华北农业干旱和东北作物冷害监测预报研究

对比分析了气象卫星遥感资料反演的作物干旱区域、强度和实际观测资料，发现遥感反演的作物干旱区域、强度和实际观测资料有较好的一致性。建立了用于监测我国华北地区冬小麦生长期作物干旱的空间分布和强度的距平干旱遥感植被指数模型和干旱植被供水指数模型。     

哈密地区气象干旱监测指数研究

应用Z指数方法和帕默尔气象干旱指数基本原理的优点,选取哈密地区6个代表站1961—2010年逐月降水量资料,分南、北两个区域建立区域修正帕默尔气象干旱指数,确定了区域旱涝等级的划分标准。以计算得到的干旱指数与历史旱情记录进行对比验证,并与Z指数、降水距平百分率干旱指数对比分析,结果表明该干旱指数对干旱的反应符合历史实际,较Z指数、降水距平百分率干旱指数更适合当地应用。在此基础上,对哈密地区修正帕默尔气象干旱指数与旱情的关系及干旱发生的特征作了更进一步分析。     

应用FY-2地表蒸散产品监测西南特大干旱

基于能量平衡原理的卫星遥感地表蒸散产品具有清晰明确的物理含义,广泛地应用于遥感干旱监测领域。本研究以中国能量与水平衡监测系统（CEWBMS）和近11年的静止卫星遥感数据集为基础,利用FY-2/VISSR数据生成相对蒸散距平百分率（Percentage of Relative Evapotranspiration Anomaly,PRETA）产品,应用于全国范围的旱情连续监测。与极轨卫星同类产品相比,基于FY-2的PRETA产品在监测范围和频次上都具有明显的优势。由于距平百分率的引入,PRETA干旱指数等级划分不再与季节和地域气候类型等因素相关。针对2009年秋季至2010年春季西南大旱的监测结果进行了对比分析和统计,结果表明PRETA干旱指数真实客观地反映了旱情时空变化,面平均的PRETA和降水距平百分率时间序列变化趋势显示出良好的一致性,PRETA与10 cm土壤相对湿度有较高的相关性。本研究为实时、大范围、高分辨率、定量和动态卫星遥感监测干旱提供了切实可行的方法。     

Palmer干旱指数与降水距平在陕西对比应用

利用陕西省96个气象站1971-2005年月平均气温、降水资料,计算各气象站35 a逐月帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)和降水距平百分率.对比分析表明:PDSI不是采用简单的时段平均,它考虑因子全面,除降水外,还考虑蒸散、气温等综合因素,并引入气候适宜值的概念,因此计算结果与实际基本吻合,能反映出干旱过程,具有更大的时空尺度.在夏季高温蒸发较大的地区,PDSI比降水距平百分率描述干旱强度更准确.     

用三种干旱指数对比分析春季干旱等级

用铜川、耀州区和宜君县气象站2007年4—6月和2008年5月土壤墒情和降水量观测资料,对比分析降水量距平百分率、相对湿润度和土壤相对湿度指数在确定春季干旱等级时的差异,发现3种干旱指数在确定季度时间尺度干旱等级时,结论基本一致,但月时间尺度干旱等级的确定,降水量距平百分率和相对湿润度结论相差不大,土壤相对湿度指数滞后比较明显。降水量距平百分率和相对湿润度干旱指数比较适合确定气候干旱,土壤相对湿度指数适合确定农业干旱。     

黄淮海平原冬小麦最大可能蒸散的估算

作物最大可能蒸散考虑了作物及当地地表状况,为当地地表实际覆盖情况下实际蒸散的理论上限值,能客观分析作物对水分的需求程度和农业干旱状况。基于遥感（叶面积指数和地表反照率）数据和逐日气象数据,利用Penman-Monteith公式,计算黄淮海平原小麦种植区27个气象站冬小麦生育期2000-2015年逐日蒸散,提取得到冬小麦生育期逐日最大可能蒸散数据集,并分析其时空变化特征及成因。结果表明:与联合国粮农组织（FAO）单作物系数法计算的最大可能蒸散E_k对比,区域平均最大可能蒸散E_c的时间变化趋势与E_k一致,空间分布上E_c符合客观实际。黄淮海平原冬小麦全生育期、越冬期和返青-拔节期E_c均呈北低南高的分布特征,日平均值分别为1.99 mm,0.44 mm和2.75 mm;其余3个生育期（越冬前、抽穗期、乳熟-成熟期）在空间分布上差异不大,日平均值分别为1.23 mm,4.71 mm和3.74 mm。冬小麦不同生育期（含全生育期）E_c的空间分布主要受叶面积指数分布特征的影响,二者呈显著正相关关系。     

