较深水导管架对接水下井口基盘的关键技术研究及工程应用

根据较深水油田开发方案的需要,油田采用井口基盘进行预钻井,然后安装导管架对接井口基盘,该方法可以有效缩短海上油田的开采投产期,加快投资回报速度,又降低了海上安装工程费用,节省油田总体开发成本。但深水导管架与水下井口基盘的对接安装精度要求高、难度大、风险高,如何安全、高效地开展导管架与水下井口基盘的对接技术,是深水区块所面临的重要课题之一。结合文昌19-1项目WHPC导管架的海上安装方案并通过理论分析,介绍了较深水导管架与水下井口基盘对接的关键技术。WHPC导管架海上对接安装的工程实践成功验证了导管架与水下井口基盘对接安装方案的可靠性,对后续类似深水项目具有一定的参考借鉴意义。     

浅谈浅海桩基导管架式采油平台的施工安装

桩基导管架式采油平台是海上油气生产的主要设施,它在胜利油田海上石油开发中发挥了重要的作用。文中主要通过对导管架平台施工安装工艺过程和要求进行了探讨,并简单介绍了导管架式采油平台的结构,并根据以往胜利油田海上导管架平台施工的经验和特点,结合该区域的实际情况及有关规定要求,按照导管架的施工安装原则,对导管架陆上制作过程中的下料、组装和探伤等方面进行了概述,对导管架海上施工过程中的装船、运输、定位、吊装、打桩、灌浆等方面进行了详细的分析和探讨,并结合有关法规和标准的要求,提出了一套合理的导管架海上施工安装工艺。     

基于海洋石油201 DP模式的东方1-1导管架安装技术

从动力定位起重船舶进行导管架海上安装研究出发,总结归纳了动力定位起重船舶海上安装导管架等大型结构物的优势,并以深水动力定位铺管起重船"海洋石油201"安装导管架为例,提出了南中国海大型导管架采用动力定位安装的环境限制条件及动力定位能力分析方法,数值分析导管架下水扶正过程,给出了东方1-1 WHPF导管架动力定位安装的关键步骤及方案设计。该研究对恶劣海况下的大型导管架安装具有一定的借鉴意义。     

海上风电导管架结构与桩基灌浆连接施工工艺

灌浆技术作为导管架安装的重要关键技术,越来越受到业界的关注。灌浆连接具有良好的结构性能,以及施工便利、造价低廉等优点,被广泛应用于海上风电场。导管架灌浆是整个风电基础结构施工的一项关键技术,灌浆的成功与否直接关系到风机基础结构抵抗环境载荷的能力和寿命。文章针对导管架结构灌浆工艺进行研究,并结合江苏滨海项目分析了导管架灌浆工艺及其施工过程中的难点,为我国海上风电基础建设提供参考。     

海上风电导管架灌浆料产品开发与工程应用研究

导管架结构是海上风机重要基础结构形式之一。灌浆连接是导管架结构与桩基础连接的典型方法,由于灌浆连接受力复杂,对材料技术指标要求极高。本研究自主研发导管架灌浆料,并通过纳米超细矿物粉体改性、聚合物改性和双重膨胀组分改性等系统研究形成超高性能灌浆料,通过成果转化形成海上风电灌浆料专利产品,并实现产品系列化,在实际工程中大量应用。其中UHPG-120型产品打破国外技术垄断,填补国内空白,该产品具有大流动性、抗水分散性、高早强、超高强、无收缩、抗疲劳和高耐久性特点,适用于深水导管架水下灌浆。本研究形成的海上风电灌浆料产品及灌浆连接核心技术实现核心技术和产品国产化,促进我国海上风电施工技术进步,引领国内海上风电灌浆技术发展。     

海上风电导管架灌浆原型试验研究

文章开展海上风电导管架灌浆原型试验,验证自主研发的材料、设备和工艺满足海上风电导管架灌浆施工技术要求。研究表明自主研发的UHPG海上风电导管架灌浆料具有大流动性、可泵送性好、高早强、超高强、高耐久性、无收缩和高抗疲劳等特点,适用于海上风电导管架与钢管桩基础之间灌浆连接。原型试验也验证了自主研发灌浆设备的功效和能力,测试和验证导管架水下灌浆施工工艺,测试封堵器的封堵效果。原型试验对指导海上风电导管架灌浆有重要意义。     

浮托安装进船过程中护舷碰撞力实测研究

浮托安装法广泛应用于大型组块海上安装。导管架平台上部组块浮托安装进船过程中,风、浪、流引起的浮托驳船横向运动造成浮托驳船与导管架桩腿的碰撞,碰撞力可能会对导管架结构造成损伤。陆丰7-2上部组块浮托安装中,为了监测碰撞力大小,设计了碰撞力海上监测系统。通过在导管架外侧四个桩腿上安装光纤光栅应变传感器对碰撞过程中导管架桩腿进行应力监测,进而计算碰撞力。对碰撞过程,载荷作用位置、方向进行简化,并对载荷大小及垂向作用位置对计算的影响进行了研究。结构分析模型简化后,测点von-Mises应力与碰撞力大小成正比,对导管架整体结构建模计算并取局部结构计算比例系数,结合应力实测数据计算出进船过程中驳船对导管架桩腿碰撞力。     

南堡1—5海上导管架批量优快钻井技术

为加快南堡1号构造的开发速度，冀东油田在南堡1—5海上导管架尝试实施了批量钻井技术。针对南堡1—5海上导管架井口间距小的特点，对井口布置、优选及轨迹设计进行了深入研究和论证，并对施工顺序、工艺作了精细安排，保证了钻井施工的顺利，提高了钻井速度。南堡1～5井组5口井平均钻井周期为16．72d，较未实施批量钻井单井钻井周期缩短30％以上。该项技术为缓解海上钻井平台紧张被动局面提供了一个行之有效的解决方案，同时为人工岛模块钻机高效利用提供了新思路。     

海上桶形基础采油平台综合分析

海上桶形基础平台用桶形基础代替了传统的海上导管架平台的桩基础,被誉为“导管架平台基础工程技术新时代的曙光”,具有节省钢材、海上施工时间短、可重复利用和投资省等优点。本文综合介绍这类平台的工作原理、基本特点以及我国第一座海上桶型基础采油平台的设计、建造、研究等内容。     

砂土中吸力式导管架基础沉贯试验研究

吸力式导管架基础具备高承载力、高施工效率、高环境友好度、低造价等特点,使用其作为海上风电底部支撑结构有利于产业的规模化发展,实现上述愿景的前提在于使筒型基础顺利安装以满足设计要求。基于此,在不同初始施加泵压下,对吸力式导管架的沉贯效率特征值、基础内外围渗流变化、筒裙端部土压力特点进行探究。通过抱桩器使吸力式导管架在吸力安装过程中仅具备竖向自由度,从而进行纯沉贯试验。结果表明：初始泵压2 kPa时沉贯效率特征值最高;沉贯过程中基础外围渗流水压小于基础内围渗流水压;筒裙外侧所受土压要大于筒壁内侧所受土压力。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,