对流凝结潜热激发飑线的数值试验

本文用一个斜压准二维模式对飑线进行了数值试验。试验表明对流凝结潜热的释放至少对某一类飑线的生成具有重要作用。在飑线生成过程中扰动的非线性集中的现象是明显的。     

甘肃河西走廊两次强对流天气对比分析

使用地面高空观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°6小时再分析数据和张掖CINRAD/CC雷达观测数据,对2006年7月7日、8月10日发生在甘肃河西走廊中部的两次强对流天气的环流形势、大气稳定度、相对风暴螺旋度(SRH)、天气雷达回波特征进行了对比分析.分析结果表明:产生这两次强对流天气环流形势不同.7月7日飑线对流系统产生于北部沙漠戈壁由北向南移动,右移飑线前部结构为气旋式旋转;8月10日对流系统产生于青藏高原由南向北移动,来自高原上的暖湿气流水汽充足,不稳定层比7月7日深厚,产生冰雹的左移超级单体结构为反气旋式旋转.7月7日右移飑线相对风暴螺旋度降雹前为正值,降雹开始后转为负值;8月10日左移反气旋超级单体相对风暴螺旋度在发展期为负值,降雹开始后跃增到60m2·s-2以上.     

基于多源资料的一次弓状强飑线成熟结构研究

利用局地分析和预报系统(Local Analysis and Prediction System, LAPS),结合多源资料,分析了2018年3月4日暖区强飑线成熟阶段的热动力结构和大风形成机制。结果表明：暖区内层结不稳定范围向东扩展和强的垂直风切变,驱动飑线组织化加强并向前移动和发展。成熟阶段飑线热动力结构呈现出两支强入流和冷池的典型特征,即前侧入流在低层(0～3.0 km)辐合上升,部分气流在高层翻转流向系统前侧,无后向流出;后侧中层(4.0～5.5 km)入流进入云体后部,在水凝物强烈相变降温作用下,密度增大转而下沉;下沉气流区降雨蒸发冷却增强了雷暴冷池。相比于飑线南段单一的对流线,北段弓形特点突出,后侧入流下降,加之存在尾随层状云,有更大的潜在冷却作用,促进气流加速下沉增强地面雷暴高压,最终导致更强的极端大风。     

The Predictability of a Squall Line in South China on 23 April 2007

This study investigated the predictability of a squall line associated with a quasi-stationary front on 23 April 2007 in South China through deterministic and probabilistic forecasts. Our results show that the squall-line simulation was very sensitive to model error from horizontal resolution and uncertainties in physical parameterization schemes. At least a 10-km grid size was necessary to decently capture this squall line. The simulated squall line with a grid size of 4.5 km was most sensitive to long-wave radiation parameterization schemes relative to other physical schemes such as microphysics and planetary boundary layer. For a grid size from 20 to 5 km, a cumulus parameterization scheme degraded the squall-line simulation (relative to turning it off), with a more severe degradation to grid size <10 km than >10 km. The sensitivity of the squall-line simulation to initial error was investigated through ensemble forecast. The performance of the ensemble simulation of the squall line was very sensitive to the initial error. Approximately 15% of the ensemble members decently captured the evolution of the squall line, 25% failed, and 60% dislocated the squall line. Using different combinations of physical parameterization schemes for different members can improve the probabilistic forecast. The lead time of this case was only a few hours. Error growth was clearly associated with moist convection development. A linear improvement in the performance of the squall line simulation was observed when the initial error was decreased gradually, with the largest contribution from initial moisture field.     