干旱指数在淮河流域的适用性对比

利用淮河流域河南、安徽、山东、江苏4省170个站1961—2010年逐日气温、降水以及土壤墒情和干旱灾情资料,从干旱年际变化、季节演变、空间分布、典型干旱过程诊断、不合理跳跃点以及与土壤墒情、干旱灾情相关性等方面,对比分析降水距平百分率 (Pa)、Z指数、标准化降水指数 (SPI)、相对湿润度指数 (MI)、综合气象干旱指数 (CI) 和改进的CI (CINew) 在淮河流域的适用性。结果表明:各干旱指数对淮河流域的典型旱年均有较好的诊断能力;在干旱季节演变及空间分布的诊断方面,Pa,MI,CI和CINew与实际较为吻合,而Z指数和SPI诊断效果较差;在典型干旱过程诊断以及不合理跳跃次数方面,CI和CINew更能刻画出干旱发生发展机制,而Pa,Z指数,SPI,MI效果较差;与土壤墒情和历史干旱灾情相关性方面,CI和CINew比Pa,Z指数,SPI,MI具有更好的相关性。即对于淮河流域的干旱监测诊断,CI和CINew要优于Pa,Z指数,SPI及MI,具有更好的适用性。     

基于Penman-Monteith模型的蒸散模拟评估分析

根据南京地区粳稻、籼稻两个品种水稻分别在干旱、水层条件下的逐时、逐日蒸散量观测资料,采用Penman-Monteith模型(以下简称PM模型)对水稻蒸散量进行模拟,并对比模拟蒸散值与观测蒸散值。通过计算,对PM模型的可靠性进行验证。结果表明:(1)水层条件下PM模型的精度比干旱条件下高。(2)模拟值乘以作物系数后,与蒸散实际测量值更加接近。(3)通过敏感性分析可知,使用PM模型进行蒸散量模拟时,方程中各个因子取值的准确性对模拟结果的精确度有较大影响,计算时要合理确定各个因子值。(4)水层条件下稻田的蒸散量明显大于干旱条件下的蒸散量。     

内蒙古典型草原区域Palmer气象干旱指数适用性分析

本研究选取我国内蒙古典型草原下垫面区域,进行PDSI在半干旱半湿润典型草原下垫面下的适用性分析。从各单点PDSI结果与区域平均PDSI的相关性结果以及PDSI与降水距平百分率、标准化降水蒸散指数、归一化植被指数以及实际干旱记载对比分析可以看出,PDSI结果与其余各干旱指标对比分析结果无论在时间趋势的一致性还是空间分布的吻合程度方面均很好的对应,说明PDSI在典型草原下垫面区域具有较好适用性,能很好反映此类下垫面状况下的干湿状况;同时,PDSI在指示频繁交替的旱涝时存在时间滞后性。研究结果可为PDSI在类似区域的精细化应用及在其余下垫面状况下的适用性分析提供参考。     

多种干旱指数在三穗县干旱分析中的比较

利用1958—2013年三穗气象站逐日降水、温度和蒸发资料,计算降水距平百分率、标准化降水指数、MCI指数和K指数;并将计算结果与实况干旱资料进行详细对比、综合分析。结果表明:三穗县一年四季都可能发生干旱,历年平均有4—6个月发生干旱,且以轻旱和中旱为主;4种干旱指数对三穗县干旱监测均有一定的指示作用,采用"综合评定、侧重考虑"的原则监测三穗县区域干旱效果较好。对月尺度干旱,运用MCI指数和K指数综合评定较符合实际;对季尺度干旱,SPI指数对春、秋季干旱的评估效果较好,K指数对夏季干旱的评估效果较好。     

Assessment of an Evapotranspiration Deficit Drought Index in Relation to Impacts on Ecosystems

Ecosystems have increasingly been subject to the challenge of heavy drought under global warming. To quantitatively evaluate the impacts of drought on ecosystems, it is necessary to develop a drought index that can sensitively depict the response of vegetation to drought evolution at a biological time scale. For the ability of direct connection between climate and ecosystem by deficit of evapotranspiration, in the present study, a drought index was defined based on standardized evapotranspiration deficit (SEDI), according to the difference between actual and potential evapotranspiration, to meet the need for highlighting drought impacts on ecological processes. Comparisons with traditional indices show that SEDI can reasonably detect droughts and climatic dry and wet transitions, especially at a monthly time scale, and can also regenerate long-term trends. Moreover, SEDI can more sensitively capture the biological changes of ecosystems in response to the dynamics of drought intensity, compared with the indices of precipitation and temperature. SEDI is more practical than the precipitation and temperature indices to highlight signals of biological effects in climate droughts. Hence, it has potential for use in assessments of climate change and its impact on ecosystems.     

