海底矿藏是怎样形成的

深海矿物资源,通常主要指海底锰结核、海底热液矿(也称多金属软泥)和海底石油。锰结核矿是一种分布于水深4000～6000米大洋底的矿物资源,含有镍、铜、钴、锰等76种元素。人们估计,世界大洋锰结核矿的总储量可达3万亿吨,仅在太平洋就有1.7万亿吨。如果按目前人们的开采需求量计算,锰、镍、钴等可供人类上万年的开采需求,由此可见海洋中锰结核矿储量之巨大了。海底热液矿床多分布在火山活动的大洋中脊裂谷处,火山岛弧地带,或分布在与火山活动有关的断裂带和构造线上。海底热液矿床的发现时间并不长,仅有二、三十年的历史,但从一开始就引起科学家们的高度注视。这是因为,海底     

大洋钴结壳资源评价的基本方法

大洋钴结壳资源是一种生长在海山上的海底矿产资源,随着陆地矿产资源的日趋枯竭和人类对海洋认识的日益深化,分布在海山上的钴结壳已成为世界各国瞩目的21世纪具有商业开发前景的战略资源。海洋矿产资源和陆地矿产资源在资源评价理念、评价方法等方面有许多相似之处。但是,在选择计算方法和建立理论模型时必须针对大洋钴结壳资源这一特殊矿床特别对待。根据大量实践研究工作,系统扼要地介绍了大洋钴结壳资源评价的基本方法,论述了多元统计分析(聚类分析、因子分析)、地质统计学(克里格法)、神经元网络分析、分形方法以及进行钴结壳资源评价的资源量计算方法等的原理,并对实现双边界指标(边界品位、边界厚度)条件下的钴结壳品位-厚度-吨位分析的《大平洋钴结壳资源动态评价系统》软件开发做了简要介绍。     

大洋锰结核中矿物对过渡金属分布的控制

大洋锰结核中矿物对过渡金属分布的控制ＧｕｏｂｉｎＬｅｉ等关于大洋锰结核、结壳中Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ和Ｃｕ在１０Ａ锰酸盐、水羟锰矿及铁的氧氢氧化物（简称为铁相）之间分布的讨论主要是在全样分析数据的基础上进行的。我们通过分层取样，对锰结核不同的微层同时进行了化学及...     

大洋富钴结壳的基本框架——超微生物建构的锰质叠层石柱体

大洋富钴结壳和锰结核一样是潜在的海底矿产资源,对其成因的研究将有助于指导找矿和资源评价。通过大型反光显微镜、透射电子显微镜和其他测试手段,系统研究了结壳的结构构造、物质组成以及叠层石纹层与超微生物的关系。发现结壳与光滑型锰结核的叠层石类型及超微生物种极其相似,它们都以微小叠层石和中华微放线菌为主要特征,具有相同的生物成因机制。认为超微生物建构的锰质叠层石柱体是大洋富钴结壳的基本框架,从而对结壳矿体的形成提出了新的见解。     

世界大洋的锰结核

大洋的底部蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源,而赋存于深海沉积物表层的锰结核,就是其中最有经济价值的一种。早在1872年到1876年之间,深海调查船“挑战者”(Challenger)号在其环球海洋考察过程中,就发现世界各大洋广泛分布着铁锰结核。其后,不少学者从学术的角度,对它进行过一系列的调查和研究。     

利用微区XRF技术的大洋固体矿产成分快速无损检测

深海固体矿产主要由铁锰结核、富钴结壳和多金属热液硫化物组成,元素在矿产中原位的分布和含量,对了解矿物成因、品位以及评估其经济价值有重要指示作用。本研究利用微区XRF分析技术对铁锰结核、富钴结壳、热液硫化物3种大洋类型矿产样品,进行高分辨、原位和无损的多元素空间分布检测,结果显示了不同元素在3种类型矿物中的空间分布特征。通过对测试数据进一步处理和优化成图流程,可以获得特定元素在矿物中半定量分布图,并对不同元素在矿物空间分布的差异性和相关性进行对比分析,从而建立一种肉眼可见的测试大洋矿产资源样品中元素原位分布的新方法。     

