我国周边海洋国家专属经济区和大陆架的管理状况

专属经济区和大陆架制度是现代海洋法的新制度,全球以专属经济区和大陆架为主要标志的国际海洋新秩序将全面建立。根据《联合国海洋法公约》,中国可管辖的专属经济区和大陆架面积可达300万平方公里。了解周边海洋国家对专属经济区和大陆架的管理状况,不仅对维护我国在专属经济区和大陆架的权益方面有重要意义,而且对我国的海洋经济发展也会产生深远的影响。     

中德海洋空间规划法律体系建设及启示

文章针对中国海洋空间规划涉及的法律、行政法规和地方法规,以及德国海洋空间规划相关领域法律法规进行梳理。在核心法律、立法体系层次、涉及海域、与陆地空间规划的联系4个方面对两国海洋空间规划法律体系进行异同分析,探讨我国未来可行的海洋空间规划法制建设方向。提出推动海洋空间规划专项立法,规范地方立法建设,重视专属经济区与大陆架空间规划,有机结合陆海空间规划等建议。同时展望了我国和世界海洋空间规划法律体系的建设趋势。     

孟加拉湾海洋划界案初步研究

孟加拉湾划界案是国际海洋法法庭审理的第一起海洋划界案。法庭对盂加拉国与缅甸的领海、专属经济区及大陆架的划界纠纷进行了裁决。分析研究了该案中法庭对这种大陆架案件的管辖权、当事国双方对这一区域的权利主张以及法庭划界采用的法律与划界的方法(等距离/相关情况方法)。     

《200海里专属经济区及大陆架勘测》专项实施方案讨论会在沪召开

《２００海里专属经济区及大陆架勘测》专项实施方案讨论会在沪召开由地矿部海洋地质办公室召集的《２００海里专属经济区及大陆架勘测》专项实施方案讨论会，于１９９６年４月１０日在上海召开。与会的部石海局、广州局、上海局和青岛所等单位就海区勘测的具体实施方案和...     

对我国海洋划界问题的思考与建议

《联合国海洋法公约》（以下简称《公约》）条文虽然涉及到领海、毗邻区、专属经济区和大陆架等有关海洋区域划界理论和划界法律原则,但其论述毕竟是笼统简单的。１９８２年该《公约》签署以来１５个年头过去了,许多沿海国进行了海域划界实践,海洋划界理论与方法有了新...     

海域使用论证存在的问题及对策研究

文章在总结我国海域使用论证现状的基础上,提出了海域使用论证存在的三个问题:海域使用论证报告质量总体不高,重点不突出;海域使用论证报告结论失真率较高,评审把关不严;部分海洋工程开工与论证同步,海域使用审批流于形式.这些问题的产生,从大的方面可归纳为人员素质,运行体制、机制及配套制度等多种因素.为了提高海域使用论证质量,切实发挥海域使用论证在项目用海审批中的科学、民主决策作用,应采取以下对策和措施:提高认识,为海域使用论证制度的稳步推进提供思想保障;修改完善法律、法规制度,创造海域使用论证的良好法制环境;深化论证的实施细则和加强科技攻关,构建海域使用论证的技术支撑体系;规范市场秩序,创建海域使用论证工作的宽松环境;加强利益相关者的参与和监督,切实维护利益相关者的合法权益.     

海沟和海槽在大陆架划界中的地位和作用

在海岸相邻或相向国家间的大陆架划界中，划界区内海沟或海槽的存在常常是使双方划界谈判复杂化的一个问题，本文通过对一般法律原则和国际习惯法、双方协议和条约以及国际法院对大陆架案的判决三个方面的讨论，从而得出海沟或海槽在地的南、地貌特征明显时是一个适当的大陆架分界线。     

荒岛引起的国际纠纷

《联合国海洋法公约》第121条第1、2款规定,岛屿可以与大陆一样拥有自己的从测算领海宽度的基线量起的12海里领海、200海里专属经济区和大陆架。由此,一个弹丸小岛就可以拥有超过其本身面积数十倍甚至数百倍的海域和大陆架,岛屿所属国就享有这里海域中和大陆架上的生物和非生物资源及其他利益。沿海国家为了扩大其管辖范围,加紧了对一些有争议岛屿的舆论宣传和军事争夺,于是一些荒岛便成了“对峙”的热点。本文侧重介绍发生在红海、地中海和日本海的三起争夺岛屿的事件,以引起人们对海洋的关注。     

德国专属经济区空间规划述评

专属经济区空间规划是近年来才出现的新生事物,是沿海国为加强非主权海域管辖而采取的行政措施。德国北海和波罗的海专属经济区空间规划因协调用海活动间以及海洋利用与海洋环境保护间的冲突而产生,以提升海运产业发展优势为最关切事项,以维护国家政治利益、经济利益、生态利益、科技利益和文化利益为根本目的,但存在对生态保护力度不够的问题。     

