气候变化对我国小麦发育及产量可能影响的模拟研究

利用随机天气模型, 将气候模式对大气中CO₂倍增时预测的气候情景与CERES-小麦模式相连接, 研究了气候变化对我国冬小麦和春小麦生产的可能影响.结果表明, 气候变化后小麦发育将加快, 生育期缩短, 冬小麦平均缩短7.3天, 春小麦平均缩短10.5天, 春小麦生育期缩短的绝对数和相对数均大于冬小麦.籽粒产量呈下降趋势, 冬小麦平均减产7%~8%, 雨养条件下比水分适宜时减产幅度略大.春小麦的减产幅度大于冬小麦, 水分适宜时平均减产17.7%, 雨养时平均减产31.4%.     

海河低平原春季气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响

根据海河低平原气候与小麦产量资料,对气候环境及其对冬小麦产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,近56 a海河低平原春季气温线性升高倾向显著,平均每10 a升高0.38℃;春季降水不存在明显的线性增大或减少趋势,2000年以来的气候环境不利于冬小麦生产。冬小麦气候单产与春季气温、降水有很好的对应关系,当气温距平为0.2～1.2℃时,小麦气候产量为正值;温度过低或过高都会使小麦减产,高温使小麦减产更严重;近年来气温持续偏高,小麦气候单产持续偏低。冬小麦产量对春季降水的需求有一个极限值,降水异常偏多和异常偏少都会使小麦减产。研究认为,通过改进种植模式、改善农田小气候,开展人工影响天气增加地面有效降水,可以增加小麦气候单产。     

基于积分回归法甘肃省冬小麦产量动态预报

冬小麦是甘肃省主要粮食作物之一,开展甘肃省冬小麦产量动态预报对全省粮食生产和粮食安全具有重要意义.利用1985—2013年甘肃省冬麦区16个地面气象观测站逐日气象资料和冬小麦产量资料,基于积分回归原理以旬为时间尺度,分析了影响陇中、陇东、陇南地区冬小麦生产的主要气象要素和关键时期,并分别建立了3月下旬、4月下旬和5月下旬甘肃省冬小麦产量动态预报模型.结果表明:降水和温度对甘肃省冬小麦气象产量影响较大,其中降水量增加对各冬麦区基本均为正效应,尤其在麦田休闲期和返青拔节期更显著;苗期—越冬前期和拔节期—孕穗期气温升高对冬小麦为负效应,越冬后期—返青起身期气温升高对陇中和陇东冬麦区正效应较明显.通过近5 a试预报检验表明,建立的冬小麦动态产量预报模型平均预报准确率达96%以上,可满足业务服务的需要.     

气候变化对河西走廊中部地区主要农作物的影响

利用河西走廊中部的张掖市6县区30 a(1981～2010)的气温、降水数据及主要农作物春小麦、玉米的生育期及产量资料,运用数理统计和积分回归进行统计分析了河西走廊中部30 a来的气候变化(温度、降水)特征及气候变化(气温、降水)对主要农作物(春小麦、玉米)生育期及产量的影响。结果表明,随着气候变暖,河西走廊中部30 a年来平均气温总体呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为3.85℃/100 a,各地年降水量均明显增加,年平均降水量从1980年代的191.1 mm增加到近10 a的210.5mm;河西走廊中部气候变暖使该地区春小麦、玉米播种期提前,使小麦的生育期缩短,玉米的生育期延长。气温升高对春小麦、玉米不同生育期及产量形成的影响效应不同;降水增多对春小麦、玉米的各生育期及产量形成呈现出不同的影响效应,且影响效应表现出地域性差异。     

1981—2016年河南省冬小麦产量对气象因素变化的响应

基于河南省19812016年18个农业气象观测站的冬小麦观测资料及气象资料,采用一元线性回归法、偏相关分析法和多元线性回归模拟等,分析河南省冬小麦生长发育和产量对气候变化的响应。结果表明：河南省冬小麦出苗返青期和开花成熟期延长,返青开花期缩短,全生育期缩短。全生育期内最高气温和最低气温呈升高趋势,降水量变化不明显,太阳辐射呈减少趋势,不同生长阶段内各气象要素变化趋势不一致。最高气温与小麦气象产量为负相关关系,最低气温、太阳辐射与小麦气象产量为正相关关系,降水量与不同区域的小麦气象产量相关关系不同。小麦相对气象产量与各气象要素敏感性分析结果表明：不同生长阶段小麦相对气象产量对各气象要素变化的敏感性不同;小麦生长时期内最高气温升高1 ℃,相对气象产量减少约16.00%;最低气温升高1 ℃,相对气象产量增加约17.00%;降水量减少10.00%,相对气象产量增加约0.35%;太阳辐射减少10.00%,相对气象产量减少约1.70%。     

