冲绳海槽浮岩中岩浆包裹体岩石化学成分特征

系统地分析了冲绳海槽酸性浮岸中玻璃质岩浆包裹体的岩石化学成分，探讨了包裹体的岩石化学成分特征及其在岩浆起源及结晶演化过程中的指示意义，并结合前期及前人工作讨论了冲绳海槽不同岩石类型之间的成因联系及演化关系。结果表明，斑晶结晶时岩浆熔体为钙碱性英安质或流纹质岩浆，是来自地幔的拉斑玄武质岩浆充分结晶分异作用的产物。尽管各斑晶矿物中玻璃质岩浆包裹体的化学成分有所差异，但根据包裹体的岩石化学成分特征可以断定包裹体所代表的岩浆具有同源性，其差异只是反映了岩浆结晶演化的不同阶段或不同矿物结晶期，为进一步详细研究浮岩岩浆的结晶演化过程提供了最直接的资料。对比冲绳海槽酸性浮岩与玄武岩等不同岩石类型的岩石化学特征，可以证明这些岩石类型之间存在着密切的成因联系，包括同源性与继承性，它们分别是岩浆作用不同阶段的产物。另外，包裹体的成分主要取决于包裹体所在斑晶矿物的种类与成分，分析中未发现岩石化学性质明显不同的岩浆包裹体共存的现象，也没有在中酸性矿物中发现基性玻璃质岩浆包裹体，因此可以推断基本不存在不同性质的岩浆之间的直接混合作用。     

冲绳海槽碱性玄武岩浆的起源及演化

利用电子探针对冲绳海槽133站位玄武岩的斑晶矿物、基质以及斑晶矿物中关晶石包体和岩浆包裹体作了化学主成分分析,结果表明,该站位玄武岩属橄榄玄武岩,岩石中斑晶矿物由培长石、普通辉石、贵橄榄石和磁铁矿组成,尚见有少量外来的脉石英碎块,基质成分由拉长石微晶和玻璃组成。培长石和贵橄榄石中含有玻璃质岩浆包裹体和铬镁尖晶石或铬镁铁尖晶石包体。尖晶石的化学成分证明它是地幔部分熔融成因的。岩浆包裹体代表了一种原生的碱性橄榄玄武岩浆,其化学成分相当于橄榄辉长岩。该站位的玄武岩浆起源于上地幔尖晶二辉橄榄岩的部分熔融,并沿着“碱性橄榄玄武岩浆-粗面玄武岩浆-玄武质粗面岩浆-粗面岩浆”方向演化,每一阶段的岩浆在上升过程中都不同程度地受到地壳物质的同化和混染作用。     

冲绳海槽浮岩包裹体的测温试验

对浮岩中斜长石斑晶中的包裹体及玻璃基质中的包裹体首先进行双面光薄片的镜下观察，然后进行了系统的均化法与爆裂法测温试验。观察与试验结果表明：(1)斜长石中的包裹体均为玻璃质+气泡的两相包裹体，未发现气—液包裹体。固化包裹体为玻璃质，非晶质的固化包裹体外即是大量的气泡，特别是基质当中气泡更为发育，说明熔浆中含有丰富的挥发性组分，同时也说明包裹体形成于较浅的地质条件下。(2)长石中包裹体的均化温度不受包裹体特征不同的影响，均化温度分布范围从910—1250℃，峰值明显，计算的均化温度为Tz=(1081.4±177.9)℃，但还存在有高于1250℃的均化温度峰。包裹体均化法测试结果说明浮岩中斜长石的形成过程至少有两个阶段：第一阶段的岩浆温度在1200—1300℃左右，在此温度下形成的是An值较高的基性斜长石，同时结晶的还有辉石等矿物，斜长石结晶第二个阶段时的熔浆温度在1100℃以下，这一阶段持续的时间长，跨越的温度范围大，应是岩浆在近地表和岩浆喷出过程中的岩浆快速冷却期，同时伴随有矿物大规模晶出。(3)包裹体中的气相部分均聚合成圆形或近圆形，说明温度下降速度较快。斑晶斜长石中部分包裹体与基质玻璃中包裹体的形成温度是连续变化的，这一事实应该与冲绳海槽特殊的地质条件有关     

冲绳海槽浮岩中斑晶矿物结晶的P-T条件

本文利用多种地质温度计估算了冲绳海槽浮岩中斑晶矿物的结晶条件。结果表明:灰白色浮岩中的橄榄石、辉石、基性斜长石、磁铁矿等是在大约890℃和大约三十几km深的条件下结晶的。这些矿物之所以存在于SiO2含量高达70％的酸性浮岩中是由于在岩浆喷出地表之前发生了岩浆的混合作用。根据斑晶矿物的结晶深度,推测灰白色浮岩的初始岩浆来自地幔的熔融。     

