天山两麓一次极端暴雪天气多尺度配置特征及机制分析

利用自动站小时监测资料、常规与加密观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料（0.25°×0.25°）、FY-2G卫星相当黑体亮温（TBB）资料，分析2017年2月19日至20日天山两麓的极端暴雪天气过程。结果表明: （1）此次过程发生在500 hPa南欧脊衰退、乌拉尔低槽与中亚偏南低槽先结合、后分段东移进入的环流背景下，天山北麓暴雪高低空系统呈典型后倾结构，天山南麓暴雪形势为典型“东西夹攻”型。（2）影响天山北麓暴雪的低空西北急流和影响天山南麓暴雪的低空偏东急流均为冷湿气流，西北急流风速的增大比雪强的增强提早12h左右，偏东急流比降雪提前6h出现。（3）主要水汽通道在850～400 hPa，水汽通量进入新疆后，850～700 hPa偏西水汽输送强于600～400 hPa西南水汽输送，水汽辐合主要在850～700 hPa。（4）乌鲁木齐降雪前位势不稳定性加强，沙雅降雪前有明显对流不稳定，两暴雪中心均有地形强迫强化产生并维持的中尺度垂直上升支和次级环流圈，而沙雅系统性动力作用小于乌鲁木齐的。（6）中尺度云团是造成天山两麓暴雪产生的最直接的影响系统。     

2002年6月8日佛坪突发性特大暴雨天气过程分析

对2002年6月8日发生在陕西佛坪的一次特大暴雨过程进行了综合分析, 结果表明:500 hPa槽前的中尺度切变线是直接影响暴雨产生的中-α尺度系统; 位于台湾岛以东洋面台风“浣熊”外围的低空偏东急流从海上一直延伸到陕西, 成为特大暴雨的主要水汽来源; 华北高脊稳定, 使得高原低值系统移速减慢、停滞, 有利于特大暴雨的形成; 急流次级环流为特大暴雨提供了持续强劲的上升运动; 在地面中尺度风场中, 两个中-β尺度气旋稳定少动, 与地面降水强中心相对应; 在红外云图上, 中-β尺度对流云团呈椭圆状, 云顶亮温T_BB在-60 ℃~-70 ℃之间。中-β尺度对流云团的强弱变化与次级环流的强弱有直接的关系。     

“12.7.21”西南涡极端强降雨的成因分析

利用常规观测资料、ECMWF分析场、区域自动站、多普勒雷达及SWAN系统产品等资料对2012年7月21日西南涡暴雨过程及盘龙极端强降雨进行分析。分析发现：此次过程是“北槽南涡”形势下,地面冷空气触发西南涡其东侧辐合上升运动强烈发展,高层强辐散,因而产生了对流性暴雨天气过程;冷空气从西侧侵入西南涡是925 hPa “S”形冷锋形成的直接原因,也是地面辐合线形成的重要因素;极端短时强降雨就发生在西南涡东侧中尺度雨带的中部偏北区域,有地面辐合线相配合,降雨最强时MCC冷云中心TBB达最低值。雷达回波表明：西南涡两侧冷暖空气的交绥促进了β中尺度气旋式环流的形成;偏南风低空急流为强降雨提供了充足的水汽,增强了中低层的垂直风切变,有利于强降水超级单体风暴的发展和维持;盘龙的极端短时强降雨是β中尺度气旋式环流中,伴随有深厚中气旋的强降水超级单体风暴在环流中心附近持续发展的结果。     

一次阻塞型华北对流性暴雨过程的诊断分析和数值模拟

利用常规和地面加密气象观测资料、卫星云图、NCEP再分析资料及中尺度模式MM5,对2006年7月23日一次阻塞型华北暴雨过程进行了诊断分析和数值模拟。结果表明,此次暴雨过程发生在以东西伯利亚阻塞高压为典型特征的大尺度鞍型场的背景下,宽广的低压区及高、低空急流次级环流为中尺度对流系统(MCS)的发生、发展提供了适宜的环境和动力强迫;700hPa和850hPa天气尺度的偏西水汽输送和低涡北侧的偏东水汽输送改善了环北京地区的水汽条件,暴雨发生前850hPa中尺度西南水汽输送对北京暴雨的发生有直接影响;MM5模式再现了导致MCS的形成及演变过程;中-β尺度MCS是这次暴雨的直接触发系统,其水平尺度约为0.5个经距,垂直方向由地面伸展到300hPa左右,具有典型的暖心结构,辐合、辐散中心分别位于900hPa和400hPa;MCS北侧强垂直次级环流为强对流的产生创造了有利条件。同时,MCS南侧相当位温的强梯度高能区及该区域的不稳定能量输送也是暴雨发生的重要条件。     