广东前汛期飑线天气过程的云型及其演变

本文概括出5种飑云型及其5种云系演变型式,并绐出飑云系形成发展时天气系统配置的概念模式。尝试使用卫星云图识别和预报飑线天气,对中尺度强对流云区与天气尺度云系间的关系也进行了一些探讨。     

新一代天气雷达产品在增雨作业时机判别中的应用

利用天津新一代天气雷达(CINRAD)的基本反射率、基本径向速度、回波顶高、累积含水量等产品和地面降水实况资料,分析了2003年5月28日飑线天气过程。结果表明:在同一环流背景条件下,局地作业时机的选择正确与否,将直接影响到作业效果。CINRAD可以监测到对流云的移动及生消演变过程,在进行人工增雨作业期间,要密切注意雷达回波的发展、演变趋势,选择最佳作业时机,特别是选择发展中的对流云作业效果更好一些;并给出了雷达判别指标。     

A sensitivity of squall-line intensity to environmental static stability under various shear and moisture conditions

Squall lines develop in various climate regions having diverse environmental profiles of wind shear, moisture, and temperature. In order to explore the sensitivity of squall lines to these environmental profiles, we have performed an extensive set of numerical simulations under various shear and moisture conditions in midlatitude-continental and tropical–oceanic temperature environments. From the results of the sensitivity simulations and the analyses of the environmental parameters, it is found that the static stability in a convectively unstable layer is of primary importance in determining the strength of squall lines. Under temperature environments having the same static stability, convective available potential energy (CAPE) and precipitable water content (PWC) well describe the squall-line intensity. Vertical shear also plays an important role in determining the squall-line structure as well as the intensity through the interaction with surface cold pool. The combination of the static stability in a convectively unstable layer, CAPE, and PWC should be examined in diagnosing the intensity of squall lines that develop with an optimal shear for their environment.     

北京地区一次飑线的组织化过程及热动力结构特征

2015年8月7日华北西北部的一次断线状对流系统向东南方向移动,并与平原地区多单体雷暴合并、组织,最终形成强飑线,造成北京地区出现较大范围的风雹和局地短时强降水天气。基于多源资料的研究结果表明:（1）飑线形成有三个阶段:上游线状对流发展移动、平原多个单体雷暴的新生和合并、线状对流并入本地多单体后组织成飑线。第二阶段中,城区北部边缘地面热力分布不均,配合局地风场辐合,触发了雷暴。雷暴冷池范围不断扩大,温度梯度区向南扩展,造成新生对流向南传播。（2）飑线的组织化过程,呈现出两支强入流为典型特征的动力结构:一支位于雷暴冷池后侧中层（4500～5000 m）,另一支位于低层飑线前侧,由强辐合区垂直于飑线指向云内。这两支强入流分别构成飑线前侧和后侧两个独立的顺时针垂直环流圈。后侧入流和前侧入流在同时加强,造成飑线前侧垂直环流不断加强,与之对应的环境垂直风切变也同步增强。这一动力过程形成了有利于飑线组织化的中尺度垂直切变环境,垂直风切变增大的本质实际上是飑线发展反馈的结果,同时也是驱动飑线快速向前移动和发展的重要因素。当后侧中层入流消失,前侧垂直环流也随之逐渐减弱,预示着飑线从成熟开始减弱消亡。（3）从热力结构看,下山的线状对流冷池与平原地区多单体雷暴的冷池合并,形成了扰动温度低于?8°C、厚度加深到1.5 km的强冷池,其前沿的β中尺度锋面附近的辐合上升运动加强,进一步促进了飑线在平原地区发展加强,并出现阵风锋。     

A numerical study of a TOGA-COARE squall-line using a coupled mesoscale atmosphere-ocean model

1. Introduction Air-sea interaction plays an important role in theglobal seasonal to inter-annual climate variability,most notably, the El Ni?no and Southern Oscillation(ENSO) phenomenon (Webster and Lukas, 1992). Be-cause of its widespread impacts on …     

Application of Multi-Scale Tracking Radar Echoes Scheme in Quantitative Precipitation Nowcasting

