书海拾贝

长江口潮滩沉积物———水界面营养盐环境生物地球化学过程刘敏,许世远,侯立军著科学出版社出版本书基于潮滩“干-湿交替”的物理格架特征以及沉积物-水体系营养盐的关键界面过程,论述了长江口潮滩营养盐的累积调换的模式与机制。全书共分8章,主要内容包括:潮滩环境特征、潮滩营养物质的溯源分析、潮滩营养盐的时空分布与累积物-水界面营养盐的迁移交换与机制、潮滩沉积物营养盐的吸附过程与特征、潮滩沉积物营养盐的早期成岩反应与模式,河口过程对营养盐循环影响的实验模拟研究等。本书可供从事地理、泥沙、生物地球化学、环境化学、生态水…     

蟹类底栖动物对河口潮滩无机氮界面交换的影响

以长江河口的沿岸及岛屿潮滩高潮滩湿地为研究区域,结合现场调查和实验室模拟分析,初步研究了大型穴居底栖动物无齿相手蟹(Sesarma denaan)活动对长江口潮滩沉积物-水界面无机氮交换以及界面处氮的生物地球化学循环的影响。结果表明,高潮滩蟹类底栖动物活动对潮滩滩面地貌施加了显著的改造作用,蟹类活动较集中的地段,蟹洞覆盖率达到2%~3%,滩面掘出沉积物高达1~1.5 kg/m2。潮水淹没情况下,小范围内高密度的蟹类活动能通过机体排泄、加强沉积物再悬浮及促进沉积物-水界面溶质交换等方式致使沉积物出现三态无机氮的巨大释放。蟹类活动造成的洞穴结构及对沉积物的翻动混合能增加沉积物中的氧气含量,促进沉积物中有机氮的矿化和NH4 的释放,造成无机氮在沉积物中的剖面分布特征发生较大变化。     

渤海滩涂沉积物中石油烃迁移特征

渤海天津段滩涂蕴藏丰富的贝类生物资源,但由于兼有海、陆两种不同属性的环境特征,环境和生态十分脆弱[1].进入20世纪80年代以来海岸带已受到石油类的严重污染,在海水和沉积物中均检出石油烃,而且有超标迹象[2].石油进入海洋环境后迁移、转化的过程十分复杂,这一过程与水动力条件密切相关[3,4],海水中的石油烃吸附在悬浮物上随潮流迁移,同时沉淀在海底和潮间带的沉积物上[5,6].沉积在滩涂沉积物表层的石油烃在潮水作用下向滩涂沉积物深部迁移,在迁移过程中被沉积物固体颗粒吸附,残留于沉积物的一定深度内,同时进入沉积物中的石油烃又受到沉积物中微生物的降解.     

闽江口琅岐岛潮滩沉积物粒度时空变化特征研究

潮滩位于陆地与海洋相互作用的敏感地带，其沉积环境变化与海岸带生态系统演化、海岸带开发利用等密切相关。为了清晰认识河口潮滩时空变化特征，选取闽江口琅岐岛东侧潮滩作为研究区域，通过采集和分析不同季节表层沉积物粒度组成，探讨琅岐岛潮滩沉积物粒度的时空变化特征，为深刻理解河口潮滩沉积过程对环境变化响应提供科学依据。研究结果表明，琅岐岛潮滩沉积物组成总体以粉砂为主，砂和黏土含量呈现较大的时空差异；时间上，琅岐岛潮滩表层沉积物平均粒径为2.2～7.4Φ，呈现出显著的季节性差异，夏季节沉积物平均粒径Φ值大，冬季节沉积物平均粒径Φ值小，春季和秋季位于过渡期间。空间上，由西向东，随着离岸距离的增加，沉积物平均粒径Φ值总体呈现出先减小后增大的趋势；由北向南，表层沉积物粗颗粒组分的分布范围逐渐增大。闽江口琅岐岛潮滩沉积物分布格局与国内外其他河口、海湾及开放型潮滩沉积物分布格局一致，是物源、水动力和地貌综合作用的结果，但研究区水动力强度、植被覆盖和沉积物供应季节差异显著，引起潮滩沉积物组成的季节变化十分显著，沉积物粒度组成对环境变化响应非常敏感。     

闽江河口潮滩季节性冲淤变化格局及其控制机制

潮滩是潮汐作用下形成的细颗粒沉积物堆积体，在世界范围内分布广泛，在碳汇和海岸防护中发挥着十分重要的作用。随着河流输沙的减少，河口潮滩冲淤格局发生了变化，直接影响了潮滩功能发挥，亟需开展河口潮滩短周期的冲淤变化过程研究，为评估潮滩功能提供科学依据。根据在福建闽江口琅岐岛潮滩开展的不同季节沉积动力要素（水深、流速、波浪、悬沙浓度）和现场冲淤观测及表层沉积物的粒度分析结果，琅岐岛潮滩表层沉积物在夏季主要以粉砂和黏土组成的细颗粒沉积物为主，冬季则主要以砂和粉砂组成的粗颗粒沉积物为主；潮间带上部的互花米草盐沼总体以持续淤积为主，潮间带中部和下部表现出周期性的冲淤特征，总体以夏季淤积、冬季侵蚀为总特征，并且潮间带中部的冲淤变化幅度较潮间带下部大；冬季潮流流速、波浪作用及悬沙浓度均大于夏季，冬季潮周期内近底部悬沙以净向海输运为主，而夏季则以净向岸输运为主。综上所述，闽江口潮滩冲淤变化主要受动力过程控制，冬季波浪作用导致表层沉积物发生再悬浮，并被较强的潮流净向海输运，导致滩面发生侵蚀；夏季，波浪作用较弱，水体中的悬沙易发生沉降，较弱的潮流将泥沙净向岸输运，导致潮间带发生淤积。     

