0515号登陆台风"卡努"引发江苏暴雨过程的动力学诊断分析

研究了0515号登陆台风“卡努（Khanun）”对江苏暴雨过程的影响．结果表明，此暴雨过程属主要由台风本身的气旋性涡旋所造成的区域性暴雨，位于台风移向的右前方．通过对物理量场诊断分析发现，暴雨强度的趋势与落区基本上能从水汽通量相对散度上反映出来，水汽通量相对散度越大，暴雨越强；暴雨区位于垂直上升运动区．     

舟山冬季暴雨的特征

文章分析了冬季暴雨发生时的环流形势和物理量场分布特征,揭示了冬季暴雨的发生与厄尔尼诺现象有着一定的相关。同时,分析了单站要素的变化,为以后的冬季暴雨预报提供参考。     

强热带风暴“碧丽斯”大暴雨成因分析

本文通过对0604号台风"碧丽斯"的降水强度资料,环流背景场、大气物理量场、卫星运图特征等进行综合分析得出:"碧丽斯"登陆后在福建东南沿海造成的暴雨,与高空盛行的东北气流、南海西南季风关系密切,与低层辐合、高层辐散、上升运动、水汽通量和相对湿度等都有较好的对应关系,且与台风不对称结构有关.     

登陆热带风暴较强与较弱降水环境场实例的对比分析

对在青岛登陆后给青岛及周边地区造成暴雨、大暴雨及特大暴雨的1997年7号热带风暴(9907)与在同一地点登陆，过程降雨量仅为中雨的2002年9号(0209)热带风暴环境场作对比分析，结果表明：大的环流背景的不同导致了热带风暴登陆时其登陆点(青岛)的低层辐合高层辐散、上升运动速度、低层水汽通量辐合、湿层厚度以及位势不稳定度等物理量场不同，因而造成降水强度的不同。     

河北省一次强对流天气机理分析

利用常规天气资料、气象自动站加密观测资料及乡镇加密雨量站资料、其它物理量资料及卫星云图资料等,对2009-06-08河北省的强降水及强对流天气进行了分析。研究表明,蒙古低涡携带强的正涡度平流和冷空气,为强对流天气提供了良好的动力条件;南风与偏东风急流为大暴雨提供了良好的水汽,同时,低涡底部的西北风急流与2支暖风急流汇合,为暴雨、冰雹、大风等强对流的形成提供了条件。暴雨落区处于低层次大值能量场的顶部,能量场剖面具有鞍形场结构,高层、低层具有大值能量,中层为中性结构,为深对流的发展提供了初始热力条件。自动气象站加密风场资料分析表明,长时间的中小尺度风场辐合增强了地面空气的辐合抬升,同时也是造成此次局地大暴雨的中尺度系统和触发条件。     

"碧利斯"台风暴雨物理量场诊断分析

本文用MM5模式数值模拟了0010号“碧利斯”台风登陆福建的过程,表明MM5模式能很好地模拟出主要雨带及其分布特征。物理量场分析指出,本次福建沿海地区暴雨产生的物理机制主要有：台风登陆福建前后福建沿海地区上空层结相当不稳定;由于台风环流非对称性,台风中心北侧中低层有很强的风速、相对湿度、正涡度、辐合、垂直速度：暴雨区高低层存在正负螺旋柱;暴雨区高层存在正湿位涡、低层负湿位涡中心。     

比较分析路径相似两强台风的降雨特征

9615号强台风“莎莉”与0814号强台风“黑格比”的路径极为相似，但它们的降雨特征（强度、分布）则差异很大。利用常规的探空和地面资料以及NCEP全球再分析资料，对两强台风的大气环流形势特征、卫星云图以及物理量场诊断进行分析，结果表明：台风与环境场的相互配置是造成两强台风降水差异的直接原因；云图及物理量诊断分析中显示，台风云系的变化以及物理量各因子强度的空间和时间变化能清楚反映两台风降水的差异。     

一次受台风影响的大气波导过程分析和数值模拟

利用NCEP再分析资料及实况探空资料,对2002年8月31日台风"鹿莎"靠近和进入韩国期间,在我国东部地区大气波导的发生情况,以及相对应物理量场进行分析发现:湿度递减以及辐散下沉运动与大气波导的发生有很好的对应关系.运用中尺度预报模式ARPS对这次大气波导过程进行了两种方案的数值模拟试验,结果表明:对大气波导进行数值模拟时,初始场非常重要.在初始时刻同化了探空资料后的初始场更接近真实大气状况,同化探空资料初始场的模拟结果比没有同化探空资料初始场的模拟结果更接近于实际探空资料.     

