Taiwan Strait and the subdued forebulge of the WTFB. The difference between the prevailing directions of tidal currents between the Taiwan Strait and the East China Sea reflects the probable sedimentary influence of the cratonward migrating fold-thrust belt within a foreland shelf. We suggest that the formation and distribution of the sand deposits along the forebulge of the WTFB are generally controlled not only by the transverse downslope sedimentation but also longitudinal hydrodynamic processes at distal parts of the foreland basin. Our explanation provides a plausible tectono-sedimentary cause of the sand body deposition in the forebulge area in an overfilled foreland basin. The sedimentary dynamics of the sand body in the Taiwan Strait may be applicable for understanding the formation of isolated sand bodies in the distal part of the Cretaceous Western Interior Foreland Basin.     

Passive margin evolution and its controls on natural gas leakage in the southern Orange Basin,blocks 3/4, offshore South Africa

Using a 2D seismic dataset that covers part of the southern Orange Basin offshore South Africa, we reconstructed the geological evolution of the basin. This evolutionary model was then used to investigate the occurrence of natural gas within the sedimentary column and the distribution of gas leakage features in relation to the observed sedimentary and tectonic structures developed in the post-rift succession since the Early Cretaceous. The Cretaceous succession has been subdivided into five seismic units. The highest sedimentation rates occur within the Barremian/Aptian (unit C1) and the Turonian/Coniacian (unit C3). Two Cenozoic units (T1 and T2) have been distinguished. These show a sudden decrease in sedimentation rate for the whole of the Cenozoic. Three phases of gravitational tectonics, with two Late Cretaceous phases of mass movement in the northern study area and Cenozoic slumping in the southern study area, have been related to sedimentation rates, sea-level changes, paleoenvironmental evolution and regional tectonics. The occurrence of natural gas leakage follows a coast-parallel distribution within the study area. In the near shore part at water depths shallower than 400 m, massive gas chimneys penetrate through the sediment layers and reach the (near-) surface. Within an intermediate narrow band, between 300 and <500 m water depth, the gas migrates more diffusely through sub-vertical faulted Cretaceous sediments, while in the outer part of the basin, through the Cretaceous and Cenozoic gravitational wedges, only very few signs of gas accumulation and migration can be seen along the faults. A conceptual model has been established with the Aptian source rock generating gas in the outer part of the basin. This source rock underlies the Cenozoic wedge in the south and the thick Cretaceous wedge in the north and is a postulated source for the natural gas within the sedimentary column. This thermogenically generated gas does not migrate directly through the gravitational faults and the above lying sediments, but moves buoyancy driven up-dip along stratigraphic layers, to escape through the sediments to the sea-floor in the inner shelf area.     

西沙海域碳酸盐台地周缘水道沉积体系

高分辨率地震资料显示,南海北部西沙海域碳酸盐台地周缘广泛发育水道沉积体系。礁缘水道底界面表现出强反射特征,内部充填弱-强、连续性好的地震相,可见底部杂乱反射特征;斜坡水道在地震剖面上表现为横向上连续发育的"V"型特征,且下切深度较浅。西沙隆起与广乐隆起之间的南北向低洼地带发育大型深水水道,并且受古地貌高点影响,水道分为南北两个分支。北分支水道可分为5期,且水道迁移现象明显;南分支水道可分为4期,水道以充填强振幅、连续性好的浊流沉积体和弱振幅、杂乱的块体搬运体系(Mass Transport Deposits,MTDs)为特征,每期水道均表现出侵蚀-充填-废弃的旋回性。分析认为西沙碳酸盐台地周缘水道沉积物源来自西沙隆起和广乐隆起的碳酸盐台地和生物礁碎屑及由火成作用产生的火成岩碎屑。西沙-广乐碳酸盐台地水道相互贯通,构成台地-斜坡-深水的水道沉积体系,为碳酸盐岩、生物礁及火山碎屑向台地周缘输送提供了良好的通道。     

