A TWO-LAYER PRIMITIVE EQUATION OCEAN CURRENT MODEL AND ITS SIMULATION

A two-layer primitive equation model is developed in this paper. The capabilities of this model aretested by the use of multiyearly averaged January and July sea surface level pressure fields and windfields which can be diagnosed from the pressure fields. The results show that the ocean surface currentsand undercurrents in the second layer driven by the sea surface wind and the sea surface pressure areclose to the observation. The results are also compared with that of the IAP OGCM and the OSUOGCM.     

A SIMULATION OF CO2 UPTAKE IN A THREE DIMENSIONAL OCEAN CARBON CYCLE MODEL*

A three-dimensional ocean carbon cycle model which is a general circulation model coupled with simple biogeochemical processes is used to simulate CO₂ uptake by the ocean.The OGCM used is a modified version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory modular ocean model(MOM2).The ocean chemistry and a simple ocean biota model are included.Principal variablesare total CO₂,alkalinity and phosphate.The vertical profile of POC flux observed by sediment traps is adopted,the rain ratio,a ratio of production rate of calcite against that of POC,and the bio-production efficiency should be 0.06 and 2 per year,separately.The uptake of anthropogenic CO₂ by the ocean is studied.Calculated oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO₂ during the 1980s is 2.05×10¹⁵g(Pg)per year.The regional distributions of global oceanic CO₂ are discussed.     

1998年1～8月南海及邻近海区海况模拟

使用改进的美国普林斯顿大学区域海洋环流模式（ＰＯＭ）对南海及邻近海区１９９８年１￣８月海况进行了数值模拟,所得的主要结果与海洋观测及已有的一些研究结果基本一致。模拟结果表明：１￣８月,黑潮南海分支是南海北部的一支重要海流;除冬季月份外,南海暖流都清晰可见;黑潮右侧的大尺度反气旋性暖涡１￣８月都存在。在所模拟的海区中,南海海区表层海流与季风关系最密切,季节变化最明显。另外,改进的ＰＯＭ能较好地再现１     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF OCEANIC ELEMENTS IN THE SCS AND ITS NEIGHBORING SEA REGIONS FROM JANUARY TO AUGUST IN 1998

Studies on oceanic conditions in the South China Sea (SCS) and adjacent waters are helpful for thorough understanding of summer monsoons in East Asia. To have a 3-dimensional picture of how the oceanic currents vary, the oceanic elements in the South China Sea (SCS) and its neighboring sea regions in January～August 1998 have been simulated by using the improved Princeton University Ocean Model (POM) in this paper. The main results are in good agreement with that of ocean investigations and other simulations. The results show that the SCS branch of the Kuroshio Current is an important part in the north SCS from January to August; the SCS warm current is reproduced clearly in all months except in winter; there always exists a large-scale anti-cyclonic vortex on the right of the Kuroshio Current from January to August. In the model domain, the surface currents of the SCS have the closest relations with the monsoon with an apparent seasonal variation. In addition, the developing characteristics of the SST in the SCS and its neighboring sea regions before and after the summer monsoon onset are also well simulated by the improved POM. Those are the foundation for developing a coupled regional ocean-atmospheric model system.     

全球热带海气耦合距平模式及其数值模拟

用观测海温距平对一个中等分辨率的细网格大气模式和观测 FSU假风应力对全球热带三大洋距平海洋模式分别进行强迫试验。结果表明 :无论是大气模式还是海洋模式均在一定程度上较好地模拟了观测事实 ,热带大西洋的模拟效果好于热带印度洋。对大气模式而言 ,经向风距平的模拟要好于纬向风距平 ,热带大西洋西部好于东部 ,热带印度洋东部好于西部 ,赤道南侧好于北侧。对海洋模式而言 ,热带大西洋模拟最好的区域是赤道中东部 ,对赤道东印度洋的暖事件及偶极子事件年际变率模拟也较好。在此基础上 ,用和海气耦合模式同样的耦合方式将两者耦合起来 ,构成了一个中等复杂程度的全球热带海气耦合模式 ,这是进一步研究全球热带海气相互作用的基础     

海洋模式中虚假越中性层混合研究综述

在现代全球海洋数值模式的开发研究中,需要在空间尺度为海盆尺度上,时间尺度在几十年、几百年甚至涡流翻转数百次的时间内保持水团属性不变,而湍流混合又是维持层结和海洋环流循环所需要的.在海洋数值模型的开发中,需要将方程组在全球网格上进行离散处理,这势必会产生截断误差,从而产生虚假越中性层混合.因此将目前国内外学者和研究人员对虚假混合的来源、诊断方法、控制方法整理做出简要综述,以供读者参考学习.     

