基于对流因子的哈尔滨雷电潜势预报分析

正1引言雷暴一般是指伴有雷击和闪电的局地对流性天气,俞小鼎等[1]通过主观临近预报和客观算法讨论了雷暴生成、发展和衰减预报技术;有很多学者基于大量的对流因子,选择各种不同的对流参数组合方案,建立了适合当地的雷暴潜势预报方程,刘宸钊等[2-3]结合对流参数,利用相关系数法选取相关性好且稳定的预报因子,进行事件概率回归,得到雷暴预报方程。郝莹等[4]利用T213资料计算和选取与雷暴相关     

T213/T639数值产品在河南省 雷电潜势预报中的释用

利用河南省地面观测站1960-2005年的雷暴观测资料分析了全省雷暴活动的时空分布特征.根据雷暴活动特征和雷暴天气产生的环境场条件,基于T213/T639数值模式输出产品计算了多个大气动力、热力参数,经诊断分析及相关性分析后选取与地闪关系较好的对流稳定度指数、850 hPa假相当位温、400～850 hPa垂直风切变等5个参数作为预报因子,采用ADTD地闪定位资料和T213/T639数值模式输出产品,分别建立雷电潜势预报模型.雷电潜势预报方法于2008-2009年在河南省汛期业务中应用评估表明,基于T213/T639数值产品的雷电潜势预报技术方法可以为河南省雷电天气的落区预报提供客观定量的参考和依据,且两者都对低槽切变型预报效果最好.     

基于逐步回归分析的西北地区东部雷暴概率预报方法研究

利用2008~2013年西北地区东部60个站点天气实况资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料计算出的对流参数,统计各站年均雷暴日数,在前期天气分型的基础上,通过事件概率回归方法,建立了60个站点4~10月24 h雷暴概率预报方程,并对2013年4~10月各站雷暴进行试预报。结果表明:(1)西北地区东部雷暴发生最多的站点位于青藏高原东北边坡地带,最少的站点位于北部戈壁荒漠地带与东部关中平原一带,45%的站点年均雷暴日数在5~10 d之间;(2)前期天气分型过程剔除了一部分未发生雷暴的样本,使得逐步回归建模的总样本数明显减少,有效地提高了预报准确率;(3)基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料计算的物理量与雷暴有无事件相关性较好,对24 h概率回归方程方差贡献较大;(4)2008~2012年回代预报所有站点平均TS评分为24.2%;2013年试预报所有站点平均TS评分为23.3%,雷暴发生较多的站点预报效果更好。该预报结果较理想,可为西北地区东部雷暴研究提供参考。     

闪电发生的环境场特征及闪电活动的预报

利用2006—2015年6—8月章丘探空站逐日探空资料,计算了K指数、抬升指数、对流稳定度指数等6个环境参数,探讨了单个环境参数和多个环境参数组合与闪电活动的关系。结果表明：1）单个环境参数在一定数值范围内可作为闪电活动预报的指标,且较强的闪电活动更容易由大气的不稳定状态来预报;2）多个环境参数的组合可在一定程度上反映闪电活动的特征,闪电出现的概率随着达到大气不稳定临界值物理量参数个数的增多而增大,预报效果比单个参数更好;3）应用事件概率回归方法建立了闪电概率潜势预报方程,方程通过了α=0.01的显著性水平检验,通过检验和评估,闪电概率预报的TS评分达到78%,该方法的建立为闪电潜势预报提供了参考依据。     

基于对流参数的雷暴预报方法研究

通过对2006年6~9月(雨季)大量雷暴对流参数进行计算,选取离西昌发射场最近的单点同化资料。利用相关系数法选取相关性好且稳定的预报因子,进行事件概率回归,得到雷暴预报方程。并对2007年雨季西昌雷暴进行预报,取得了较好的效果。分析表明,基于对流参数的雷暴预报方法对场区雷暴的预报具有明显的效果。      