马里亚纳海槽玄武岩中斜长石矿物化学及意义

玄武岩中的斜长石矿物记录了岩浆过程的重要信息,可为揭示岩浆活动规律提供重要线索。马里亚纳海槽玄武岩中斜长石矿物具有两种产出类型:斑晶和微晶。岩相学特征指示,斜长石斑晶常具有聚片双晶结构、环带结构,偶见熔蚀结构和冷凝边;斜长石微晶呈半定向或杂乱分布在火山玻璃中,其中空骸晶结构表明斜长石微晶石在淬冷的条件下迅速形成。海槽18°N附近不同玄武岩样品中环带斜长石斑晶环带数与其寄主岩石Mg#值呈负相关,指示了在马里亚纳海槽扩张中心轴部地堑很小范围内获得的玄武岩样品经历的岩浆滞留时间以及岩浆混合作用周期存在一定程度的差异。海槽18°N,17°N和15°30′N附近3个位置的斜长石斑晶边部及斜长石微晶的An值接近,表明这3个位置的岩浆活动具有相似的岩浆上涌喷发通道结构及海底淬冷环境。与冲绳海槽相比,马里亚纳海槽玄武岩具有更深的产出水深;同时,研究区斜长石微晶An值总体上略高于前两者,这可能反映了水深对斜长石微晶An值的影响。研究区斜长石斑晶的形成温度范围比冲绳海槽更窄,暗示与冲绳海槽(陆缘弧后盆地)相比,马里亚纳海槽(洋内弧后盆地)岩浆过程所经历的物理化学环境可能相对更稳定。此外,微晶斜长石结晶温度略高于冲绳海槽,反映出两个弧后扩张区域岩浆喷出淬冷结晶时的水深的差异。     

包裹体测温在海底火山喷发矿物中的试验与讨论

国内对海底火山喷发矿物中的包裹体测温实例并不多见。本文首次对火山活动较为活跃的冲绳海槽底质沉积物中的紫苏辉石进行了淬火法包裹体测温。根据包裹体特征及类型确定该矿物属海底火山喷发成因,均匀化温度南北存在明显差异,并认为它们是属于不同时代的海底基性岩浆喷发产物。     

冲绳海槽海底热液活动区玄武岩的矿物学和岩石化学特征及其地质意义

１９９２年５月－１９９２６月对绳海槽热液活动区进行调查采样，对拖网采到的新鲜的玄武岩样品做了斑晶矿物学及岩石化学研究。结果表明，冲绳海槽玄武岩的斑晶矿物主要由橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和斜长石组成，副矿物有铬铁尖晶石和磁铁矿，因而将样品定为橄榄玄武岩。     

冲绳海槽西南部火山岩熔体包裹体的均一温度及对岩浆混合的指示意义

冲绳海槽西南部流纹岩和安山岩斜长石中发育大量玻璃质熔体包裹体,安山岩斜长石中熔体包裹体的均一温度较高（1050-1200℃）,而流纹岩斜长石中熔体包裹体有两个明显不同的均一温度峰值段（900-1000℃,1150-1200℃）,呈“双峰”式均一温度特征。熔体包裹体的均一温度特征与流纹岩和安山岩中斜长石的环带结构及An值变化特征一致,说明安山岩中斜长石主要在高温阶段结晶,而流纹岩中斜长石经历了两个不同的结晶阶段。结合流纹岩斜长石存在明显的环带结构及两种差异较大的An值特征,作者认为熔体包裹体的“双峰”式均一温度特征指示该地区发生了不同期次岩浆的混合作用。岩浆携带早期高温阶段结晶（1150-1200℃）的高An值偏基性斜长石向上运移,注入浅部较低温酸性岩浆房（900-1000℃）,发生混合作用,偏基性的斜长石在进入酸性岩浆房后被重新吸收,形成包含有较高均一温度熔体包裹体的核部（高An）,然后继续结晶生长形成包含有较低均一温度熔体包裹体的边部（低An）,表明冲绳海槽西南部地区下部岩浆房内存在复杂的岩浆混合作用。     