联合干旱指数在干旱监测中的应用——以广东韶关地区为例

气候变化影响了水循环与地区的水量平衡过程,一定程度上改变了干旱的形成与演变条件。以标准化降水量与蒸散发量差值表征水分偏离正常程度的标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)为基础,从多时间尺度联合的视角建立联合干旱指数(JDI),并以广东韶关为例分析修正的新指数JDI在干旱监测中的准确性和有效性。结果表明,综合了不同时间尺度干旱特征信息的JDI能够较全面地反映干旱的形成与演进过程。通过对干旱监测的评价以及与实际旱情的对比分析,验证了联合干旱指数JDI在实际干旱监测中的准确性和有效性,其可作为未来干旱监测的新理想指标。     

中国区域性骤发干旱特征分析

基于国家气象信息中心2 400多个观测站的候平均日最高气温、GLDAS 2.0/2.1的土壤湿度、蒸散发资料和ERA5的500 hPa位势高度、925 hPa风场再分析资料,定义了格点骤发干旱指数,在分析1979—2017年4—9月中国区域骤发干旱气候特征和骤发干旱指数的经验正交展开空间模态的基础上,确定骤发干旱发生频繁及变率大的区域,给出了区域性骤发干旱事件的识别标准,并对其演变过程进行合成分析,最后分析了典型个例的要素和环流特征。结果表明:骤发干旱多发于我国南方夏季,其中7月最多,以湖南和浙江地区发生最为频繁,这两个区域也是骤发干旱发生气候变率最大的区域。合成分析显示,高温是两个区域骤发干旱爆发的主要驱动因素:干旱爆发前一候,气温迅速升高,蒸散发快速增大,土壤湿度下降明显。2013年6—7月在湖南区域爆发了两次骤发干旱事件。第一次干旱爆发前,湖南地区500 hPa位势高度迅速增大,异常下沉气流导致降水减少和绝热增温,蒸散发随气温升高而增加,使土壤湿度减少,这次干旱由高温驱动;第二次干旱爆发前期,明显偏西、偏北且稳定的西北太平洋副热带高压使地表太阳净辐射通量增强、近地层的偏南气流使高温维持,蒸散发随降水而变化,这次干旱为降水减少所驱动,高温起促进作用。     

Two Types of Flash Drought and Their Connections with Seasonal Drought

Flash drought is a rapidly intensifying drought with abnormally high temperature, which has greatly threatened crop yields and water supply, and aroused wide public concern in a warming climate. However, the preferable hydrometeorological conditions for flash drought and its association with conventional drought at longer time scales remain unclear. Here, we investigate two types of flash drought over China: one is high-temperature driven (Type I), while the other is water-deficit driven (Type II). Results show that the frequencies of the two types of flash drought averaged over China during the growing season are comparable. Type I flash drought tends to occur over southern China, where moisture supply is sufficient, while Type II is more likely to occur over semi-arid regions such as northern China. Both types of flash drought increase significantly (p0.01) during 1979-2010, with a doubled rise in Type I as compared with Type II. Composite analysis shows that high temperature quickly increases evapotranspiration (ET) and reduces soil moisture from two pentads before the onset of Type I flash drought. In contrast, there are larger soil moisture deficits two pentads before the onset of Type II flash drought, leading to a decrease in ET and increase in temperature. For flash drought associated with seasonal drought, there is a greater likelihood of occurrence during the onset and recovery phases of seasonal drought, suggesting perfect conditions for flash drought during transition periods. This study provides a basis for the early warning of flash drought by connecting multiscale drought phenomena.     

Regional estimates of evapotranspiration over Northern China using a remote-sensing-based triangle interpolation method

Regional estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) are critical for a wide range of applications. Satellite remote sensing is a promising tool for obtaining reasonable ET spatial distribution data. However, there are at least two major problems that exist in the regional estimation of ET from remote sensing data. One is the conflicting requirements of simple data over a wide region, and accuracy of those data. The second is the lack of regional ET products that cover the entire region of northern China. In this study, we first retrieved the evaporative fraction (EF) by interpolating from the difference of day/night land surface temperature ( T ) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) triangular-shaped scatter space. Then, ET was generated from EF and land surface meteorological data. The estimated eight-day EF and ET results were validated with 14 eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements in the growing season (July-September) for the year2008 over the study area. The estimated values agreed well with flux tower measurements, and this agreement was highly statistically significant for both EF and ET (p <0.01), with the correlation coefficient for EF (R2 =0.64) being relatively higher than for ET (R2 =0.57). Validation with EC-measured ET showed the mean RMSE and bias were 0.78 mm d-1 (22.03 W m-2 ) and 0.31 mm d-1 (8.86 W m-2 ), respectively. The ET over the study area increased along a clear longitudinal gradient, which was probably controlled by the gradient of precipitation, green vegetation fractions, and the intensity of human activities. The satellite-based estimates adequately captured the spatial and seasonal structure of ET. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of this simple but practical method for monitoring ET over regions with heterogeneous surface areas.     