秦巴山区一次连续暴雨过程诊断分析

利用T 213客观分析资料对2005-07-05—06陕南大暴雨天气进行诊断分析,结果表明:西风带弱冷空气与副高外围西南暖湿气流交汇触发对流;低层低空急流为大暴雨提供了充沛的水汽并输送大量的潜热能,300 hPa高空急流和700 hPa低空急流耦合产生的次级环流为大暴雨提供了持续的上升运动。     

陕西历史最早暴雨成因初步分析

利用天气学原理和T213提供的物理量场分析了2004-02-20发生在陕西历史上最早的暴雨过程，发现此次暴雨是在新疆分裂冷空气、高原槽、低涡切变和地面倒槽的共同影响形成的，环流形势为“东高西低”和“北槽南涡”．西南低空急流、低涡切变是此次暴雨的直接影响系统，动力结构为高层强辐散和低层强辐合．能量场具有典型的“Ω”中尺度结构，700hPa层SW低空暖湿急流是主要水汽和能量输送系统，暴雨区水汽辐合强烈，暴雨发生在水汽通量的最大梯度处，与夏季暴雨水汽特征相似。     

急流次级环流对局地持续强风暴天气的作用

利用天气图、雷达回波和地面风场资料对1994年6月28日陕西中部发生的一次罕见的长时间局地大风、冰雹、暴雨天气进行诊断分析。结果表明：这次过程出现在500hPa槽前和700hPa低涡暖式切变线附近；强风暴发生在高空急流入口区右侧辐散和低空急流左前侧辐合重叠区，与地面中尺度气旋活动紧密相关；证实了地面中尺度气旋是由高低空急流耦合产生的次级环流引起，次级环流控制着中尺度系统发展变化。     

中尺度自适应模式对西北地区一次沙尘暴物理量场诊断分析

利用中尺度自适应模式,以实况资料作初始场,重点对西北地区“2000.4.12”的强沙尘暴的物理量场进行了数值模拟,结果表明:在沙尘暴爆发期间存在一个次级垂直环流,上升区位于锋前的中尺度低压后部,下沉区位于锋后冷高压前部;高空急流对沙尘暴发生区有很好的指示作用,强沙尘暴发生在200hPa高空急流入口区右侧、700hPa正涡度中心附近下方、次级环流的上升运动区内;高空急流发生变异时,导致对流层中下部锋区加强和大气层结不稳定,为沙尘暴的产生提供了有力的大尺度环流背景。     

2009年7月8-9日泰安市暴雨成因分析

2009年7月8-9日发生在泰安的暴雨天气过程主要是在副高西进北抬、副高边缘西南暖湿气流与高空低槽东移南压相结合的大尺度环流下,由黄河北部的低层中尺度切变线和鲁中地区的小低涡以及低空西南急流共同作用造成的.低空西南急流为大暴雨的产生输送了充足的水汽,低涡加大了辐合上升运动和水汽辐合.850 hPa低空大气散度辐合中心正处于泰安,垂直速度强上升区也在鲁中地区,为暴雨产生提供了足够的动力条件,低层850 hPa假相当位温θse＞75 ℃的高能舌为这次暴雨提供了不稳定能量.     

1319号台风“天兔”造成广西特大暴雨成因分析

利用常规气象资料和物理量等资料,对1319号台风“天兔”登陆减弱成低压环流后造成广西特大暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明,“天兔”东部的偏南汽流将南海大量的水汽源源不断的输送到广西上空为持续的暴雨产生提供充足的水汽条件,200hPa南亚高压为“天兔”残涡维持提供了有利的环流背景,低层辐合高层辐散、强烈上升运动为此次暴雨产生和维持提供了有利的动力条件,地面冷空气、低压环流与地面中尺度辐合线共同作用造成暴雨增幅.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.