大洋多金属结核资源勘查Ⅱ阶段资源量计算方法的选择

大洋多金属结核资源量的精确计算是一个尚未圆满解决的问题,其根本原因是未能找到一种很合适的资源量计算方法。针对目前我国大洋多金属结核资源勘探处于勘查正阶段,地质采样网度进一步加密的现状,选择较为先进的克立格法对位于东太平洋CC区的我国开辟区东区结核资源量进行了计算,获得了比传统计算法更加精确合理的结果。     

大洋锰结核的矿物特征

自1872——1876年英国《挑战者》号进行环球考察在大洋中发现锰结核以来,很多学者对这种广泛存在于世界各大洋的锰结核进行了研究,特别是近十多年初步确定锰结核是具有巨大经济价值的矿物资源后,研究论文,试验报告和专著纷至沓来,汗牛充     

锰结核的蕴藏量和经济价值

锰结核在大洋底部蕴藏量极大、根美学者梅纳德估计。仅在太平洋底部就蕴藏有上万亿吨。当然,在其他洋区也一样的丰富。锰结核富集30多种金属,其中有不少属稀贵金属。所含锰、铜、镍、钴等金属的储量可能超过陆地储量的200倍到3000倍。锰结核更可贵的地方是每年都在增长。有人估计,太平洋底的锰结核,每年可增长一千     

1988年我国海洋地质调查研究重大事件及成果

地矿部“海洋四号”地质科学考察船完成东太平洋地质科学调查任务,其重点由以前科研探索转向矿产资源评价.历时227天,创国内同类船大洋科学考察持续时间最长的新记录.国家海洋局“向阳红16号”远洋科学考察船,对太平洋洋底资源进行了调查,在夏威夷南面洋区圈定锰结核矿区15万多平方公里,对30万平方公里区域进行了调查.其调查成果展示出我国深海底矿产资源调查技术已渐趋国际先进水平,并取得了申请登记国际公认海底富矿区的基本条件.     

过渡金属元素Cu、Co、Ni在铁锰结核(壳)中富集的控制因素

在不同生成环境下生成的铁锰结核(壳)吸收不同的过渡金属元素。在成岩作用形成的铁锰结核中,Cu、Ni主要以锰相形式存在,而Co则以铁相的形式存在;在水成作用形成的铁锰结核(壳)中Cu、Co、Ni均以锰相的形式存在。这些过渡金属元素在成岩作用形成的结核中的存在与铁锰结核(壳)中锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物的晶体化学特征密切相关,而在水成作用形成的铁锰结核(壳)中的富集与锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物的晶体化。学特征关系不大。同时铁锰结核(壳)中锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物又严格地受结核(壳)的生成环境的制约,因此,过渡金属元素Cu、Co、Ni在铁锰结核(壳)中的富集在一定程度上受结核(壳)生成环境的控制。     

Deposition of hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese minerals in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc Area,Northwest Pacific

A widespread distribution of hydrothermal and hydrogenetic manganese deposits is described in the results of the Hakurei‐Maru cruises conducted in the Bonin Arc areas of the West Pacific from 1984 to 1989. Manganese deposits occur in the active volcano chains, back‐arc basins, remnant back‐arc ridges, and oceanic seamounts.

The hydrogenetic iron‐manganese deposits commonly form earthly black crusts and nodules on the topographic highs of inactive ridges and old seamounts, sometimes as thick as 10 cm. They are always composed of the iron‐manganese mineral vernadite. Co and Ni contents are relatively high in the crusts from the seamounts in the open Pacific Ocean (up to 1.1% Co and 1.0% Ni). Two generations of distinct chemistry and texture are typical of these crusts, which can be compared to reported thick crusts from the Central Pacific seamounts.

The hydrothermal deposits, characterized by dense, submetallic, and gray appearance, are dominant in the recent and also in past submarine volcanoes of the island‐arc systems. Evidence of past hydrothermal activity was ascertained as fossil hydrothermal manganese deposits inside the hydrogenetic nodules or beneath the hydrogenetic crusts over the Tertiary island arc. Their component minerals are considered to be todorokite and bimessite (stable and contractible upon dehydration), having almost negligible amounts of Fe, Si, Al, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, Cu, etc. In the small model site, the Kaikata Seamount hydrothermal area, the presumably recent hydrothermal activity has yielded thin slabs of pure manganate deposits growing downward within volcanic and sand layers.