袁河流域极端降水事件成因分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心格点再分析资料和HYSPLIT模式对袁河流域5次极端降水天气过程的平均环流背景、主要影响系统、物理量场以及降水发生过程中的120 h气块后向轨迹特征进行分析。结果发现:(1)极端降水发生时,高层袁河流域处于南亚高压东侧辐散气流中,中层副热带高压位置适中,受584 dagpm线附近的西南气流控制,低层正好处于切变线上,且有强盛的西南气流向降水区输送能量和水汽。(2)物理量场上,袁河流域附近低层辐合、高层辐散,垂直速度场、水汽分布、水汽通量散度场都有利于该区域出现暴雨天气。(3)与袁河流域一般性暴雨的平均t-lnp图对比分析可见,极端暴雨的能量条件更好,降水对流性更强,水汽条件也更为充沛。(4)袁河流域极端降水上空的水汽路径总体上可以归纳为5条。来源于孟加拉湾附近、中南半岛南部和云南南部的西南水汽路径最多,占轨迹总数的59.5%;其次是来源于我国南海的南方路径,主要位于1 500 m以下,占轨迹总数的15.0%。     

9711号热带气旋温带转变过程分析

本文利用天气学及诊断分析的方法，对9711号热带气旋两次登陆前后物理量场的变化进行了分析，结果表明：9711号热带气旋进入渤海后强度得到了加强，表现在暖中心的增强及中心气压的降低。中高纬冷空气的加入、对流层上层较强的辐散及正的涡度平流对气旋的再次发展起了关键作用。一些物理量场的分布直接影响着热带气旋的路径。     

0808号台风"凤凰"登陆过程的三维变分同化试验

主要对0808号台风"凤凰"的登陆过程进行模拟试验.首先,利用GPS掩星资料反演的大气气压、温度和水汽资料以及云导风资料,对台风"凤凰"进行了三维变分同化及数值模拟试验.结果表明:同化不同资料,得到的台风初始场各不相同,对台风预报的影响也各不相同.同时同化GPS资料和云导风资料,对台风初始场的调整最大,对模拟台风登陆前...     

Assessment of Impact on Seafloor Features in INDEX Area

Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions.     

Diversity and distribution of bacterial community in the coastal sediments of Bohai Bay, China

In order to understand the diversity and distribution of the bacterial community in the coastal sediment of the Bohai Bay,China,high-throughput barcoded pyrosequencing of the 16 S r RNA gene was used.Metagenomic DNA was extracted from the sediment samples,and was sequenced using a 454 GS FLX Titanium system.At 97%similarity,the sequences were assigned to 22 884 operational taxonomic units(OTUs) which belonged to 41 phyla,84 classes,268 genera and 789 species.At the different taxonomic levels,both the dominants and their distribution varied significantly among the six coastal sediments.Proteobacteria was the first dominant phylum across all the six coastal sediments,representing 57.52%,60.66%,45.10%,60.92%,56.63% and 56.59%,respectively.Bacteroidetes was the second dominant phylum at Stas S1,S2 and S4,while Chloroflexi was the second dominant phylum at Stas S3,S5 and S6.At class level,γ-Proteobacteria was the first dominant class at Stas S1,S2,S4 and S6,while δ-Proteobacteria became the first dominant class at Stas S3 and S5.In addition,a large proportion of unclassified representatives have distributed at the different taxonomic levels.Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) results indicated that the sediment texture,water depth(D),dissolved oxygen(DO),total nitrogen(TN) and nine EPA priority control polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) including naphthalene,acenaphthylene,acenaphthene,fluorine,phenanthrene,fluoranthene,pyrene,benzo[a]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were the important factors in regulating the bacterial community composition.Those results are very important to further understand the roles of bacterial community in the coastal biogeochemical cycles.     

