环境内分泌干扰物诱导鱼类产生卵黄原蛋白的研究进展

目前已经被确认的环境内分泌干扰物达100余种,其中能够诱导鱼类产生卵黄原蛋白(Vitellogenin, VTG)的环境内分泌干扰物包括农药、多氯联苯类化合物、邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物等几大类.由于环境内分泌干扰物结构的复杂性,其诱导机制成为近年研究的热点.本文综述了能够诱导鱼类产生VTG的环境内分泌干扰物的种类、筛选方法及作用机制.     

大菱鲆卵黄原蛋白的分离纯化及Native-PAGE、SDS-PAGE性质鉴定

采用5 mg/kg 17β-雌二醇对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)进行肌肉注射,一周后尾静脉取血,离心分离获得血浆,经Sephacryl S-300(高分辨)分子筛纯化卵黄原蛋白,对卵黄原蛋白进行常规聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,考马斯亮蓝染色和糖、磷、脂的特征性基团染色.结果表明,17β-雌二醇能诱导大菱鲆产生卵黄原蛋白,以N-ative-PAGE方法计算得到大菱鲆卵黄原蛋白的分子质量为538 ku,以SDS-PAGE方法得出其两种亚基的分子质量分别为100 ku和82 ku.分子筛凝胶过滤能较好地纯化大菱鲆血浆中的卵黄原蛋白.     

久效磷对雄性金鱼的生殖毒性研究

分别用0.01，0.1和0．5mg／L的久效磷暴露雄性金鱼，取尾静脉血进行血浆聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和精子超微结构的电镜观察。结果表明，与对照组雄鱼和雌鱼相比，各浓度暴露组均发现了1条特异性蛋白。这条蛋白带在电泳凝胶上的位置与17β-雌二醇诱导雄性金鱼分泌的卵黄原蛋白相同，因而可以认定这条特异性蛋白为卵黄原蛋白；0.01mg/L暴露组金鱼精子质膜局部出现溶解，0．1mg／L暴露组的多数精子细胞质膜溶解并断裂，少量精子颈部中心粒复合体和线粒体溶解。     

用免疫细胞化学方法研究文昌鱼卵子——成熟前后原肌球蛋白的分布及变化

本文用免疫细胞化学方法对文昌鱼原肌球蛋白在成熟前后的卵子中的分布及变化进行了观察和研究,并将其在亚微结构上进行了定位。结果表明:在卵巢中的较大的未成熟的卵母细胞上就已有原肌球蛋白的存在,主要分布在内滤泡层及卵内的某些卵黄颗粒上,皮质颗粒上也存有少量;在成熟卵中,原肌球蛋白则大量存在于所有的卵黄颗粒上,皮质颗粒也有少量存在;在量上是由动物极到植物极逐渐递增,这和卵黄颗粒的分布是一致的。     

银鲳(Pampus argenteus)胰岛素基因的分子鉴定及其与卵黄原蛋白基因的关联表达

胰岛素(Insulin, Ins)作为动物体内最保守的小分子蛋白,是调控血糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢的重要激素,同时也对卵生动物的卵黄合成发挥着重要作用,但在鱼类中研究相对较少。为探讨银鲳胰岛素对卵黄合成的影响,从转录组数据中获得了银鲳3个胰岛素insulin(ins)、insulin-like(ins-like)和insulin-2(ins-2)基因全长cDNA序列。序列分析表明,银鲳3个胰岛素基因的氨基酸序列具有胰岛素基因的典型特征,包含NH-2端分泌的信号肽和由B链、C链和A链组成的IIGF。系统进化树分析表明,哺乳类ins单独为一簇,鱼类ins和ins-2成一簇及鱼类ins-like单独成一簇。组织表达特征分析表明,银鲳胰岛素家族3个基因ins、ins-2和ins-like在各个组织中广泛表达,但是不同组织的3个基因表达水平不相同。对不同发育阶段的银鲳肝脏和卵巢组织中3个胰岛素基因和3个卵黄蛋白原(vitellogenin, vtg)基因的表达量进行了分析,结果显示,所有银鲳ins和vtg基因在肝脏和卵巢中的表达趋势一致,从Ⅱ期至Ⅳ期肝脏和卵巢中逐渐升高,并在Ⅳ期达到最高值,从Ⅳ期至...     