增温对华北冬小麦生产影响的试验研究

为了探索和验证未来地表气温升高对中国冬小麦生产的影响,了解冬小麦生长发育和产量对增温响应的基本特征,在田间条件下采用红外辐射器增温的方法(FATI)对冬小麦全生育期进行昼夜增温处理,分析了增温对冬小麦生长发育和产量构成及其耗水量的影响。结果表明,全生育期增温使冬小麦返青期显著提前,冬后生育阶段整体前移10d以上,全生育期天数减少,但营养生长时间大幅增加,开花至乳熟时间延长,乳熟至成熟时间缩短;在偏冷年份,增温处理保障了小麦的正常分蘖和生长,株高显著提高,有效穗数比对照增加27.4%,籽粒产量比对照大幅增加;在偏暖年份,增温导致小麦穗分化时间延长,穗粒数增加,灌浆中后期遭受高温危害,千粒重显著降低,产量下降;增温致使冬小麦生产耗水量增加。就华北冬小麦而言,冬季及早春一定幅度的升温有利于小麦生产,但增幅过大可能会导致不利结果;而春末夏初升温对小麦生产是不利的。     

气候变化对冬小麦播期的影响

对驻马店市冬小麦播种期1960～2000年气象资料分析结果表明秋、冬季气温随时间升高,特别是冬小麦播种的适宜温度期逐渐推迟;1990年以后,9月25日～10月15日降水量逐渐减少,10月15～30日降水量基本与20世纪80年代持平.因此,冬小麦必须调整播期,适当晚播.     

甘肃西峰地区麦田蒸散研究

分析了西峰站连续四年的作物发育状况和土壤湿度的观测资料,得出了麦田蒸散耗水的基本规律。探讨了影响小麦生长发育和产量形成的关键需水期。提出作物耗水特性系数的概念,并以此评判冬小麦发育期水分的供需状况,得出两年度冬小麦产量偏低的原因在于拔节－成熟期耗水特性系数明显偏小。建议及时灌孕穗水降低不孕小穗率,灌灌浆水提高小麦重粒重。     

气压与小麦产量模式

一、本文的主要目的是研制用气候资料模拟一种小麦产量预报方法,以减少缺乏气象和作物资料的限制作用。大范围小麦产区产量线性回归方程的主要预报因子是逐月海平面气庄平均值,为美国大平原冬、春小麦区、加拿大萨斯喀彻温春小麦区和苏联冬小麦区制定的小麦产量预报模式可以用来预测这三个国家的小麦产量。其次,则是建立谷物预报与大尺度大气状况的相关关系。过去,为了说明和预报不同时间尺度的地区性天气和气候,在一些判别和预报研究中经常使用海平面气压和700毫巴高度的历史资料。纳米亚斯(Namias)介绍过制作30天天气展望的方法,克莱因(Klein)则介绍了研制和应用5日天气预报的技术。库茨巴赫(Kutzbach)用经验正交函数(特征矢量和基本项目)研究了北美大陆气压、温度和降水分布之间的相互关系。他指出:这三个气候要素之     

气象条件对2010年冬小麦生长发育的影响

根据冬小麦生长发育的农业气象指标,利用对比分析的方法得出影响2010年冬小麦产量构成的有利气象因素是:底墒水充足,各生育阶段降水分布适宜,土壤水分条件较好.在分(蘖)一越冬开始期平均气温偏低,冬前积温不足,不利于晚播小麦分集成穗.春季低温冷害对小麦小花分化有一定影响,但幼穗分化时间长,灌浆期温度适宜,光照充足,灌浆时间...     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O3 and CO2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part II: Simulation Results and Analyses