The influence of main ecological and environmental factors on the energy budget of Schlegel''s black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

In the Maidao Ecological Laboratory of the Huanghai Sea Fisheries Research Institute in 1998 ~ 2000, the continuous flow-through method was adopted to determine the energy budget components and models of Schlegel＇ s black rockfish under different ecological and environmental factors, such as temperature, food species, body mass and feeding level, etc. The body mass of test fish ranged from 21.2 to 224.5 g. The specific growth rate tended to invert ＂U＂ change with temperature increase. The ecological conversion efficiency showed the same trend as temperature and feeding level rise. Only the specific growth rate tended to decelerate the increment with the rise of feeding level. From the above quantitative relationships, the maximum and optimal growth temper- atures could be obtained as 17.5 and 16.2 ℃, and the maintenance feeding rate and optimum feeding rate as 0.8% and 4. 1% of the body mass. The specific growth rate and ecological conversion coefficient showed a decelerating decrease trend with body mass increment. The small-sized fish food was more advantageous to the feeding level increase in comparison with the small-sized shrimp food, which led to the increase of growth, metabolism and excretion, but had no significant influence on the ecological conversion coefficient. All of temperature, feeding level, body mass and food species can obviously change the energy budget models. The assigning rate of growth energy tended to change along the invert ＂U＂ curve with the increase of temperature and feeding level, and decrease with the body mass increase, but the assigning rates of metabolism energy and excretion energy were quite reverse. These relationships could be quantitatively described as quadratic or power function curve. If the above relationships proved true to other marine fish, the establishment of energy budget model of the same fish under different conditions can be largely simplified.     

我国海南省东南部台湾那屿藻的形态观察及系统发育分析

那屿藻属(新拟名)Yonagunia Kawaguchi et Masuda隶属于红藻门海膜科, 本研究通过对该属的台湾那屿藻(新拟名)Yonagunia formosana (Okamura) Kawaguchi et Masuda进行了形态学和基于rbcL序列的系统发育分析, 证实台湾那屿藻存在于我国海南省东南部地区, 并较为详细地描述了该物种的分枝形式、小育枝、皮层细胞等营养结构以及生殖结构, 发现藻体的枝端形状比最初报道的模式种更加多样化, 且藻体各部分结构(分枝形式、小育枝、皮层细胞等)的大小与最初报道的模式种也存在一定的差异。本研究是我国海南省东南部地区台湾那屿藻的首次分子系统发育学研究报道。     

管角螺消化系统的组织学研究

本研究采用解剖学及组织学方法对管角螺消化系统的结构进行了系统分析．结果表明,管角螺的消化系统由消化道和消化腺两大部分组成．消化道包含吻、食道、嗉囊、胃、肠、直肠及肛门;消化腺由唾液腺、肝及食道腺组成,其中肝为最大消化腺．唾液腺细胞分为粘液细胞和分泌细胞;食道腺细胞由排泄细胞和杯状细胞组成．在光学显微镜下,消化道的管壁由外向内依次为：外膜、肌层、粘膜下层和粘膜层4层;唾液腺、肝及食道腺均为复管状腺．管角螺的肝由肝被膜和许多盲管（肝小管）组成,肝管的组织结构与消化道基本相同,内有单层纤毛柱状上皮,可观察到肌层和管腔。     

Analysis of the Black Sea sediments by evaluating DSDP Leg 42B drilling data for gas hydrate potential

Many gas seepages, temperature, pressure, salinity, anoxic environment and high source gas potential of the Black Sea indicates that the Black Sea might have huge potentials for biogenic and thermogenic gas hydrates. However, the last important parameter to consider gas hydrate as an energy source is the type of sediments. Coarse marine sands are considered as good hydrate reservoirs because of high porosity and high permeability. Only very limited data is available related to the types of lithology of the Black Sea sediments. Hence, in this study, the literature data (especially the drilling and coring data of DSDP Leg 42B program) about gas seepages, temperature gradient, pressure gradient, salinity, anoxic environment and high source gas potential, and the types of the sediments in the Black Sea were investigated and analyzed. Although gas seepages, temperature gradient, pressure gradient, salinity, anoxic environment and high source gas potential of the Black Sea are appropriate for producible gas hydrate reservoirs, the sediments of the Black Sea appear to be generally fine grained with high clay content. Sandy-silt and silty sand layers in turbidites of the Black Sea might be potential producible hydrate reservoirs but these sediments are fine. As well as turbidites, separate thin sand layers might be potential gas hydrate reservoirs as an energy source in the Black Sea.     