糙海参卵子发生及卵黄发生的超微结构

通过扫描与透射电镜观察了糙海参(Holothuria scabra)卵子发生及卵黄发生的过程。结果表明,糙海参卵子属于均黄卵,其卵子发生经历卵原细胞、卵黄发生前卵母细胞、卵黄发生期卵母细胞3个阶段。其中,卵黄发生期卵母细胞分别包括卵黄发生早期、中期、后期卵母细胞3个阶段。卵原细胞核大且呈椭圆形,胞质中只分布少量的线粒体;卵黄发生前卵母细胞内有一个空泡状的生发泡(卵核);卵黄发生早期,细胞器种类丰富,数量多;卵黄发生中期,卵黄合成旺盛,是内源性卵黄大量形成的阶段,多种细胞器活跃参与形成卵黄;卵黄发生后期,细胞体积最大,细胞核明显,且位于胞质中间或者靠近动物极突。高尔基体、线粒体及核糖体是形成内源性卵黄最主要的细胞器。卵质膜通过胞饮作用参与外源性卵黄的形成。本结果可为糙海参繁殖生物学和人工繁殖提供参考。     

海洋硬骨鱼类卵黄囊期生物能学研究

卵黄囊期是鱼类早期发育中的一个重要阶段，是鱼类由内源营养向外源营养转化的一个关键时期。在此期间，游离氨基酸、蛋白质、脂肪酸、总脂和碳水化合物等基本生化成份的变化表现出一定的规律性，并具有种的特异性。从能量学的角度来分析，则表现为主要能源物质在发育过程中有规律的变化，各能量物质是按一定顺序被利用的。 鱼卵是一个高度特化的自组织系统，它在发育过程中，用于细胞活动的物质基础主要是卵黄。在卵黄期，卵细胞的代谢过程可描述为依生化成份变化的生化代谢过程和依能量转移和释放的能量代谢过程。从受精到卵黄囊消耗完全的卵黄囊期，以开口摄食为标志分为前后两个阶段，开口之前为全部利用自身营养的内源营养阶段，开口之后为利用自身营养和外源营养相结合的混合营养阶段。探素卵黄囊期海洋硬骨鱼类的能量转化规律，定量分析发育过程中生化成分和能量物质的变化，预测维持仔稚鱼生命活动和提供生长所必需的合适饵料营养成分，已成为鱼类早期发育生物学研究的热点课题。     

大泷六线鱼卵黄原蛋白的纯化鉴定及其ELISA检测方法的建立

海洋环境雌激素污染日益加剧,亟需建立可靠的生物检测技术,鱼类卵黄原蛋白(vitellogenin, Vtg)是国际上推荐的环境雌激素生物标志物。本研究采用凝胶过滤与离子交换层析技术从17β-雌二醇(E_2)肌肉注射后的雄性大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)血浆中纯化获得Vtg。经鉴定大泷六线鱼Vtg是分子量约为340 kDa的糖磷脂蛋白,SDS-PAGE显示其亚基分子量约为170 kDa。利用纯化的Vtg免疫新西兰大白兔制备了多克隆抗血清,并且Western blot结果证实抗血清对Vtg具有很好的特异性。以纯化的Vtg与兔抗Vtg多克隆抗体建立了检测大泷六线鱼血浆Vtg的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附反应(ELISA)。该检测方法的工作范围为15.62～1 000 ng/mL,组内与组间差异分别为6.85%与6.79%,可用于大泷六线鱼血浆Vtg的准确定量。本研究建立的大泷六线鱼Vtg ELISA具有较高的敏感度、特异性与精确度,为中国海洋环境雌激素的生物监测提供了可靠工具。     

中华鲟卵黄脂磷蛋白的分离纯化及性质分析

采用Sephacryl S-300凝胶过滤和DEAE Fast Flow阴离子交换两种层析法分离纯化中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)卵黄脂磷蛋白(lipovitellin,Lv),对每个峰进行SDS-PAGE电泳及油红O、甲基绿和Schiff试剂特异染色,峰Ⅱ蛋白均呈阳性,表明峰Ⅱ蛋白为中华鲟卵中的一种卵黄脂磷蛋白,SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明其由一种分子质量为43.5 ku的亚基构成。对中华鲟Lv氨基酸组成进行研究,证明其是一种含有相对较多天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、缬氨酸和亮氨酸的蛋白。     