A new radar echo tracking algorithm known as multi-scale tracking radar echoes by cross-correlation(MTREC) was developed in this study to analyze movements of radar echoes at different spatial scales.Movement of radar echoes,particularly associated with convective storms,exhibits different characteristics at various spatial scales as a result of complex interactions among meteorological systems leading to the formation of convective storms.For the null echo region,the usual correlation technique produces zero or a very small magnitude of motion vectors.To mitigate these constraints,MTREC uses the tracking radar echoes by correlation(TREC) technique with a large "box" to determine the systematic movement driven by steering wind,and MTREC applies the TREC technique with a small "box" to estimate small-scale internal motion vectors.Eventually,the MTREC vectors are obtained by synthesizing the systematic motion and the small-scale internal motion.Performance of the MTREC technique was compared with TREC technique using case studies:the Khanun typhoon on 11 September 2005 observed by Wenzhou radar and a squall-line system on 23 June 2011 detected by Beijing radar.The results demonstrate that more spatially smoothed and continuous vector fields can be generated by the MTREC technique,which leads to improvements in tracking the entire radar reflectivity pattern.The new multi-scale tracking scheme was applied to study its impact on the performance of quantitative precipitation nowcasting.The location and intensity of heavy precipitation at a 1-h lead time was more consistent with quantitative precipitation estimates using radar and rain gauges.     

湖北东部雷暴大风雷达回波特征分析

通过对2003-2009年湖北省东部26个雷暴大风过程的雷达、地面、高空、NCEP6h再分析场等资料的研究,依据雷达回波形态特征,将造成雷暴大风的雷达回波分为3种类型,即单体型、弓状型和飑线型。统计分析了每种类型雷达回波强度、回波顶高、垂直液态含水量、中层辐合特征、入流急流、中气旋及环境场条件等特征,研究了这3种雷暴大风天气的雷达回波生命史演变规律,并建立了其雷达回波概念模型。分析表明,单体型雷暴大风提前预警难度较大,但对弓状型和飑线型雷暴大风多数可以提前30min左右做出预警。     

双线偏振雷达资料在数值模式中的应用: 模拟器的构建

基于Rayleigh-Gans散射原理构造一个S波段双线偏振雷达模拟器。模拟器考虑了云冰、雪、雨和雹4种水凝物,以水凝物的混合比和数浓度以及水凝物粒子的轴比、相对介电常数、下落倾角为输入量,计算得到水平/垂直偏振反射率因子、差分反射率、比差分相位等偏振量。通过二维理想飑线模拟的试验结果表明,模拟器合理地再现了二维理想飑线系统成熟期的主要偏振特征:雹的反射率较高,差分反射率较低(又称Zdr洞);对流云区的Zdr柱;层云区的反射率和比差分相位的0℃层亮带特征;雨滴反射率与差分反射率因子的“雨线”统计特征。利用该模拟器建立了模式变量和偏振雷达观测的联系,有助于未来将偏振雷达观测资料应用于模式预报效果评估及对流尺度资料同化等方面的研究和应用。      

Assimilating surface observations in a four-dimensional variational Doppler radar data assimilation system to improve the analysis and forecast of a squall line case

This paper examines how assimilating surface observations can improve the analysis and forecast ability of a fourdimensional Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System(VDRAS).Observed surface temperature and winds are assimilated together with radar radial velocity and reflectivity into a convection-permitting model using the VDRAS four-dimensional variational(4DVAR) data assimilation system.A squall-line case observed during a field campaign is selected to investigate the performance of the technique.A single observation experiment shows that assimilating surface observations can influence the analyzed fields in both the horizontal and vertical directions.The surface-based cold pool,divergence and gust front of the squall line are all strengthened through the assimilation of the single surface observation.Three experiments—assimilating radar data only,assimilating radar data with surface data blended in a mesoscale background,and assimilating both radar and surface observations with a 4DVAR cost function—are conducted to examine the impact of the surface data assimilation.Independent surface and wind profiler observations are used for verification.The result shows that the analysis and forecast are improved when surface observations are assimilated in addition to radar observations.It is also shown that the additional surface data can help improve the analysis and forecast at low levels.Surface and low-level features of the squall line—including the surface warm inflow,cold pool,gust front,and low-level wind—are much closer to the observations after assimilating the surface data in VDRAS.     