IAP/LASG海洋环流模式对风应力的响应

为了检验第三代IAP/LASG全球海洋环流模式在模拟20世纪80年代热带太平洋年际变化方面特别是ElNino和LaNina事件的能力,作者使用了三种风应力资料强迫该模式.然后,将模拟的海温同NCEP海洋同化资料相比较.分析表明,在赤道附近,模式对风应力的响应在SST分布、温跃层的描绘以及突出E1Nino和LaNina事件方面同NCEP海洋同化资料有许多共同点.然而,在描绘l0°N以北和l0°S以南的SST异常以及描写季节循环方面,响应是不够精确的.另外,模拟的温度异常滞后于NCEP海洋同化数据两个月左右.     

EXPERIMENTS OF A REDUCED GRID IN LASG/IAPWORLD OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS (OGCMs)

Due to the decrease in grid size associated with the convergence of meridians toward the poles in spherical coordinates, the time steps in many global climate models with finite-difference method are restricted to be unpleasantly small. To overcome the problem, a reduced grid is introduced to LASG/IAP world ocean general circulation models. The reduced grid is implemented successfully in the coarser resolutions version model L30T63 at first. Then, it is carried out in the improved version model LICOM with finer resolutions. In the experiment with model L30T63, under time step unchanged though, execution time per single model run is shortened significantly owing to the decrease of grid number and filtering execution in high latitudes. Results from additional experiments with L30T63 show that the time step of integration can be quadrupled at most in reduced grid with refinement ratio 3. In the experiment with model LICOM and with the model’s original time step unchanged, the model covered area is extended to the whole globe from its original case with the grid point of North Pole considered as an isolated island and the results of experiment are shown to be acceptable.     

EXPERIMENTS OF A REDUCED GRID IN LASG/IAP WORLD OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS (OGCMs)

1 INTRODUCTIONIn global climate models belonging to the finitedifference calculation category, the equations aregenerally solved in normal spherical coordinates. Due tothe convergence of meridians towards the poles inspherical coordinates, the combination of thiscoordinate system and explicit finite-difference methodsleads to two problems. First, the pole itself is a point ofsingularity with direction undefined. Second, due to thedependence of the stability from finite-differencenumerics …     

A global ocean biogeochemistry general circulation model and its simulations

An ocean biogeochemistry model was developed and incorporated into a global ocean general circulation model (LICOM) to form an ocean biogeochemistry general circulation model (OBGCM). The model was used to study the natural carbon cycle and the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean. A global export production of 12.5 Pg C yr-1 was obtained. The model estimated that in the pre-industrial era the global equatorial region within 15o of the equator released 0.97 Pg C yr-1 to the atmosphere, which was balanced by the gain of CO2 in other regions. The post-industrial air-sea CO2 flux indicated the oceanic uptake of CO2 emitted by human activities. An increase of 20－50 mol kg-1 for surface dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in the 1990s relative to pre-industrial times was obtained in the simulation, which was consistent with data-based estimates. The model generated a total anthropogenic carbon inventory of 105 Pg C as of 1994, which was within the range of estimates by other researchers. Various transports of both natural and anthropogenic DIC as well as labile dissolved organic carbon (LDOC) were estimated from the simulation. It was realized that the Southern Ocean and the high-latitude region of the North Pacific are important export regions where accumulative air-sea CO2 fluxes are larger than the DIC inventory, whereas the subtropical regions are acceptance regions. The interhemispheric transport of total natural carbon (DIC+LDOC) was found to be northward (0.11 Pg C yr-1), which was just balanced by the gain of carbon from the atmosphere in the Southern Hemisphere.     