Early diagenetic influence is negligible on nodules of this area.     

全球三大洋海山钴结壳资源量估算

钴结壳具有Co、Ni、Cu和Mn及其他金属的潜在矿产资源和储存在结壳层中古环境信息的双重意义。与深海多金属结核和热液硫化物矿床相比,具有较高Co、Ni和Pt含量的海山钴结壳有可能成为商业勘探的潜在目标。为合理地估算出全球三大洋海山钴结壳资源量,基于我国西太平洋海山钴结壳拖网采样调查资料和对太平洋海山钴结壳资源分布规律和钴结壳矿区圈定参数指标的深入研究,按海山不同高度、不同洋壳年龄赋予不同结壳厚度,进而计算出全球三大洋海山钴结壳分布面积为3 039 452.14km2和干结壳资源量为(1 081.166 1~2 162.332 2)×108 t。太平洋海山钴结壳分布面积为2 123 087.12km2和干结壳资源量为(513.244~1 026.488)×108 t,大西洋海山钴结壳分布面积为512 509.74km2和干结壳资源量为(116.503 2~233.006 4)×108 t,印度洋海山钴结壳分布面积为403 855.28km2和干结壳资源量为(81.484 9~162.969 8)×108 t。三大洋海山钴结壳的Mn、Co、Ni和Cu金属量分别为(138.848 0~277.696 0)×108 t,(3.967 6~7.935 2)×108 t、(2.793 6~5.587 2)×108 t和(0.825 1~1.650 2)×108 t。根据钴结壳的Co含量、Co通量和厚度相关分析,所赋予的钴结壳厚度占理论推测厚度的6.10%~12.20%,这与Ku等得出"钴结壳生长时间约占其整个生命史4%"的认识非常相近。三大洋海山钴结壳实测厚度与赋值厚度对比分析表明,太平洋海山钴结壳赋值厚度平均值为1.87cm,实测厚度平均值为1.77cm,相对误差为5.35%,大西洋和印度洋相对误差分别为18.18%和23.23%。研究数据表明按海山高度和洋壳年龄所赋的钴结壳厚度基本合理,估算出的钴结壳资源量基本可靠。本文首次估算出三大洋海山钴结壳资源量,为整个海盆和三大洋海山钴结壳资源量估算提供了新方法。     

Study on the cation substitution capacity of synthetic 1nm manganate

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太平洋东马里亚纳海盆多金属结核成因及品位控制因素

本文选取东马里亚纳海盆与CC区中国多金属结核合同区西区的多金属结核样品,采用ICP-OES、ICP-MS以及XRD等测试方法对结核表层进行了地球化学与矿物学分析,并探讨了东马里亚纳海盆结核成因以及其主要成矿元素含量的控制因素。结果表明,结核具备水成型结核的主、微量元素特征,并受到成岩作用的影响。结核上下表层各元素含量差异明显,上表层Fe、Co、P等多数主量元素及∑REYs含量均高于下表层,而Mn、Cu、Ni等元素含量在下表层明显增加。根据结核矿物学以及海洋环境特征,并结合前人数据统计分析认为,东马里亚纳海盆结核样品中Mn、Ni、Cu、Co、Fe、Ce的品位主要受控于Mn矿物组成、底层海水溶解氧和表层海水初级生产力,La、Y等稀土元素品位还受到洋中脊热液活动的制约。     

Distribution pattern and morphochemical relationships of manganese nodules from the Central Indian Basin