条斑星鲽早期发育生物学研究——受精卵的形态、生态和卵胚发育特征

条斑星鲽(Verasper moseri)的受精卵为圆球形、分离透明、无油球的悬浮卵。卵膜具粗波纹状的纹络。卵黄均匀,浅黄色或米黄色。卵径平均为1.70 mm±0.02 mm。卵黄囊径1.57 mm±0.025 mm。卵黄间隙狭窄,约为0.11 mm。受精卵的可孵化水温为6.0~11.0℃,最适孵化水温8.0~10.0℃。可孵化盐度为27.00~36.00,最适孵化盐度为33.00~35.00。受精卵在不同盐度的海水中,呈现不同的生态分布特征。在水温8.0~10.0℃,盐度33.00,光照500~6000 lx,pH值7.5~8.4的孵化条件下,受精卵约历时216 h孵化出膜,出膜方式以头部首先破膜为主。优质卵的孵化率可达90%以上。在条斑星鲽胚胎发育过程中,原肠期及原肠期以前的时期对温度的敏感性明显强于原口关闭后各个发育时期。卵胚卵裂期的不同步分裂现象要比其他硬骨鱼类提前,出现在第三次卵裂时期。多细胞期的裂球均一程度较低。在孵化育苗生产中,出现大量带有"空泡"的不正常的卵胚和前期仔鱼。该研究结果为比较鲆鲽鱼类早期发育过程提供了基础参考资料,同时揭示作为冷温性鱼类条斑星鲽受精卵发育过程中出现的特殊规律,从而为该鱼种进一步大规模苗种生产提供了理论依据。     

藤壶黏附研究进展

藤壶是最常见的海洋污损动物,也是材料防污性能检测和评价试验中最主要的动物模型。藤壶附着从腺介幼虫探索适宜基底开始,到随后分泌藤壶胶进行固着,期间受自身及多种环境因子的影响。本文从藤壶腺介幼虫的黏附行为、影响黏附的因素和藤壶胶的特性3个方面出发,综述了近年来在藤壶黏附领域的研究进展,期望为新型防污产品的研发和检测评价提供较系统的参考资料。     

Turning the Tide: the need for sustainable sea transport in the Pacific

This paper reports on progress in developing a regional research and education strategy for Pacific Island countries and communities wishing to transition to a low carbon sea transport future. Sea transport is an absolute necessity for most such communities. All current services are fossil fuel based and are becoming increasingly unaffordable and unsustainable. The countries in the Pacific region are the most dependent on imported fossil fuels in the world, importing more than 95% of needs. Such dependency is having a crippling effect on national budgets and major impacts on key productive sectors. The region's transport issues are unique; small and vulnerable economies scattered at the ends of some of the longest transportation routes in the world and arguably the most challenging to maintain per capita and per sea mile. Alternatives to current fossil fuel powered sea transport have been almost totally ignored in recent regional and national debates and the issue has been largely invisible within the policy and donor strategy space at all levels despite concerted efforts over more than two decades to transition Pacific countries' electricity sector fossil fuel use. The University of the South Pacific has been collaborating with a network of stakeholders and knowledge partners since 2012 to advance this agenda, building off previous doctoral research and the resultant Sustainable Sea Transport Talanoa 2012. Prasad et al. (2013) set out the basis for a catalytic research program following from the consensually agreed outputs of SSTT 2012 and this paper records the progress made since.     

An overview of the North Sea multispecies modelling work in ICES

Work on multispecies assessment and management has been conducted within ICES (the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) throughout the 1980s and is still ongoing. The focus has been principally the biological interactions, although there has been an increasing tendency to consider technical interactions too. Most of the work on biological interactions has been carried out by two working groups — the ad hoc Working Group on Multispecies Assessment Methods and the ad hoc Multispecies Assessment Working Group. In this paper, a brief overview of the work of those groups is given, but with emphasis on the latter over the most recent years. The difficulties and problems of the assessment methods are highlighted as well as the progress and successes. The contrast between single-species and multispecies assessments and steady-state forecasts is made and the consequences for management decisions are discussed. It is concluded that, whereas multispecies management approaches might not yet be the all-powerful tools that many people imagine or hope for, they will, with suitable caution and communication, become routine vehicles for investigating fisheries management options.     

Evolution of operational management procedures for the South African West Coast rock lobster (Jasus lalandii) fishery

The commercial fishery for Jasus lalandii, the South Africa West Coast rock lobster, began in the late 1800s and at its peak in the early 1950s yielded an annual catch of 18 000 t. Although this annual catch has dropped to only some 2000 t over recent years, the fishery remains South Africa's third most valuable for landed value. The primary reason for the low total allowable catch (TAC) over these recent years has been a marked drop in somatic growth rate that occurred at the end of the 1980s, for reasons that remain unexplained. A key problem in formulating TAC recommendations with longer‐term objectives in mind, has been uncertainties about likely future trends, particularly in somatic growth and recruitment. To address this problem, an “operational management procedure” (OMP) was adopted in 1997 and has twice been re‐evaluated and modified (in 2000 and 2003) in the light of further data and changing perceptions of resource dynamics. The history of this process is reviewed, concentrating on the most recent modification. In particular, a summary is given of the process by which the merits of alternative management procedures were evaluated over a range of important uncertainties about the dynamics of the resource. This summary includes a discussion of the key trade‐offs between resource rebuilding, future TAC trends and TAC variability, and the eventual choice that was made. The paper concludes by listing a number of lessons learnt concerning best practice for OMP development as this process evolved.     