一个具有高分辨率海洋分量的海气耦合模式

发展了中国科学院大气物理研究所（IAP）大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式的一个新版本（GOALS-5），其中海洋分量是基于30层高分辨率的海洋环流模式。对该耦合模式成功地进行了30年的积分，基本上克服了气候飘移。与GOALS较早的几个版本模拟的SST相比，北半球夏季中高纬地区的误差显著改善，可能主要是由于采用了GM90的等密度混合方案使经向热输送增强的结果。对赤道中东太平洋冷暖事件有较好的模拟能力，并且对SST变率的模拟在位置和强度上比旧版本有明显改善。     

A study on the nonlinear stability of fronts in the ocean on a sloping continental shelf

1.IntroductionArnol'd(1965,1969)variationalprincipleandapriorestimatemethodisessentiallyageneralizationofLyapunovstabilitymethodforfinite--dimensionaldynamicalsystemsininfinite--dimensionalones,andhestudiedthenonlinearstabilityof2--dimensionalincompressibleidealfluidmotionbyuseofthismethod,andestablishedtwotheoremswhichareArnol,d'sfirsttheoremandArnol'd'ssecondtheorem.Eversincethe1980's,manyscientistshavebeenworkingonthissubject,Holmetal.(1985);MclntyreandShepherd(1987);Zeng(1989);Muetal.(1…     

A New Ocean Mixed-Layer Model Coupled into WRF

A new mesoscale air-sea coupled model (WRF- OMLM-Noh) was constructed based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and an improved Mellor-Yamada ocean mixed-layer model from Noh and Kim (OMLM-Noh). Through off-line tests and a simulation of a real typhoon, the authors compared the performance of the WRF-OMLM-Noh with another existing ocean mixed-layer coupled model (WRF-OMLM-Pollard). In the off-line tests with Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Program’s Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE) observational data, the results show that OMLM-Noh is better able to simulate sea surface temperature (SST) variational trends than OMLM -Pollard. Moreover, OMLM-Noh can sufficiently reproduce the diurnal cycle of SST. Regarding the typhoon case study, SST cooling due to wind-driven ocean mixing is underestimated in WRF-OMLM-Pollard, which artificially increases the intensity of the typhoon due to more simulated air-sea heat fluxes. Compared to the WRF- OMLM-Pollard, the performance of WRF-OMLM-Noh is superior in terms of both the spatial distribution and temporal variation of SST and air-sea heat fluxes.     

全球海洋模式对CFC-11分布的初步模拟研究

使用中国科学院大气物理研究所(IAP)三十层全球海洋模式(L30T63)研究了CFC-11在全球海洋中的吸收和分布,初步讨论了决定其分布特征的可能因素.该模式采用自由表面结构和Gent-McWilliams中尺度示踪物参数化方案.通过对控制试验得到的CFC-11模拟结果分析可知,CFC-11海表浓度受温度影响显著,其分布形状大致与温度相似,但梯度相反.通量的分布受温度影响很大,且表现出很明显的季节变化特征,如不饱和区一般出现在冬季海区的中层水形成处或者强对流混合存在的区域.另外,对CFC-11的模拟结果与三个大洋的五个断面航测资料做了对比,发现模拟结果与观测资料吻合较好,能比较清楚地反映CFC-11输送与等密度面垂直分布以及环流场的密切关系,如在南大洋50°S以北至35°S以南等密度面的向下加深区是CFC-11的主要贮存区等.与大多数前人的工作相比,该模拟结果较好地反映了CFC-11在南大洋的分布特征.从这些反映出该模式对于大洋十年尺度物质交换与海洋内部输送的模拟是比较准确的.     

Ocean Response to a Climate Change Heat-Flux Perturbation in an Ocean Model and Its Corresponding Coupled Model

State-of-the-art coupled general circulation models(CGCMs)are used to predict ocean heat uptake(OHU)and sealevel change under global warming.However,the projections of different models vary,resulting in high uncertainty.Much of the inter-model spread is driven by responses to surface heat perturbations.This study mainly focuses on the response of the ocean to a surface heat flux perturbation F,as prescribed by the Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project(FAFMIP).The results of ocean model were compared with those of a CGCM with the same ocean component.On the global scale,the changes in global mean temperature,ocean heat content(OHC),and steric sea level(SSL)simulated in the OGCM are generally consistent with CGCM simulations.Differences in changes in ocean temperature,OHC,and SSL between the two models primarily occur in the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans(AA)and the Southern Ocean(SO)basins.In addition to the differences in surface heat flux anomalies between the two models,differences in heat exchange between basins also play an important role in the inconsistencies in ocean climate changes in the AA and SO basins.These discrepancies are largely due to both the larger initial value and the greater weakening change of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC)in CGCM.The greater weakening of the AMOC in the CGCM is associated with the atmosphere–ocean feedback and the lack of a restoring salinity boundary condition.Furthermore,differences in surface salinity boundary conditions between the two models contribute to discrepancies in SSL changes.     