多单体雷暴的形变与列车效应传播机制

本文利用变分多普勒雷达分析系统(Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System,简称VDRAS)基础上构建的四维变分(4 Dimensional Variational assimilation,简称4DVar)低层热、动力反演系统,针对发生在北京地区的几次多单体雷暴系统演变过程,研究了线性多单体对流系统传播过程中发生的形变过程、强弱变化和“列车效应”等现象的物理机制.结果表明:(1)对于雷暴单体的传播方向与雨带的移动方向基本一致的多单体雷暴系统(如飑线系统),单体的传播速度不同最终造成多单体雷暴在形态上发生变化(如由直线形回波演变为“弓”形回波等),以及雷暴单体传播过程中的强弱变化等,是雷暴单体传播过程与低层环境大气相互作用的结果:如果雷暴前端的入流本身是暖湿的,并存在较强的水汽辐合现象时,雷暴单体发展更旺盛,传播速度更快,反之则趋于减弱,传播速度减慢.因此,对飑线系统的临近预报而言,需要特别关注多单体雷暴系统传播方向与近地面层中尺度水汽通量辐合带的交叉区域,该区域的雷暴单体“移动”速度更快、发展更为强烈.(2)对于“列车效应”多单体雷暴而言,其传播环境、传播机制与上述多单体雷暴系统几乎完全不同:“列车效应”一般发生在低空暖湿气流或低空急流附近,环境大气表现为条件性静力不稳定.雷暴单体的传播机制可能是惯性重力波的激发、传播的结果,由于西南暖湿气流或急流是一支暖湿气流输送带,惯性重力波由假相当位温θ_se的高值区向低值区传播,重力波将从背景场中不断获得能量而发展.因此,雷暴传播过程中不断增强的现象造成波动排列的多单体雷暴形成的最大降水中心往往出现在波列的前端.     

上海2004年7月12日飑线系统中尺度分析研究

利用上海地基单多普勒雷达观测资料反演2004年7月12日17—19时(北京时,下同)上海市一次飑线过程的水平风场结构,并用自动站观测的风场资料、卫星云图以及根据雷达回波和时间的连续性和径向速度的特征是否吻合等方面进行综合检验,结果表明反演风场可对飑线进行详尽分析提供可靠的高分辨率资料。在综合多种观测资料的基础上,对这次飑线过程的中尺度系统进行分析,结果表明:(1)这次过程是前倾冷锋前暖区3个主要的β中尺度对流单体和新生的小单体共同作用所致,这3个主要的β中尺度对流单体不是通常个例表现的线状排列,而是冷锋前的两个单体与相对方向的一个单体共同作用,在气团的边缘形成强烈风切变;(2)200多公里长的飑线是由具有独立结构的较小的对流系统串成。在飑线前部存在中尺度的气旋流场,飑线北部末端存在一个气旋流场,南部末端存在一个反气旋流场。而每个单独的弓状回波有自己独立的结构,包括弓状回波后部很强的辐散气流和飑前低压。文中给出了水平风场和回波的结构示意图;(3)在飑线出现以前,低空存在有利于不稳定天气产生的顺时针垂直风切变,而高层则是逆时针垂直风切变。此外,低层入侵的浅薄冷空气为飑线过程提供形成低层不稳定的又一有利因素;(4)飑线中对流单体的移动方向与低层风场方向存在夹角,与锋面云带整体向东移动的趋势也不同,但与1.5 km以上到4.5 km左右的西南气流方向相同,即整体向东北方向移动。这种特征可以对系统短时间移动方向的预报提供帮助。     

Resolution dependence of tropical cyclone formation in CMIP3 and finer resolution models