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the enrichment of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide concentration at striking rates has caused effects on biosphere, especially on crops. It is generally accepted that the increase of CO2 concentration will have obverse effects on plant productivity while ozone is reported as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. The Model of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Agroecosystems (DNDC) was adapted to evaluate simultaneously impacts of climate change on winter wheat. Growth development and yield formation of winter wheat under different O3 and CO2 concentration conditions are simulated with the improved DNDC model whose structure has been described in another paper. Through adjusting the DNDC model applicability, winter wheat growth and development in Gucheng Station were simulated well in 1993 and 1999, which is in favor of modifying the model further. The model was validated against experiment observation, including development stage data, leaf area index, each organ biomass, and total aboveground biomass. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the simulated results in development stage and biomass were sensitive to temperature change. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: 1) The growth and yield of winter wheat under CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv, 700 ppmv and the current ozone concentration are simulated respectively by the model. The results are well fitted with the observed data of OTCs experiments. The results show that increase of CO2 concentration may improve the growth of winter wheat and elevate the yield. 2) The growth and yield of winter wheat under O3 concentration of 50 ppbv, 100 ppbv, 200 ppbv and the based concentration CO2 are simulated respectively by the model. The simulated curves of stem, leaf, and spike organs growth as well as leaf area index are well accounted with the observed data. The results reveal that ozone has negative e ects on the growth and yield of winter wheat. Ozone accelerates the process of leaf senescence and causes yield loss. Under very high ozone concentration, crops are damaged dramatically and even dead. 3) At last, by the model possible effects of air temperature change and combined effects of O3 and CO2 are estimated respectively. The results show that doubled CO2 concentration may alleviate negative effect of O3 on biomass and yield of winter wheat when ozone concentration is about 70-80 ppbv. The obverse effects of CO2 are less than the adverse effects of O3 when the concentration of ozone is up to 100 ppbv. Future work should determine whether it can be applied to other species by adjusting the values of related parameters, and whether the model can be adapted to predict ozone e ects on crops in farmland environment.     

利用WOFOST作物模型研究气候变暖对冬小麦产量的影响

全球气候变暖已经成为一个不争的事实,开展气候变化对冬小麦产量影响的数值模拟对制定农业政策以适应气候变化具有重要意义。本文使用荷兰瓦赫宁根大学开发的WOFOST模型,利用太谷2000年和2001年的数据对WOFOST模型进行验证,确定该模型在山西太谷地区的适用性。文章分析了太谷地区气温变化趋势,假定以1985年-2007年的变暖趋势增温,假设其它条件不变,从而构建了100年内每10a的时间间隔的气象情形。以这些气象情形驱动验证好的模型模拟100年内每10a的时间间隔气候变暖对冬小麦产量的影响。模拟结果表明,气温变化对冬小麦产量的影响不是单一的,未来冬小麦的产量是波动变化的。     

AN AGROMETEOROLOGICAL MODEL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL THERMAL INDEX FOR WINTER WHEAT DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY STAGE

Based on full consideration of the winter wheat biological characters,an agrometeorologicalmodel of physiological thermal index of winter wheat including vernalization and photoperiodresponse is established,in which the influence of diurnal variation of temperature,effectivetemperature and daylength on the development of winter wheat during the period from emergenceto elongation are comprehensively considered.Validation of the model using the data taken fromthe experiments of wheat ecology in China shows that the model behaves well with mean error lessthan 3 days.     

北方冬小麦冬季冻害及播期延迟应对

全球变暖背景下, 我国北方冬麦区冬季冻害是否仍是主要气象灾害,冬小麦播期延迟是否能作为应对气候变化的措施,成为当前亟待解决的科学问题。研究表明:1981—2000年北方冬麦区偏北地区冬季冻害指数与冬小麦减产率相关系数为0.62(达到0.001显著性水平),即2000年前冬季冻害是冬小麦减产的主要气象灾害之一;2000年后冻害与冬小麦减产率相关不显著,即冬季冻害已不再是冬小麦减产的主要影响因子。2018—2021年的冬小麦分期播种试验分析表明:山东泰安和陕西咸阳主栽的冬小麦品种播期推迟,冬前积温和生长季积温明显减少,导致冬小麦植株高度、地上总干重和叶面积指数减小;播期推迟对产量结构造成不利影响,有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均分别减少,导致减产,播期推迟10 d平均减产22%,推迟20 d平均减产40%。因此,冬小麦推迟播期并未产生积极效应, 可能原因是当前冬小麦播期和主栽的冬小麦品种已适应当地气候变化。     

干旱综合防御技术对小麦生长和产量的影响

1998年10月至2000年6月进行的冬小麦大干旱综合防御技术集成试验表明，充足的底墒水、深耕、秸杆翻压还田、秸杆覆盖、喷施防旱剂和有限灌溉等是防御冬小麦干旱、减少土壤水分无效消耗的有效措施，对小麦叶面积、干物重和产量形成有明显的影响。综合运用以上措施，可使冬小麦叶面积、干物重和产量形成有明显的影响。综合运用以上措施，可使冬小麦增产10％以上，水分利用效率提高30％以上，每公顷增收节支500－800元。     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O_3 and CO_2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part Ⅱ: Simulation Results and Analyses