黄海典型气旋与反气旋式海洋涡旋特征及影响机制模拟研究

为探讨黄海海洋涡旋的三维结构特征、能量输送与转换及影响机制,对黄海海域典型台风海洋气旋与近海海湾反气旋式涡旋个例进行数值模拟和时空诊断分析。采用FVCOM(Finite Volume Community Ocean Model)区域海洋数值模式精细化描述台风海洋涡旋与近海海洋中小尺度涡旋系统。对涡旋能量传输特征模拟显示,气旋式和反气旋式海洋涡旋中,非对称强流区动能能量下传比涡旋中心部位的强度更强,维持时间更长,下传深度更深。反气旋式海洋涡旋因Ekman流动形成的向中心辐合作用,造成此类差异更显著。气旋涡的动能主要来源于台风的近海面风应力动能和海洋涡旋有效位能的转换,反气旋涡旋区域风动力偏弱,其动能强度维持在低位,其涡旋增强伴随着有效位能的增加。环境因子影响机制从风浪,底摩擦和地形三方面讨论。结果显示:耦合波浪模块后,台风强风应力和风浪的综合作用扩大台风海洋涡旋尺度,并增强涡旋环流强度,同时对相邻的反气旋涡有压缩和减弱作用。风浪效应对台风海洋涡旋有正贡献。强台风过程表层环流响应台风应力而浅水地形和底摩擦强烈影响涡旋下层,造成台风海洋涡旋结构在垂直方向上偏移,并影响到下层环流速度减小,流向与表层相反。在海洋气旋涡和反气旋涡的显著辐散区,其混合层下方有温盐要素的涌升对应,辐合区有温盐要素的下沉对应;同时海底地形的升降也造成温盐强迫上升与下降,其强度与地形起伏尺度成正比,较环流系统作用更强。     

Progress in the Development and Application of Climate Ocean Models and Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Models in China

A review is presented about the development and application of climate ocean models and oceanatmosphere coupled models developed in China as well as a review of climate variability and climate change studies performed with these models. While the history of model development is briefly reviewed, emphasis has been put on the achievements made in the last five years. Advances in model development are described along with a summary on scientific issues addressed by using these models. The focus of the review is the climate ocean models and the associated coupled models, including both global and regional models, developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The progress of either coupled model development made by other institutions or climate modeling using internationally developed models also is reviewed.     

海洋环流模式的发展和应用Ⅱ.近海和区域环流模式

回顾了近20年来中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体动力学数值模拟国家重点实验室近海和区域海洋环流模式发展和应用的历程.介绍了正压区域海流模式在中国近海海流数值模拟研究当中的应用以及一个24层、最高水平分辨率为0.25°×0.25°的三重嵌套的中国近海环流模式及其应用.在嵌套模式基础上,基于变分原理,建立了一个中国近海环流的资料同化分析系统.初步结果表明,资料同化提高了模式计算的真实性,所揭示的黑潮的强度和流幅、夏季黄海冷水团的位置等都更接近观测结果.     

海洋对ENSO和其他时间尺度上风应力振荡的响应

利用带通滤波方法，将FSU风应力资料分离成ENSO时间尺度上的分量及其剩余部分，将这两部分分别作用于模式海洋（2层热带太平洋区域模式），研究海洋对不同时间尺度大气变化的响应。结果表明：尺管ENSO时间尺度上的风应力分量只占风应力扰动总方差的30％左右，它却能激发出全部异常风应力强迫海洋时所产生的El Nino/La Nina现象和十分相近的SSTA变化周期与振幅。而其余占总异常风应力方差60％以上的部分强迫海洋仅能产生振幅较小的海表温度异常，在非ENSO和ENSO时间尺度上的风应力强迫下，海洋中可产生相近振幅的Kelvin波，但SSTA振幅却存在显著差别，表明海洋对大气扰动信号的频率非常敏感，这里从理论上对该现象作了解释和说明。