In the Central Indian Basin manganese nodule abundance was variable in all sediment types. Mean abundance varied from 1.5 in calcareous ooze to 10.2 kg/m² in terrigenous-siliceous ooze sediments. Nodule grade and growth rates are positively correlated only up to 10 mm/My (million years), and grade shows no distinct relationship with abundance. Relationships between the morphochemical characteristics of the nodules and host sediment types are subtle. Both hydrogenetic and diagenetic nodules (with smooth and rough surfaces respectively) occur on almost all sediments, but in variable proportions. Thus, the overall distribution pattern shows that small nodules (<4-cm diameters) of lower grade (average value Ni+Cu+Co=1.21%) with smooth surfaces are more common on red clay, terrigenous, and terrigenous-siliceous ooze transition-zone sediments. By contrast, large nodules (>4-cm diameters) of higher grade (average value Ni+Cu+Co=1.80%) with rough surfaces are more prevalent on siliceous ooze, siliceous ooze-red clay, and calcareous ooze-red clay transition-zone sediments. This implies an enhanced supply of trace metals from pore waters to rough-surface nodules during early diagenesis.     

南海铁锰结核(壳)的元素地球化学研究

本文利用南海11个铁锰结核(壳)样品的化学分析资料,研究了铁锰结核(壳)中Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn,Cr,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Si,P,Al,Ti,Sr,Ba及∑REE的元素地球化学特征。结果表明:(1)铁锰结核(壳)以高Fe,∑REE,低Mn,Cu,Co,Ni等元素为主要特征;(2)铁锰结核(壳)中Fe,Mn间无明显相关,而Fe与∑REE,∑Ce,∑Y呈弱的正相关,Mn与∑REE,∑Ce,∑Y呈明显的正相关,结壳中Fe,Mn与Si,Al,Cu Co Ni呈负相关;(3)结核(壳)中Mn/Fe与Cu/Ni,Ce/La呈负相关,Mn/Fe主要受Mn控制;(4)结核(壳)中Fe,∑REE等元素主要来自南海陆源中酸性岩类的风化、淋滤和沉积。     

GEOCHEMISTRY OF MANGANESE NODULES IN THE NORTHERN CENTRAL PACIFIC

The contents of Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn in manganese nodules and associated pelagic sediment from the Northern Central Pacific have been measured, and the correlations between the elements of the nodules and between the chemical composition and the sedimentary environments have been analyzed. It has been found that Cu, Ni and Zn are preferentially enriched in the Mn-oxide phases while Co and Pb in the Fe-oxide phases of the nodules. The elements within the same phase are positively correlated and the elements within different phases are negatively correlated. It is concluded that the elements in the Fe-oxide phase may have directly deposited from seawater while Mn-oxide phase elements are mainly derived from interstitial waters.     

GEOCHEMISTRY OF ABYSSAL SEDIMENT IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN

The contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn in the seaiment associated with manganese nodules from the Northern Central Pacific Ocean and in their acid-soluble fractions were determined and correlations among the elements and between the trace metals and environmental parameters were discussed. It has been found that the contents of Mn, Cu and Ni in the sediment are one order of magnitude higher than those in the common sediment. As shown in the manganese nodules, they may mainly derive from seabed. The contents of all trace metals in the sediment are obviously governed by Fe-and Mn-oxides, organic matter, seawater depth, particle size and Eh. Multi-element correlation equations were developed for all trace metals. The trace metals in acid-soluble fraction of the sediment were also much higher than ihose of common sediment and negatively correlated with water depth, implying the possible influence of carbonate speciation.     

Marine Minerals in the Mexican Pacific: Toward Efficient Resource Management

Vast reserves of marine minerals are known to occur within the Mexican Exclusive Economic Zone. These reserves include: (1) heavy mineral placers rich in titanium and iron along the coast of San Antonio del Mar, Baja California and the southern States of Oaxaca and Guerrero; (2) phosphorites, which represent the only source for superphosphate fertilizers along the Pacific coast off the Baja California peninsula and the Gulf of Tehuantepec; and (3) manganese oxide deposits in nodule and crusts located adjacent to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and containing high concentrations of Cu + Ni + Co (up to 1.9%), which are essential for the steel and super-alloy industries. Few but important efforts toward surveying these deposits have been carried out by Mexican and international researchers. Relevant data generated by these investigations are reviewed here and put together in a single document. Adequate knowledge of Mexican mineral resources is essential for the development of management strategies when offshore mining starts during this century. Thus, the review discusses the economics inherent to ocean mining in Mexico, setting baselines for future exploration and development activities in the Mexican Exclusive Economic Zone.