基于FVCOM的长江口预选倾倒区抛泥扩散数值模拟

2019年以来,长江口海域年疏浚总量约为7 000×104 m3,现有的7座吹泥站停用后,长江口倾倒区容量仅剩约3 000×104 m3,疏浚物处置缺口约为4 000×104 m3,需及时开展海洋倾倒区选划工作。通过FVCOM （Finite Volume Community Ocean Model）数值模型对预选倾倒区进行抛泥扩散模拟,并分析其影响。根据长江口航道管理局所统计的疏浚船只,结合实际情况,选定12 000 m3舱容作为代表船只进行模拟。模拟结果显示,抛泥悬浮物主要在倾倒区周围呈螺旋状扩散,从扩散范围来看,4个预选倾倒区抛泥时,其10 mg/L增量包络线均不会显著影响到附近主航道及周边环境敏感区,其中预选倾倒区D扩散影响范围最大,C次之,A和B扩散影响范围最小。从动力角度来看,长江口深水航道北侧两个预选倾倒区（A和B）倾倒扩散时,对南侧深水航道造成回淤的概率更大,深水航道南侧水动力条件优于北侧。综合抛泥扩散影响范围和动力条件来看,预选倾倒区C位置最佳。     

An integrated geophysical study of Vestbakken Volcanic Province, western Barents Sea continental margin, and adjacent oceanic crust

This paper describes results from a geophysical study in the Vestbakken Volcanic Province, located on the central parts of the western Barents Sea continental margin, and adjacent oceanic crust in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. The results are derived mainly from interpretation and modeling of multichannel seismic, ocean bottom seismometer and land station data along a regional seismic profile. The resulting model shows oceanic crust in the western parts of the profile. This crust is buried by a thick Cenozoic sedimentary package. Low velocities in the bottom of this package indicate overpressure. The igneous oceanic crust shows an average thickness of 7.2 km with the thinnest crust (5–6 km) in the southwest and the thickest crust (8–9 km) close to the continent-ocean boundary (COB). The thick oceanic crust is probably related to high mantle temperatures formed by brittle weakening and shear heating along a shear system prior to continental breakup. The COB is interpreted in the central parts of the profile where the velocity structure and Bouguer anomalies change significantly. East of the COB Moho depths increase while the vertical velocity gradient decreases. Below the assumed center for Early Eocene volcanic activity the model shows increased velocities in the crust. These increased crustal velocities are interpreted to represent Early Eocene mafic feeder dykes. East of the zone of volcanoes velocities in the crust decrease and sedimentary velocities are observed at depths of more than 10 km. The amount of crustal intrusions is much lower in this area than farther west. East of the Kn?legga Fault crystalline basement velocities are brought close to the seabed. This fault marks the eastern limit of thick Cenozoic and Mesozoic packages on central parts of the western Barents Sea continental margin.     

苏北辐射沙洲岸滩沉积物元素地球化学记录的百年尺度环境变化

苏北辐射沙洲是分布于江苏岸外的典型沉积堆积体,受长江、黄河泥沙供给和近岸潮流动力的共同影响,发育了典型的粉砂淤泥质潮滩,沉积物元素可以记录潮滩环境变化的重要信息。在辐射沙洲岸滩采集了3个短柱沉积物岩芯,建立可靠的年代框架,采用高分辨率XRF元素扫描仪进行地球化学元素测试,选用XRF信号强度高的14种元素进行聚类和相关性方法提取环境信息,研究过去百年尺度人类活动和海岸环境变化下的苏北辐射沙洲岸滩沉积环境变化。结果表明,该区典型潮滩剖面岩芯沉积物中Si、Ca、As和Fe元素相对含量较高,且自北向南其含量不断增加,Mn、Ba、Cu和Zn元素含量较低,在所有剖面含量变化不大。在垂向上,Si、Ca和Fe元素变化趋势一致,而Ni、Zn和S元素在不同柱状岩芯中呈现与Si、Ca和Fe相反的变化趋势。相关关系和聚类分析显示,Si、Ca和Fe元素之间具有较高的相关性,即具有近似的地球化学行为和一致的物质来源;与元素Ni、Cu和Zn呈负相关,暗示了这几种元素与前者具有不同的地球化学行为。苏北辐射沙洲潮滩沉积物沉积环境发生了明显变化且在不同区域呈现不同的变化规律,物质来源、水动力环境、人类活动等因素是导致沉积环境变化的主要原因。