令人关注的朝俄海洋边界

1985年和1986年,朝鲜与前苏联(俄罗斯)在日本海内,先后缔结了两国领海和专属经济区与大陆架两条海洋边界。这不仅是西北太平洋区直至目前所划定的为数不多的海洋边界,而且是将海底底土和上覆水体—并运用单—海洋边界划分出专属经济区与大陆架界限,这种划界方式在此洋区是首开先河。日本海是一个古老而美丽的海洋,地形呈菱形。与其邻近的黄海和东海迥然不同的是,它是个深海,平均水深1350米,最深可达3000米以上,东西最宽550海里,面积为102.3万平方千米。日本海     

China's exclusive economic zone and continental shelf: developments,problems, and prospects

China promulgated its Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf in 1998 after it had ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1996. By so doing, China has formally established a legal regime for its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. However, China has much to do in implementing the above law. Domestically, it needs some detailed regulations for the implementation; and regionally China has to negotiate with its neighboring countries on the maritime boundary delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf.     

Submarine cables: a challenge for ocean management

The international submarine cable industry is a major component of the global telecommunications system, providing important services and requiring increased levels of protection for the maintenance of global economic and maritime security, broadly defined. An overview is given of the submarine cable industry, including its technological developments, legal aspects, security considerations, and implications for integrated ocean planning and management. In the context of multiple ocean use, submarine cables can cause spatial conflicts with other ocean users, particularly the fishing industry. Issues to be examined include compensation for lost or damaged gear, legal liability for cable damage, and regulation and licensing of cables on the seabed of the continental shelf and the high seas. Recent industry-to-industry agreements and programs for compensation to fishers in the USA and Canada are significant advancements in the implementation of integrated approaches to ocean management and planning. The development of transparent and stable interdepartmental processes for the coordinated planning, management and regulation of submarine cables is required for national EEZs. The regulation of international cable industry practices must be harmonized with national management approaches.     

Fisheries development in Vietnam: A case study in the exclusive economic zone

Pursuant to statement issued by the Government of Vietnam on 12 May 1977, on the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and the continental shelf of Vietnam, and according to the provisions of the LOS Convention, the EEZ of Vietnam extends principally up to 200 NM from the baseline, and the area of EEZ amounts to about one million square km including the Hoang Sa (Paracel) and Truong Sa (Spratly) Islands [The declaration of the Government of Vietnam on the territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, Hanoi, 1977]. The establishment of EEZ has significantly changed circumstances for the fisheries sector in Vietnam.Recently, even though the adaptation of new techniques and technologies to the fisheries sector has been somewhat successful and resulted in the limitation of effective exploitation opportunities, sea fishing is still very important to the economy of Vietnam. In fact, fisheries development in Vietnam has the following important objectives, whether pursued in marine or fresh water: foreign exchange earnings; protein for local diets and feeds for live stock; provision of employment. However, a matter of concern is that the outdate fishing methods and uncontrolled fishing are damaging the marine environment and living resources. These problems have been recognized and courses of action have been formulated. A prerequisite condition for resolving this issue is to have a mechanism for synchronized policies which are guaranteed by appropriate macro management. The main purposes of this paper are a review of some aspects of fisheries sector development and management in Vietnam in the light of the new regime of the EEZ, represented in the LOS Convention. An important objective of the paper is the emphasis on the problem of policy-relevant research for fisheries sector management in the future.     

Australian maritime boundaries: the Australian Antarctic Territory

Australia will include the Australian Antarctic Territory in its November 2004 submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. It is the first Claimant State to attempt delimitation of an extended continental shelf zone there. This paper investigates the complexity of Australia's Antarctic maritime boundaries from political, legal and practical perspectives that have hitherto been purely hypothetical. It concludes that the practical component is achievable, though complex, and will serve as a precedent for other Antarctic Claimant States. Irrespective of whether or not the submission succeeds, it will serve as a valuable lesson, legally and politically.     

