黄河口粉质土沉积物侵蚀性动态变化试验研究

通过一系列室内试验,研究了黄河口粉质类沉积物在循环动荷载作用后侵蚀性的变化.在试验中,采用真空预压固结装置制备重塑土样,采用液压伺服土动三轴试验机实现了不同幅值及不同振次的动荷载作用条件,并通过动三轴静态试验及贯入强度测试,测定了动荷载作用后土样强度的变化.通过水槽冲刷试验测试了不同条件的动荷载作用后,土样抗冲刷能力的变化,并进行了临界剪切应力的计算.试验结果表明:对于黄河口粉质类沉积物,动荷载作用后其强度及抗侵蚀性均降低;沉积物强度指标(不排水剪切强度、残余强度、贯入阻力)、侵蚀性指标(起动流速、临界剪切应力、冲刷率)与动荷载幅值、动荷载振次均呈现出较好的线性相关性.     

现代黄河三角洲潮滩沉积物抗侵蚀性原位试验

潮滩沉积物的抗侵蚀性影响着海岸线的稳定,关系到海岸防护工程决策。2008年7月在现代黄河三角洲海港潮滩使用自制的循环水槽进行了表层沉积物抗侵蚀性试验,并测试了沉积物的物理力学性质。经现场实测得出海港潮滩表层沉积物的临界侵蚀切应力值为0.088~0.254 Pa,沉积物抗侵蚀性的非均匀特征,促使了滩面凹坑的形成。影响沉积物临界侵蚀切应力的因素中,剪切强度与临界侵蚀切应力的关系最为密切,二者呈良好的线性关系。临界侵蚀流速试验值与利用各泥沙起动公式计算得到的值差别较大,在目前情况下采用原位测试能得到较为客观的临界侵蚀条件。     

循环水压作用下粉土渗流试验研究

海底塌陷凹坑是黄河三角洲地区常见的一种地貌现象,广泛分布于近代沉积海床中。虽然目前海底塌陷凹坑形成机理尚未明确,但普遍认为其成因与波浪引起的海床渗流有关。为此,设计模拟波压力的实验装置,对粉土施加40kPa循环水压荷载,研究正常固结粉土在液化渗流条件下的侵蚀过程。试验过程中,粉土液化时产生2种不同的裂隙,即倾斜状的"干裂隙"和水平状的"水夹层";孔隙水从"水夹层"中渗出,把从土样侧壁冲刷下的物质运移至土样表面堆积,形成"泥火山"。试验表明,土体内气泡溢出对表层土的侵蚀具有强化作用;循环荷载产生的孔隙水压力梯度是粉土液化渗流动力,而渗流过程对土的粒径成分具有粗化作用;分析结果表明,波压力引起的海床渗流是长效的作用机制,不同于地震荷载引起的渗流侵蚀。这种侵蚀模式是海底塌陷凹坑形成的主要原因。     

生物活动对黄河口潮滩表层沉积物扰动作用的研究

以螃蟹扰动作用下黄河口刁口地区潮滩表层沉积物为例,对沉积物的物理力学性质及其运移进行了试验研究,结果表明:螃蟹扰动作用使表层20 cm以内沉积物的含水率明显增加,渗透性略有提高,表层30 cm以内土体贯入强度降低,下层土体贯入强度增高;螃蟹每日掘出的细粒物质达502.08 g/m2(干重),远大于螃蟹洞穴在涨落潮过程中所捕获的细颗粒物质,并使潮滩表层沉积物细化。从螃蟹扰动对沉积物组成、性质和运移产生的作用,可以得出生物活动对黄河口潮滩的稳定性具有一定的影响。     

潮滩“干湿过程”模式下营养盐的迁移、转化微观实验模拟

潮滩是联系陆地生态系统和海洋生态系统的交互过渡带,与陆地湖泊、河流和深海系统相比有其特殊性和复杂性.在潮汐作用下由于潮滩受潮水周期性浸没和暴露的影响,使得潮滩界面成为一个典型的沉积物-水-气周期性交互作用界面.潮水的周期性涨退将诱使潮滩沉积物中发生一系列的物理、化学和生物变化[1].在暴露期间,因蒸发作用潮滩沉积物可能会发生失水现象,并引起沉积物孔隙水发生迁移和水溶性物质扩散梯度发生变化[2,3].在暴露失水过程中,空气也可能会占据沉积物间隙,并引起潮滩沉积物物理结构发生变化,加剧了沉积物-气界面之间需氧过程的发生[4,5].     