Fingerprinting petroleum hydrocarbons in plankton and surface sediments during the spring and early summer blooms in the Galician coast (NW Spain) after the Prestige oil spill

Plankton samples (20-350 microm and >350 microm) collected at three transects along the Galician coast (NW Spain) were analysed for individual aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons by GC-MS. Sample collection was performed in April-July 2003, after the Prestige oil spill (November 2002), to determine whether the hydrocarbons released into the water column as a consequence of the spill were accumulated by the planktonic communities during the subsequent spring and early summer blooms. Surface sediments were also collected to assess the presence of the spilled oil, removed from the water column by downward particle transport. Plankton concentrations of PAHs (Sigma14 parent components) were in the range of 25-898 ng g(-1)dw, the highest values being close to coastal urban areas. However, the individual distributions were highly dominated by alkyl naphthalenes and phenanthrenes, paralleling those in the water dissolved fraction. The detailed study of petrogenic molecular markers (e.g. steranes and triterpanes, and methyl phenanthrenes and dibenzothiophenes) showed the occurrence of background petrogenic pollution but not related with the Prestige oil, with the possible exception of the station off Costa da Morte in May 2003, heavily oiled after the accident. The dominant northerly wind conditions during the spring and early summer 2003, which prevented the arrival of fresh oil spilled from the wreck, together with the heavy nature of the fuel oil, which was barely dispersed in seawater, and the large variability of planktonic cycles, could be the factors hiding the acute accumulation of the spilled hydrocarbons. Then, with the above exception, the concentrations of PAHs found in the collected samples, mostly deriving from chronic pollution, can be considered as the reference values for the region.     

Anatomy of a continent-backarc transform — The Vening Meinesz Fracture Zone northwest of New Zealand

The northwestern continental margin of New Zealand offers one of the finest examples of a continent-backarc transform. This transform, part of the Vening Meinesz Fracture Zone (VMFZ), accommodated about 170 km of sea-floor spreading in the Norfolk backare basin together with eastward migration of a volcanic arc, the Three Kings Ridge, in the Mid- to Late Miocene. Before the onset of spreading, strain along the VMFZ may have been linked to a major Early Miocene obduction event — the emplacement of the Northland Allochthon. The transform is manifested by a belt up to 50 km wide of left-stepping, linear fault scarps up to 2000 m high within an approximately 100 km-wide deformed zone. A marginal ridge, the Reinga Ridge, which includes a faulted, folded and uplifted Miocene sedimentary basin, occurs within the high-standing continental side of the deformed zone, whereas a narrow strip of linear detached blocks occupies the deep backarc oceanic side. Prespreading uplift and erosion of crust in the proto-backarc region, are volcanism, and obduction of the allochthon, supplied clastic sediments to the basin on the continental side. This basin was complexly deformed as the transform evolved. The transform was initiated as a dextral strike-slip fault zone, which developed right-branching splays and left-steps along its length, uplifting and cutting the continental margin into left-hand, en echelon blocks and relays. Folds formed locally within relay blocks and at the distal ends of the splays. Only the high continental side of this zone (the Reinga Ridge) remains, the formerly adjacent crust (the Three Kings Ridge) having been displaced towards the southeast. As the Three Kings block moved and the Norfolk Basin opened, opposing rift margins of the backarc basin foundered to form terraces. The oceanic side of the transform also subsided to produce the belt of detached blocks (some laterally displaced by strike slip) and linear troughs along the main escarpment system.     

A review of the ecology and management of temporarily open/closed estuaries in South Africa,with particular emphasis on river flow and mouth state as primary drivers of these systems

Research in South African temporarily open/closed estuaries that includes studies on the hydrodynamics, sediment dynamics, macronutrients, microalgae, macrophytes, zoobenthos, hyperbenthos, zooplankton, ichthyoplankton, fishes and birds is used as a basis to review the ecology and management of this estuary type on the subcontinent. Particular attention is given to the responses of the different ecosystem components to the opening and closing of the estuary mouth and how this is driven by riverine and marine events, as well as anthropogenic influences. In addition, the wider implications of these research findings for the management of temporarily open/closed estuaries in terms of freshwater supply are explored, together with the role of government legislation in maintaining the ecological integrity of these important wetland systems.