Marine systems: moving into the genomics era

The study of biological systems has been revolutionized by the use of genomic technologies. Most of the knowledge gathered over the last few years refers to terrestrial models. The study of marine systems using genomic technologies has, apart from a focus on microbial systems, been generally neglected although there are signs that this situation may be changing. This review analyses recent progress made in the field of marine genomics and identifies the broad areas in which this new technology is having the greatest impacts. These studies include comparative, functional and environmental genomics of metazoan animals. In many cases, as well as benefiting marine science, studies on marine taxa are having wide‐ranging impacts on our global understanding of genomes and genomics.     

硬骨鱼类精子发生及其在系统演化研究中的应用前景

综述了近年来硬骨鱼类精子发生及精子形成方面的研究进展 ,指出应用硬骨鱼类精子发生及精子形成的特征可以系统研究鱼类的系统演化 ,对精子超微结构以及精子表面大分子物质的三维结构的比较研究 ,在鱼类进化生物学研究中具有广阔的应用前景。     

中国海洋潮汐40年来研究进展

近４０年来我国海洋潮汐的研究获得显著进展。本文分别对潮汐的分析、推算，潮汐谱估计，平均海面，潮波理论和数值研究等方面进行阐述。潮汐分析、推算已有１００多个分潮的模型可供应用，交点订正系统除利用ｆ、ｕ的１１个公式外，还根据Ｗ．Ｈｏｒｎ的ｊ．ｖ模型，利用Ｄ．Ｅ．Ｃａｒｔｗｒｉｇｈｔ新的引潮势展开推出５９个ｊ、ｖ公式，后者理论上更为精确，它反映了近代天文学研究进展的成就。平均海面提出一种随机动态分析、预测模型，能比较可靠地求出平均海面长期变化趋势，并能对未来几年内作出月平均海面的预报。潮波理论结合中国海实际，研究潮汐摩擦规律及其效应，已能说明中国海主要分潮波系统的形成及其分布变化，潮波数值计算和模拟取得很大的发展，有些在建港和海洋开发利用中已经得到应用，是一种很有前途的研究方法。潮汐表的编算水平高、范围遍及各国主要海港，受到用户的欢迎。总起来说，我国海洋潮汐的研究工作，经４０年来的努力，从总体上说达到了国际水平，某些方面居领先地位。但整个潮汐的观测站网、仪器装备、监测水平和精度，仍有待改进提高。     

我国旅游业的发展及其展望

国际形势的变化、我国的综合国力进一步增强、我国已加入了WTO、2008年奥运会的举办等新形势下,各行业都将面临极大的挑战和发展机遇,旅游业也不例外.近年来,我国的旅游事业有了长足进步,特别是城市旅游,需要不断提高城市旅游资源价值,形成自己的特色;推动国内、国际旅游发展;从新的战略高度出发,抓住时机研究、制定、实施新的旅游发展规划.指出我国旅游业发展中存在的问题,并以青岛的旅游发展为例,提出了发展我国旅游业的对策.     

Recent progress in towed hydrophone array research

Since World War I, various attempts have been made to minimize own ship noise by towing hydrophones at the end of long cables. Recently, because of advances in technology (such as improved cables and low-noise transistors) as well as improved understanding of the hydrodynamics of tow, most of the problems limiting this technique in the past have been overcome. This report summarizes past and recent effort and presents a digest of the more recent results. These results were obtained as part of a program to determine how hydrophones could be moved through the sea with minimal self noise, i.e., without machinery or flow-caused-noise radiated from own ship structure. The most successful units to date are called "Towflex." These consist of special hydrophones in flexible oil-filled hoses. When towed from a surface ship by cables up to 8000 feet long, at depths to 1200 feet, and at speeds up to 13 knots, these units show lower or equivalent self-noise levels than reported on quiet submarines for the same speed. For frequencies of 20 to 500 cps, Towflex units are generally quieter - in the order of 10 to 15 decibels at 6 knots - and for the frequencies of 500 to 10000 cps, the levels are similar. There are indications that even with these units, flow noise will be a major problem starting at about 10 knots.     

天然气水合物研究的新进展

天然气水合物因其在能源勘探、海底灾害环境和全球气候变化研究中的重要性而日益引起世界各国的高度重视,在简单回顾80年代前天然气水合物研究的基础上,重点阐述了自90年代以来此项研究的重要进展。