安溪雷暴24h潜势预报模型研究

利用安溪县国家气象站2004年至2015年的雷暴观测资料，分析了安溪县雷暴的气候特征及环境背景分类。并根据雷暴活动特征及雷暴天气产生的环境场条件，诊断和分析T639数值模式输出产品与雷暴观测资料的相关性，对41个相关因子做显著性检验，挑选相关性较好的9个因子做分析。对9个预报因子进行0,1化处理并进行逐步回归，最后选取850hPa垂直速度、850hpa假相当位温、700hPa温度、K指数、850hPa比湿等5个因子，建立雷暴潜势预报方程。利用2015年至2017年T639模式资料进行回代分析评估，发现当雷暴概率预报Y值>0.6时，雷暴预报准确率最高，达85.60%，且漏报率、空报率很低。再以2018年T639数值模式资料对雷暴潜势概率进行计算评估，准确率为83.84%，漏报率为5.75%，空报率为10.41%。由此可见，基于T639数值产品的雷暴潜势方程可以为安溪县雷暴天气的预警预报和防雷减灾服务提供客观的参考和依据。     

基于探空资料的绵阳机场雷暴潜势预报方法

本文利用绵阳机场2010～2014年逐时气象观测资料、温江站探空资料与绵阳市闪电定位仪资料,通过探空资料计算各对流参数与雷暴发生的相关系数,筛选相关系数高的对流参数作为预报因子,并探讨各预报因子的物理意义。分别用事件概率回归(REEP)、Fisher判别分析以及指标叠加三种方法制作雷暴潜势预报,其中指标叠加法CSI评分最高,并且可以通过累加值N的大小来确定雷暴发生概率。用指标叠加法试报机场2015年6～8月雷暴,临界成功指数CSI=52.9%,击中率POD=81.8%,利用该方法对绵阳机场周边(市辖区范围)航路上的雷暴也有较好的预报能力。      

黄淮地区夏季日降水分区概率预报方法研究

利用我国黄淮地区1961—2010年50年6—8月的日降水资料,采用REOF和t检验的方法,将中国黄淮地区夏季降水分成Ⅰ—Ⅴ区。5个区域进行差异性t检验表明5个区域之间（彼此）差异显著,说明了区域划分的正确性。在此基础上利用1999—2007年6—8月站点日降水资料以及CFSv2模式后预报的日降水资料建立了5个区域内共5个代表站点的夏季日降水概率预报方程,并进行了确定性、概率性预报检验和业务试用检验。对各区域内5个代表站日降水量的确定性预报检验表明：Logistic回归降水概率预报方程的TS评分要高于CFSv2模式预报和T213的集合预报平均,空报率也低于CFSv2模式预报和T213集合预报平均,但是漏报率却略高。各区域代表站日降水量的概率预报Brier评分检验表明：Brier评分均不超过0.2,大大低于T213集合预报所得概率预报的Brier评分分值,说明本文Logistic回归方程的概率预报较为可靠。Brier技巧评分表明：Logistic回归降水概率预报方程各站的BSS技巧评分都大于0.0,说明各站的预报技巧高于检验样本气候概率的预报技巧,且高于T213集合预报的Brier技巧评分,说明在分区基础上建立Logistic回归降水概率预报方程的方法是有预报意义的。     

基于对流参数的雷暴潜势预报研究

为提高雷暴天气的潜势预报能力，在统计分析安徽省雷暴形成天气条件的基础上，利用2003-2004年T213资料，选取与雷暴相关性好的对流参数作为预报因子。并在考虑因子季节变化特征的基础上，分别用判别分析法和指标叠加法制作雷暴潜势预报，结果表明指标叠加法优于判别分析法。最后用指标叠加法试报了2005年3—8月的雷暴，临界成功指数CSJ=69．4％，命中率POD=89．5％，虚假报警率FAR=24．4％，分区预报准确率也较高。另外，试报期间的区域性冰雹、雷雨大风全部命中，可见该方法对冰雹、雷雨大风也有较好的指示意义。     

逐步消空法在上海雷电潜势预报中的应用

利用上海地区1999--2007年的探空资料、地面观测资料和历史天气图资料,从雷暴发生的形势场入手,分析上海地区雷暴主要类型.选取合理、适当的对流参数对于短时局地强雷雨天气的潜势预测、强度判别是有指示意义的.利用天气型、K指数、沙氏指数以及对流有效位能作为预报因子,采用逐步消空法找出雷暴识别指标集合,变小概率事件为条件概率下的大概率事件,进而提高雷电潜势预报准确率.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on