喀什地区1961—201O年最大冻土深度变化

利用1961—2010年喀什地区所属喀什市、莎车县、巴楚县、塔什库尔干县等4个代表性站50a的年最大冻土深度、冬季平均气温、极端最低气温、极端最低地温等资料,采用气候趋势系数和气候倾向率方法,对1961年以来喀什地区最大冻土深度变化进行了分析。结果表明,喀什地区平原多年平均最大冻土深度为48．1cm,年际最大值与最小值深度差为82cm,年际变化总体呈明显的减小趋势,其变化倾向率为-3．8cm／10a,年代际变化呈阶梯状逐渐减小,冻土深度减小主要受冬季平均气温升高的影响,气温每升高1℃,冻土深度减小7．75cm;山区多年平均最大冻土深度为148．8cm,年际最大值与最小值深度差为88cm,年际变化总体呈明显的减小趋势,其变化倾向率为-2．5cm／10a。     

近55 a佳木斯地区最大冻土深度变化特征及其影响因子的分析

利用1961-2010年佳木斯、富锦2个代表站55 a的最大冻土深度及影响冻土的降雪、冬季温度等资料,采用气候趋势系数和气候倾向率的方法,对1961年以来佳木斯地区最大冻土深度变化进行了分析。结果表明,佳木斯地区最大冻土深度年际变化呈减小趋势,西部减小趋势明显大于东部;影响最大冻土深度变化的主要因子是最大积雪深度和冬季平均降水量,而且两者是呈负相关,相关系数通过信度为0.001的显著性检验。     

山西最大冻土深度时空分布特征

基于山西68个气象观测站1960—2018年月最大冻土深度资料,应用EOF和小波分析等方法,研究山西年最大冻土深度的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)1960—2018年山西68站平均年最大冻土深度平均值为71 cm,极端最大值为192 cm,极端最小值为7 cm。近59 a山西68站平均年最大冻土深度呈显著减小趋势,气候倾向率为-1.394 cm·(10 a)^(-1),且在1986年发生一次显著的气候突变。(2)山西68站平均年最大冻土深度存在准4 a周期。(3)山西年最大冻土深度空间分布整体上南浅北深、东浅西深。(4)山西年最大冻土深度EOF分解前2个模态的累积方差贡献率达58.4%,第1模态空间型为全省一致型,第2模态空间型为南北反向型。     

1961-2007年台安县气候变化特征分析

在全球变化背景下,台安县气候变化地域特征明显。本文利用1961—2007年的气候资料,通过气候倾向率和Mann-Kendall检测等方法,研究了台安县气候变化特征。结果表明:近47 a来,台安县气候明显变暖,平均气温以0.34℃/10 a的速度上升,积温净增加约260 ℃或以上,冬季增温对气候变暖的贡献最大,直接导致冬季最大冻土深度以3.6 cm/10 a速度变浅。年降水量出现减少趋势,春、夏季降水量减少比较明显,极端降水日数无变化规律。四季日照时数明显减少,不利于绿色植物的光合作用。近47 a间,除了年平均最高气温和降水量外,平均气温、年日照时数、平均最低气温、最大冻土深度、大于等于10 ℃积温和大于等于0 ℃积温等要素都发生了显著突变,但突变时间存在差异。     

锡林郭勒盟近58a冻土深度的时空分布特征

利用锡林郭勒盟1961—2018年近58a有完整记录的11个气象站的最大冻土深度、冬季11月—翌年3月平均气温和平均地面最低温度资料,利用描述分析、线性趋势拟合、相关性检验、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,对锡林郭勒盟最大冻土深度的时间演变、空间分布及与气温、地温的关系进行了分析。结果表明:二连浩特市最大冻土深度的均方差和变差系数最大,稳定性最差;东乌珠穆沁旗、二连浩特市最大冻土深度变浅幅度最大,气候倾向率为-16.25cm/10a和-15.48cm/10a;20世纪70年代是近58a来最大冻土深度最深的时期;全盟11个站中有5个站最大冻土深度发生突变现象,其中一个站突变点在1982年,其他4个站突变点在1989—1991年;锡林郭勒盟最大冻土深度的空间分布特征为东深西浅、北深南浅;锡林郭勒盟各站11月到翌年3月平均气温和平均地面最低温度均呈上升的趋势;最大冻土深度和平均气温、平均地面最低温度均呈负相关,部分台站相关性显著,随着气温和地温的升高冻土深度在变浅。     