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the enrichment of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide concentration at striking rates has caused effects on biosphere, especially on crops. It is generally accepted that the increase of CO2 concentration will have obverse effects on plant productivity while ozone is reported as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. The Model of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Agroecosystems (DNDC) was adapted to evaluate simultaneously impacts of climate change on winter wheat. Growth development and yield formation of winter wheat under different O3 and CO2 concentration conditions are simulated with the improved DNDC model whose structure has been described in another paper. Through adjusting the DNDC model applicability, winter wheat growth and development in Gucheng Station were simulated well in 1993 and 1999, which is in favor of modifying the model further. The model was validated against experiment observation, including development stage data, leaf area index, each organ biomass, and total aboveground biomass. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the simulated results in development stage and biomass were sensitive to temperature change. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: 1) The growth and yield of winter wheat under CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv, 700 ppmv and the current ozone concentration are simulated respectively by the model. The results are well fitted with the observed data of OTCs experiments. The results show that increase of CO2 concentration may improve the growth of winter wheat and elevate the yield. 2) The growth and yield of winter wheat under O3 concentration of 50 ppbv, 100 ppbv, 200 ppbv and the based concentration CO2 are simulated respectively by the model. The simulated curves of stem, leaf, and spike organs growth as well as leaf area index are well accounted with the observed data. The results reveal that ozone has negative effects on the growth and yield of winter wheat. Ozone accelerates the process of leaf senescence and causes yield loss. Under very high ozone concentration, crops are damaged dramatically and even dead. 3) At last, by the model possible effects of air temperature change and combined effects of O3 and CO2 are estimated respectively. The results show that doubled CO2 concentration may alleviate negative effect of O3 on biomass and yield of winter wheat when ozone concentration is about 70-80 ppbv. The obverse effects of CO2 are less than the adverse effects of O3 when the concentration of ozone is up to 100 ppbv. Future work should determine whether it can be applied to other species by adjusting the values of related parameters, and whether the model can be adapted to predict ozone effects on crops in farmland environment.     

水分胁迫对华北平原冬小麦地上部分及产量的影响

以“济麦-22”为供试品种,利用中国气象局固城生态环境与农业气象试验站大型根系观测系统,研究冬小麦在重度干旱胁迫（≤40.0%）、轻中度干旱胁迫（40.1%-55.0%）和适宜（55.1%-80.0%）3种水分胁迫条件下地上部分对水分胁迫的响应,以探索水分胁迫对华北平原冬小麦产量的影响,分析不同水分胁迫对冬小麦产量的影响程度。结果表明：华北平原冬小麦在轻中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫下,小麦全生育期的天数缩短,株高、叶面积及灌浆速率均呈不同程度的减少。3种水分胁迫的株高增长量为适宜>轻中度胁迫>重度胁迫,灌浆速率为适宜>轻中度胁迫>重度胁迫。土壤水分胁迫引起冬小麦物质分配更多地向支持生长的茎秆转移,在生长发育过程中受到水分胁迫,小麦产量将降低,重度胁迫条件下小麦产量为适宜水分条件的69%。     

拉萨冬小麦生育后期籽粒形成与温度的关系

拉萨冬小麦生育后期温度偏低,灌浆速率比北方麦区小,灌浆时间长,籽粒产量高;蛋白质等主要营养成分含量低,品质较差。因此,高原热量条件对小麦产量为正效应,而对品质为负效应。     

气候变化对福建冬种小麦生产的影响

使用福建省３１个县小麦产量资料及相应各地的气象资料,通过气象产量与经膨胀处理后的气象因子进行相关分析,得知影响福建冬种小麦产量的关键气象因子是３月份的降水量和上年１１月中旬至１２月上旬的平均气温。分析了冬种小麦生长期气候资源变化及关键气象因子的年代变化,得出近年气候变化不利于福建冬种小麦的生产。最后对福建冬种小麦种植区重新进行了划分,对福建冬种小麦生产布局提出了建议。     

水分和氮肥对冬小麦产量的影响及其调控技术

通过对冬小麦进行不同水分等级和不同施氮量的控制试验,利用数理统计和数学分析方法,从水分利用效率和经济效益角度,分析了水分和氮素对冬小麦产量的影响及其相互作用的关系,提出了河南省冬小麦砂壤土的水肥配置模式,经生产检验,这种模式是可行的。