Detection of tropical lows is performed in a suite of climate model simulations using objectively-determined detection thresholds that are resolution-dependent. It is found that there is some relationship between model resolution and tropical cyclone formation rate even after the resolution-dependent tropical cyclone detection threshold is applied. The relationship is investigated between model-simulated tropical cyclone formation and a climate-based tropical cyclone Genesis Potential Index (GPI). It is found that coarser-resolution models simulate the GPI better than they simulate formation of tropical cyclones directly. As a result, there appears to be little relationship from model to model between model GPI and the directly-simulated cyclone formation rate. Statistical analysis of the results shows that the main advantage of increasing model resolution is to give a considerably better pattern of cyclone formation. Finer resolution models also simulate a slightly better pattern of GPI, and for these models there is some relationship between the pattern of GPI simulated by each model and that model’s pattern of simulated tropical cyclone formation.     

通信受限下基于终端滑模和指对数滑模方法的编队航天器姿态协同控制

针对星间通信时延和信号量化情形下编队航天器,研究对应的姿态协同控制器设计问题.首先,为节省编队航天器星间通信的带宽资源,提出基于信号量化的星间数据通信策略,并设计了一种终端滑模姿态协同控制器以保证航天器编队姿态同步系统的渐近稳定;其次,考虑到航天器间可能存在通信时延,考虑基于信号量化的通信策略,提出一种基于指对数滑模面的编队航天器协同控制器设计方法,能保证编队航天器在有限时间内达到期望姿态;最后基于包含4个航天器的编队系统,通过仿真验证了所提出的协同控制方法的有效性.     

1521号台风“杜鹃”生成阶段中尺度对流系统和降水演变特征

在热带气旋的生成过程中,从热带扰动向热带低压增强的过程研究较少,而这一过程必定伴随着中尺度对流系统（MCS）的生成、合并和发展。本文利用FNL分析资料和高分辨率模式对1521号台风“杜鹃”生成前3天进行数值模拟,着重探讨了“杜鹃”生成过程中MCS的发展演变特征。在“杜鹃”生成过程中,对流层上部槽（TUTT）位置偏东,“杜鹃”主要从季风涡旋（MG）的东南侧边缘向西北方向移动,因此,减弱的大尺度垂直风切和MG东南侧的低层辐合都为“杜鹃”的生成提供了有利的动力条件。在“杜鹃”生成前期阶段,新生成更多的MCS有利于在热带扰动阶段“杜鹃”的增强;“杜鹃”生成的中后期阶段,对流爆发,MCS发生合并使得MCS个数减少,MCS结构变得更加紧凑,面积最大的MCS逐渐向热带扰动中心区域收缩,“杜鹃”生成速度加快。对比MCS中的层云降水和对流云降水的特征发现,MCS中层云降水覆盖面积更大;对流云降水的降雨率比层云的降雨率更大,同时变化幅度更明显。层云降水百分比的增加与“杜鹃”增强的过程关系密切,但对流云降水的降雨率增加有利于MCS增强,层云和对流云的共同作用促进了“杜鹃”生成。     

基于双幂次滑模的多机器人编队控制

本文研究了基于领航跟随法的多机器人系统编队控制问题.首先,基于队形约束,给出跟随者期望的轨迹,将编队问题转化为单个跟随者的轨迹跟踪问题.在此基础上,基于双幂次滑模趋近律,设计了跟随者的线速度和角速度控制器,保证了跟踪误差能够快速收敛到零,从而保证了编队队形的稳定.最后,通过仿真验证了所提方法的有效性.     

The synoptic setting of thunderstorms in western Europe

This paper discusses the synoptic factors contributing to the formation of thunderstorms in western Europe and in particular gives reasons for the existence of the preferred areas for thunderstorms. These areas are all found in the vicinity of the Alps. The synoptic features playing a role in promoting thunderstorm formation in particular areas in western Europe are identified. The principle synoptic features or processes promoting the formation of intense thunderstorms are a high level of potential instability, convergence lines associated with frontogenesis and cyclogenesis and upper level potential vorticity advection. Additional features playing a role in thunderstorm formation are land and seabreeze circulations and (thermally) forced upward motion at slopes.