高寒地区冻土活动层变化特征分析

利用1960-2010年黑龙江省83个气象站的冻土和0 cm地温资料,采用线性回归和多项式回归方法,分析了黑龙江省冻土活动层的时空变化特征,揭示了黑龙江省五个典型气候区域最大冻土深度的变化趋势与特征,讨论了黑龙江省冻土活动层的影响因子。结果表明：黑龙江省冻土活动层冻结开始于9月份,至冬季3月份冻土深度达到最大值,8月份时冻土厚度接近于0 cm。由北向南,最大冻土深度逐渐变小,冻结开始时间逐渐推迟,融化结束时间逐渐提前。黑龙江省最大冻土深度均呈显著减小趋势,存在明显的退化趋势。从年代际变化上看,20世纪90年代前黑龙江省最大冻土深度变化不大,最大冻土深度较深,90年代后最大冻土深度呈显著减小趋势。高纬度地区地温低,在同等条件下冻土深度较低纬度地区大。     

1959—2018年沈阳地区冻土时空变化特征

利用1959年10月至2018年4月沈阳地区7个气象站逐日冻土观测资料、逐日平均气温、逐日平均地温及5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、20 cm、40 cm地温观测资料,分析了近60 a沈阳地区最大冻土深度的时空变化特征,并探讨了其对气候变暖的响应。结果表明：近60 a来沈阳地区冻土一般在10月开始出现,翌年4月消融。1959-2018年沈阳地区年平均月最大冻土深度在2月和3月最大,10月最小;年最大冻土深度以-4.8 cm/10 a的速度显著变浅,年代平均最大冻土深度也呈变浅趋势。相关分析表明,近60 a沈阳地区日最大冻土深度与日平均气温、地温呈显著负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.60和-0.72。Mann-Kendall检验表明,7个气象站年平均最大冻土深度均有突变发生,突变点大多出现在20世纪80年代。近60 a沈阳地区最大冻土深度开始日期和结束日期分别呈延后和提前趋势,趋势率分别为1.0 d/10 a和-3.2 d/10 a。1959-2018年沈阳地区平均冻土持续时间为164 d,年变化呈缩短趋势,趋势率为-4.4 d/10 a。     

哈密绿洲近55年日照和风速变化特征

利用哈密绿洲1961—2015年6个国家气象站逐日日照时数和风速观测资料,采用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法研究该地区近55a日照时数和风速的年际、年代际、季和月的变化特征。结果表明:近55a哈密绿洲日照时数和风速年际、年代际变化幅度都较大,最小值均出现在20世纪90年代,最大值出现时间明显不同,日照时数出现在2011年,风速在1966年。哈密绿洲日照时数呈显著增加趋势,气候倾向率为6.5h/10a,以红柳河增加最突出,气候倾向率达22.0h/10a;年平均风速呈明显的减少趋势,气候倾向率为-0.06(m/s)/10a,以哈密减小的趋势最明显,气候倾向率达到-3.5(m/s)/10a。日照时数没有明显突变,1975年为风速明显减小的突变年。日照时数存在准9a的年际振荡周期和准20a的年代际振荡周期,风速存在准10a、18a年代际振荡周期。     

和田河流域气候变化特征分析

利用和田河流域和田市气象站1961-2000年的气温和降水量资料，分析了和田河流域气温和降水量的年代际以及线性趋势变化。分析表明和田河流域气候演变存在非常明显的年际和年代际变化，近40年和田市年平均气温呈上升趋势，倾向率为0．26℃／10a，降水量总体呈增多趋势，其倾向率为1．56mm／10a。20世纪90年代增温十分明显，1999年是近40年来和田河流域最暖的一年。     

近50年来辽宁省冻土的时空变化特征

利用辽宁省61个气象站1964—2013年的冻土观测资料,采用线性回归、相关性分析、不同气候期对比等方法,结合ArcGIS分析了辽宁省冻土的空间和时间变化特征。结果表明:辽宁省冻土随纬度呈带状分布;土壤冻结具有明显的季节变化特征,冻结期在10月至翌年5月,冬末春初冻结的面积和深度达到最大值;冻结日自北向南逐渐推迟,消融日则相反;在全球变暖背景下,冻土深度随温度的上升而减小;大部分地区年平均气温和地表温度与最大冻土深度呈显著负相关,是影响冻土深度的重要因素;从各气候期100cm等深度线也可以明显看出最大冻土深度呈逐渐减小趋势。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on