南大西洋洋中脊玄武岩中斜长石特征及其岩石学意义

本文利用电子探针技术分析了南大西洋洋中脊玄武岩中斜长石的结构构造和物质组成特征,讨论了该区岩浆过程在斜长石中的记录。按粒径大小可将研究区玄武岩中的斜长石分为斑晶、微晶和基质三类,斑晶斜长石核部平均An值为74,属于培长石,而边部平均An值为69,属于拉长石,呈正环带构造,微晶斜长石平均An值为67,与斑晶斜长石边部成分近似,且其粒径与斑晶斜长石边部宽度接近,约在30μm,极可能是同一时期形成。基质斜长石平均An值为63,略小于微晶斜长石。利用马西兹修改后的斜长石结晶温度计算公式,估算出斑晶斜长石核部结晶温度约为1 214℃,斑晶斜长石边部结晶温度约为1 085℃,微晶斜长石的结晶温度约为1 081℃,而基质斜长石的结晶温度约为1 056℃。由此推测,高An值(78~80)的斑晶斜长石的核部可能是形成于岩浆源区的捕掳晶。斑晶斜长石的边部、微晶斜长石及基质斜长石的结晶温度相近,说明三者可能近乎同时结晶;但由于它们的颗粒大小变化范围较大,很可能分别形成于岩浆房、岩浆通道及喷出洋壳表面后等环境中。与冲绳海槽玄武岩中斜长石比较,本区斜长石平均An值跨度以及结晶温度跨度均比冲绳海槽小,本区An值为74~63,结晶温度为1 214~1 056℃,而冲绳海槽An值为86~47,结晶温度为1 250~950℃。这表明相对于岩浆物理化学环境曾经历快速变化的弧后盆地来说,慢速洋中脊的岩浆活动的物理化学环境则相对稳定。     

西太平洋弧后盆地火山岩中熔体包裹体研究进展

熔体包裹体是在矿物生长过程中被包裹的硅酸盐小液滴,由于寄主矿物的保护,受最小程度的后期岩浆作用影响,可以有效的保留原始岩浆组成、地幔源区性质及岩浆演化过程等重要信息。熔体包裹体的研究可以弥补传统全岩因受后期复杂地质过程影响而导致部分信息失真的不足。文章简要总结了熔体包裹体的主要研究领域及分析测试技术,概述了国内外关于西太平洋典型弧后盆地火山岩中熔体包裹体研究的相关进展。冲绳海槽、劳海盆及北斐济海盆内熔体包裹体的研究证明了地幔源区不均一性的特征,明确了岩浆物质来源及俯冲物质在源区的加入;马里亚纳海槽和马努斯海盆熔体包裹体内挥发份研究指示了俯冲板片物质对弧后盆地岩浆源区挥发份组成的贡献;马努斯海盆熔体包裹体中金属元素浓度分析表明岩浆流体可为海底热液系统提供成矿金属;此外,马里亚纳海槽和冲绳海槽熔体包裹体测温实验反映出岩浆多期次的演化过程。尽管熔体包裹体在西太平洋弧后盆地岩浆活动的很多方面有了一定研究,但各弧后盆地研究参差不齐、综合研究程度低。将来在进一步完善熔体包裹体测试分析手段基础上,加大熔体包裹体在弧后盆地的研究力度,有助于我们更清晰地认识弧后盆地岩浆源区物质组成,明确俯冲作用下弧后盆地岩浆来源及物质转化机制。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.     

Dynamic behaviour of axially pre-loaded tubular steel members of offshore structures subjected to impact damage

The behaviour of an axially pre-loaded cylindrical member of an offshore structure, hit by a supply ship, has been investigated. The effects of axial pre-loading on the dynamic properties of members, the extent of damage and propagation of dynamic instability in the tubular members have also been investigated. Numerical models have been validated using available experimental data from the literature although these are mostly static with no pre-loading. Axial pre-loading was found to change the dynamic characteristics of some cylindrical members quite dramatically while it had no significant effect on others. The study examined whether there was any change in the behaviour between local and global modes when the loading was dynamic rather than static. The effect of damping on the dynamic instability of axially pre-loaded tubes under lateral dynamic loads was also studied. It was observed that for some geometries the quasi-static response can be used to define the boundary between bounded and unbounded dynamic responses. The main contribution of this study, compared with previous investigations reported in the literature, is that both pre-loading and dynamic effects have been included.     

Assessment of Impact on Seafloor Features in INDEX Area

Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions.     

Regional Commercial Sponge Extinctions in the West Indies: Are Recent Climatic Changes Responsible?

Abstract. Long-term changes in the distributional patterns of commercial sponges ( Spongia spp. and Hippospongia spp.) within the West Indian Region indicates that: 1) commercial sponges had a widespread distribution throughout the whole West Indian Region and were ubiquitous in very shallow water until about the first half of the present century; 2) they were fished commercially not only in the traditional northern Caribbean sites (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas) but also in the Greater ( e. g. , Hispaniola, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles; and 3) they became extinct throughout most of the Lesser Antilles ( e. g. , Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas) sometime during the first half of this century. Mortalities of spongiids within the Antilles were found to differ from other marine mortalities in that: 1) species disappeared from a large region; 2) species vanished from different habitats and depths; and 3) natural populations never recovered. Species richness patterns suggest that commercial sponge genera ( Spongia and Hippospongia ) evolved under slightly cooler elimatic conditions than those found at present, and that these extinctions occurred as a direct or indirect effect of positive thermal anomalies in sea surface and atmospheric temperatures between 1900–1950. The concept that species diversity is stable on a regional scale is questioned.