海洋主体功能区划方法研究

探讨了海洋主体功能区划的分类、分区、分级、评价单元等基本问题,构建了海洋主体功能区划的评价指标体系,并分别依据我国内水和领海海域、海岛、专属经济区和大陆架等3个区域的特点提出了海洋主体功能区划的方法和路径,以期为海洋主体功能区划工作提供理论和方法借鉴。     

Integrated ocean management and the collaborative planning process: the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) Initiative

In its capacity to lead and facilitate the development and implementation of integrated management plans under the 1997 Oceans Act, Fisheries and Oceans Canada is working with a range of stakeholders through a collaborative process—the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) Initiative—to develop and implement an integrated ocean management plan for the eastern Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia. Stakeholders include federal and provincial departments, aboriginal communities, municipal and local planning authorities, ocean industry and resource use sectors, coastal communities, environmental interest groups, and university researchers. This large ocean management area possesses important living and non-living marine resources, high biological productivity and diversity, and increasing levels of multiple use and competition for ocean space and resources. The ESSIM vision is to achieve environmental, economic, social/community, and institutional sustainability in the eastern Scotian Shelf.The ESSIM Initiative is building a collaborative planning process that involves all interested and affected parties. Ongoing information sharing and dialogue with stakeholder groups is providing capacity building and important input to current proposals for a collaborative planning structure and the ocean management plan. A joint federal-provincial working group has been established to move the Initiative forward within government and to address policy and regulatory coordination for ocean management. The future ocean management plan will include a balanced set of environmental, social, economic and institutional objectives, indicators and management strategies, as well as spatial and temporal planning approaches to address multiple ocean use.This article provides an overview of the ESSIM Initiative, including an assessment of ocean use, ecosystem understanding, and ocean management and planning requirements. The design of a collaborative management and planning structure and process will be discussed, as well as the key elements of the future integrated ocean management plan.     

Stakeholder objective preferences in Australian Commonwealth managed fisheries

Fisheries management is increasingly involving a wide range of stakeholders in the decision making process. However, in most fisheries, the set of management objectives are poorly defined, and the implicit importance placed on these objectives may vary considerably both between and within different stakeholder groups. This may lead to conflicts within management advisory groups where members from different stakeholder groups view potential management outcomes substantially differently, and inconsistencies in decision making when changes in stakeholder representation take place. In this paper, the institutional structure of fisheries management in Australia and the roles the different organisations play in shaping fisheries management plans are detailed. An explicit hierarchy of management objectives is developed in collaboration with key managers and policy makers. A large survey of stakeholders involved in Australian Commonwealth fisheries management was undertaken to determine stakeholder preferences relating to these objectives. The results highlight the differences in perspectives regarding the relative importance of the multiple objectives of fisheries management. While on average stakeholder preferences generally correspond with their expected preference set, the results also indicate that there is generally low coherence within stakeholder groups.     

Australian practice in respect of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles

Australia׳s remote location and position on the vast Indo-Australian plate mean that possesses one of the largest continental shelf areas in the world. The criteria in Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea permit the claiming on continental shelf to 200 nautical miles from territorial sea baselines, and if certain criteria are met based on the configuration and content of the seabed, to distances beyond. During the negotiations at UNCLOS III, Australia was a strong proponent of this extended shelf regime, as it was likely to have large areas beyond 200 nautical miles. Article 76 provides for a number of requirements to be met for a coastal State to assert sovereign rights over areas of continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, including a ten year deadline from becoming a party. This placed a disproportionate burden upon Australia, as it faced the same ten year time frame to lodge data with the Commission on the Limits on the Continental Shelf (CLCS) as other States with much smaller areas in issue. Australia also chose not to rely upon measures agreed between State parties to effectively extend this deadline, and to limit the requirements to be met within it. This paper looks at how Australian authorities approached the difficult task, while maintaining the standards required for data by the CLCS, and how the task was ultimately implemented. It also examines how the extended continental shelf arrangements interacted with the rest of Australia׳s law of the sea practice and maritime boundaries with other States. For example, after the entry into force of the Convention, Australia negotiated two maritime boundaries with neighbouring States that each explicitly dealt with areas beyond 200 nautical miles. It concludes with consideration of what issues remain unresolved in respect of the Australian continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. The paper will conclude at how Australia׳s implementation has raised new issues with neighbouring States, including an unresolved dispute in the South Pacific Ocean.     

Maritime limits and boundaries

The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea is attempting to codify international law for the use of ocean space. While the process of negotiations continues and many political‐legal problems remain to be solved, certain issues appear to be at, or near, a stage of general agreement. A major element of the emerging consensus involves the “baseline,” the line from which all claims to zones of sovereignty or jurisdiction are measured. In addition, the Conference has generally accepted a breadth of 12 nautical miles for the sovereign territorial sea and 200 nautical miles for a coastal state zone of economic competence. An acceptable definition, in a legal sense, of the continental shelf seems to be provided. A major problem in the division of ocean space among States involves the delimitation of boundaries between adjacent States—those sharing a common land boundary—and opposite States—those situated so as to face each other across bodies of water. The issue remains divisive. The final treaty or convention, if successfully negotiated, will not, however, address technical issues. These important problems will have to be resolved by scientists and technicians concerned with the earth measurements in the post‐treaty era.