苏北滨海湿地不同植被带沉积物粒度特征分析

在新洋港滩涂上由海向陆设置断面,共采集8个沉积物柱状样（0-40 cm）和14个表层土样（0-20 cm）并对其进行粒度分析,以探讨新洋港滨海湿地沉积物的粒度分布特征以及植被对沉积物分布的影响。结果表明：1）光滩沉积物粒径（4.60）明显大于各个植被带（5.10-5.78）,各植被带间粒径无明显变化。在互花米草滩沉积物颗粒迅速变细,分选变差。2）光滩沉积物中砂和粉砂分别占34%和56%,粘土极少,互花米草滩沉积物中砂降至5%,粉砂和粘土分别增加至70%和25%,互花米草滩成为植被演替序列中沉积物粒度参数的突变点。3）植被发育演替改变了潮滩表层沉积物粒度分布格局,对水动力条件和沉积物沉积过程具有明显的改造作用。随着植被类型和滩面高程变化,沉积物粒度分布特征也相应发生变化。4）光滩、互花米草滩沉积物在垂直方向上粒度参数变化较大,盐碱滩和芦苇滩垂直方向上无明显变化。潮流作用、潮滩不同部位的水动力差异以及不同植被的作用是造成垂直方向粒度特征差异的主要原因。     

生物活动对黄河口潮滩表层沉积物扰动作用的研究

以螃蟹扰动作用下黄河口刁口地区潮滩表层沉积物为例,对沉积物的物理力学性质及其运移进行了试验研究,结果表明:螃蟹扰动作用使表层20 cm以内沉积物的含水率明显增加,渗透性略有提高,表层30 cm以内土体贯入强度降低,下层土体贯入强度增高;螃蟹每日掘出的细粒物质达502.08 g/m2(干重),远大于螃蟹洞穴在涨落潮过程中所捕获的细颗粒物质,并使潮滩表层沉积物细化。从螃蟹扰动对沉积物组成、性质和运移产生的作用,可以得出生物活动对黄河口潮滩的稳定性具有一定的影响。     

长江口九段沙上沙潮滩沉积物短期时空变化特征

根据 2006 年 6 月至 2007 年 6 月在长江口九段沙上沙潮滩两断面 9 个固定观测点逐月采集的 108 个表层沉积物样品的粒度测定,结合动力地貌过程分析了潮滩沉积物短期时空变化.结果表明:①潮滩沉积物在时间上具有明显的洪枯季变化:丰水期潮滩淤积,沉积物粒度较细;枯水期潮滩冲刷,沉积物粒度较粗.②流域来水来沙和风浪是沉积物年周期变化的主导因子,而台风浪是沉积物短期突变的决定性因子.③潮滩沉积物在空间上表现出明显的纵向差异和横向分异特征,这是由于人工抛石筑堤改变了潮滩泥沙来源及水动力条件.该研究结果可为河口湿地的保护和建设提供科学依据.     

近岸海水质量量化方法及分类评价

近岸海域是陆地、海洋和大气之间各种过程相互作用最活跃的界面[1],沿海100km以内区域聚积着约60%的世界人口[2],其环境质量强烈受人类活动影响.对近岸海域进行水质环境管理,应依据海水物理、化学和生物学性质对海水进行分类评价[3,4].     

胶州湾大沽河口潮滩间隙水中PO4-P和NH4-N分布及扩散通量研究

2009年2,5,8和11月在胶州湾大沽河口潮滩3个站位采集沉积物柱状样,分析了间隙水PO4-P,NH4-N的垂直分布,并用原柱样静态实验测定了沉积物-水界面PO4-p,NH4-N的交换通量.结果表明,间隙水中PO4-P和NH4-N浓度变化范围相当,分别为0～0.049 mmol/L和0～0.050 mmol/L.间隙...     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

北黄海海域大气湍流强度特征及风速标准差相似性分析

根据国家海洋局"908"专项北黄海海区海洋气象观测资料,计算了2007～2008年间该海区4个不同季节的大气湍流强度并与其他海区及陆地下垫面大气湍流值相比较.北黄海海区大气湍流强度量级为10-2,比陆地下垫面大气湍流强度低一个量级.由于海洋的特殊性质,对秋季大气湍流强度日变化的分析发现,在大气湍流强度的影响因素中,海洋的热力作用相对较大.对水平方向风速标准差是否满足Monin-Obukhov相似关系进行了探讨,数据显示,在不稳定层结下冬季水平方向无量纲风速标准差与Z/L的关系,基本满足1/3次方律.秋冬在不稳定层结下垂直方向风速标准差满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论.