波浪作用下粘质粉砂底床性态变化的试验研究

利用不同波高条件下的波浪水槽试验,对现行黄河水下三角洲粘质粉砂底床的性态变化进行了研究.试验中观测了底床土体孔隙水压力的变化和扰动破坏区与未扰动破坏区之间在波浪作用下的性态差异.结果分析表明,土体孔隙水压力受波高要素影响较大;扰动破坏区含水量减小和容重增加现象比未扰动破坏区明显.在扰动破坏区经波浪长时间作用后形成凹坑塌陷,此结果对认识黄河三角洲上凹坑塌陷的形成过程有借鉴意义.     

海洋沉积物-水界面污染物通量自动采样及监测系统试验研究

研发的海洋沉积物-水界面污染物通量自动采样及监测系统,通过原位无扰动采样,能够更加真实地获取沉积物-水界面处水样,经过实验室分析计算进一步得到该界面处的污染通量.系统样机海上现场试验的成功完成,充分验证了该课题实施方案的可行性.试验结果表明:样机实现了沉积物-水界面处重金属通量及营养要素通量的有效监测,真实地量化了污染...     

长江口九段沙上沙潮滩沉积物短期时空变化特征

根据 2006 年 6 月至 2007 年 6 月在长江口九段沙上沙潮滩两断面 9 个固定观测点逐月采集的 108 个表层沉积物样品的粒度测定,结合动力地貌过程分析了潮滩沉积物短期时空变化.结果表明:①潮滩沉积物在时间上具有明显的洪枯季变化:丰水期潮滩淤积,沉积物粒度较细;枯水期潮滩冲刷,沉积物粒度较粗.②流域来水来沙和风浪是沉积物年周期变化的主导因子,而台风浪是沉积物短期突变的决定性因子.③潮滩沉积物在空间上表现出明显的纵向差异和横向分异特征,这是由于人工抛石筑堤改变了潮滩泥沙来源及水动力条件.该研究结果可为河口湿地的保护和建设提供科学依据.     

内孤立波浅化破碎过程斜坡沉积物孔压响应特征实验分析

观测资料显示内孤立波沿斜坡浅化过程对海底沉积物的作用犹如一台水中吸尘器，在破碎转换阶段达到最强，甚至会触发一系列地质活动，引发地质灾害。为界定此过程中沉积物的动力响应特征和影响因素，在大型重力式分层流水槽中模拟不同振幅内孤立波和不同类型沉积物斜坡连续作用过程，利用孔隙水压力采集系统实时记录孔隙水压力变化，对比分析不同水动力、坡度、沉积物类型情况下沉积物中超孔压变化特征。分析结果表明，内孤立波破碎过程，破波位置海床表层波压力和不同深度超孔隙水压力都存在相似的"U"型负压力变化过程；破碎波经过位置沉积物表现为和表面波压力正相关的孔压响应特征。破碎点沉积物中超孔压幅值随深度减小，约在6%波长深度位置减少到坡面压力的50%。超孔压幅值和内孤立波振幅、沉积物类型和斜坡度密切相关，坡度由0.071变化到0.160时，波压力幅值可增大至1.6倍。内孤立波振幅变化不影响不同类型海床土动力响应规律，只与超孔隙水压力值大小有关，内孤立波对海床的动力作用可认为弹性作用。     

河口海岸潮滩蟹类生物扰动行为过程研究进展

河口海岸潮滩是具有较高生物生产力和生物多样性的生态系统。蟹类作为一种典型的生态系统工程师,分布广泛、种类繁多,可影响整个潮滩生态系统的物质与能量循环。蟹类的分布与盐度、淹水时长、湿度、温度、底质等非生物因子有关,也与植被、捕食作用、种内种间竞争等生物因子和人类活动有关。蟹类挖掘洞穴,形成了优先排水通道,增加了土壤蒸发速率,改变了孔隙水循环以及土壤的物理化学性质,进而可影响潮滩泥沙稳定性以及微地貌形态,甚至会影响中长期潮滩地貌演变。目前,蟹类对于沉积物稳定性、泥沙输运规律、微地貌演变的影响依然有待深入研究,有必要开展中长期现场观测和试验、多因子驱动下系统演变数值模拟以及综合分析,推动相关研究从定性向定量层面迈进。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...