近30年安徽省地表干湿时空变化及对农业影响

采用FAO Penman-Monteith模型, 并利用安徽省辐射观测资料对其净辐射项进行修正, 计算近30年安徽省的参考作物蒸散量。用此计算值和相应时段的降水量计算干燥度 (I_a), 并进行了基于干燥度指标不同时间尺度的区域地表干湿状况变化分析。分析表明:1971—2000年安徽省年干燥度平均值I_a=1的等值线为湿润区和半湿润区的分界线, 该分界线与1000 mm的年雨量线有很好的一致性, 同时也具有清晰的农业意义。20世纪70—90年代I_a=1的等值线南北波动, 其波动区域正是安徽省江淮分水岭易旱区。在此基础上分析了半湿润区、波动区域和湿润区降水量、参考作物蒸散量和干燥度年代际、年际和半年际的变化趋势及变异率以及逐月干旱频率及其对农业的影响。     

The Limiting Effect of Deep Soil Water on Evapotranspiration of a Subtropical Coniferous Plantation Subjected to Seasonal Drought简

Seasonal drought is a common occurrence in humid climates.The year 2003 was the driest year during the period 1985-2011 in southeastern China.The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of the exceptional drought in 2003,compared with eddy flux measurements during 2004-11,on the dynamics of evapotranspiration （ET） and related factors,as well as their underlying mechanisms,in a subtropical coniferous plantation in southeastern China.It was found that daily ET decreased from 5.34 to 1.84 mm during the intensive drought period and recovered to 4.80 mm during the subsquent recovering drought period.Path analysis indicated that ET was mainly determined by canopy conductance and deep soil water content （50 cm） during the intensive drought and recovering drought periods,respectively.The canopy conductance offset the positive effect of air vapor pressure deficit on ET when suffering drought stress,while the canopy conductance enhanced the positive effect of air temperature on ET during the late growing season.Because the fine roots of this plantation are mainly distributed in shallow soil,and the soil water in the upper 40 cm did not satisfy the demand for ET,stomatal closure and defoliation were evident as physiological responses to drought stress.     

西藏近35年地表湿润指数变化特征及其影响因素

利用1971-2005年西藏25个气象站月平均最高气温、最低气温、风速、相对湿度、日照时数、降水量等资料,应用Penman-Monteith模犁计算了最大潜在蒸散、地表湿润指数,分析了其空间分布、年际变化特征及季节差异,并讨论了影响地表湿润指数变化的气象因子.研究表明:近35年,西藏年降水量表现为显著的增加趋势,增幅为15.0 mm/(10 a);年最大潜在蒸散呈不同程度的减小趋势,为-4.6--71.6 mm/(10 a).阿里地区西南部、聂拉木年地表湿润指数为不显著的减小趋势,其他各地均呈增大趋势,增幅为0.02-0.09.就西藏平均而言,年地表湿润指数以0.04/10 a的速率显著增大,尤其足近25年增幅更为明显.各季节地表湿润指数也表现为增大趋势,以夏季增幅最明显.20世纪70年代剑80年代主要表现为以低温低湿为主的年际变化特征,进入90年代后,气温持续升高,地表湿润指数明显增加,呈现山暖湿型的气候特征.降水量和相对湿度的明显增加,以及平均气温日较差的显著减小是地表湿润指数显著增加的主要原因,平均风速和日照时数的明显减少,在湿润指数增加趋势中也起着重要作用.     

滕州市近50年气候干湿变化

利用滕州市1956~2005年降水量、平均气温资料,用Holdridge干燥度指数来分析近50年气候干湿变化趋势和特征。滕州市近50年来在年生物温度、年可能蒸散量极显著上升背景下,年降水量不显著的减小趋势,造成年水分盈亏量显著亏损及年干燥度指数显著增大,总体呈现暖干化趋势。年干燥度指数变化有明显的阶段性,干湿期交替变化,大体经历了3个湿期和2个干期。1976年年干燥度指数发生由偏湿向偏干的突变,突变后气候类型分布发生显著变化。通过对近50年年干燥度指数滑动平均值和标准差分析发现:随着干燥度指数平均值的增大,异常湿事件明显减少,而异常干事件明显增多,同时,随着标准差的增大,异常干湿事件频率明显增大。