包头地区风能资源分布特征分析

利用1979-2008年包头地区各气象站近30年地面观测的风资料,对各地区平均风速、最大风速和风能资源进行了统计计算,给出了包头各地的平均风速、最大风速和风能资源的分布特征,为包头地区合理开发和利用风能资源提供依据。     

利用气象要素计算五道梁地区土壤热流量的试验

根据五道梁地区1994—1997年的热流板测量土壤热流值,初步分析了该地区土壤热流随时间的变化特征。利用1994—1996年的月平均资料分别分析了总辐射、地表温度、地表温度和80 cm深度温度差和2 cm、10 cm深度的土壤热流的相关性,并建立了相应的回归方程;利用得到的回归方程对1997年的土壤热流作计算检验,就月平均资料来说,用总辐射和地温差来计算浅层土壤热流结果是比较可靠的。     

20世纪60~90年代辽东地区气候年代际变化特征分析

利用1961～2000年辽东地区13个观测台站的逐月降水和气温资料,分析了辽东地区降水和气温的年代际变化。并利用高桥公式计算出辽东地区的蒸发量,得出了该地区蒸发量和降水蒸发差的年代际变化特征;同时利用干燥度指标研究了辽东地区气候干旱对气候变暖的响应。结果表明:近40 a来辽东地区气候变化呈暖干变化趋势,即气温升高、降水减少,尤其以20世纪90年代变化最为明显。     

探空、地面及卫星资料反演水汽含量的比较

利用探空、地面等常规探测资料及卫星遥感资料计算了我国中西部地区2007年6月—2008年5月间水汽含量的空间分布和时间演变,结果显示:由探空资料计算的整层大气水汽含量的空间变化,总体形势是,纬度低的地区水汽含量多,纬度高的地区水汽含量少;各探空站上空水汽分布的季节演变规律比较一致,夏季水汽含量最大,冬季最小,春秋季节基本相当。根据探空资料建立地面水汽压与大气总水汽量的经验关系,利用地面站资料确定水汽分布,与同时次探空站资料估算的水汽场相比,两者分布趋势基本一致。利用FY-2C卫星的可见光和红外分裂窗通道资料,建立反演大气水汽含量的回归关系式,与探空资料计算的结果相比,总体上变化趋势较一致。     

气候因素对宁夏中北部沙尘暴频率影响的模拟研究

利用宁夏中北部地区6个气象站多年气象资料,分析了月平均风速、土壤湿润度、地面温度及下垫面风蚀沙化系数对沙尘暴频率的影响,计算了各气候因素对本地沙尘暴频率的影响指数,建立了适合宁夏中北部地区的沙尘暴频率的定量模型,并利用气候影响指数对沙尘暴频率进行拟合,取得了比较理想的效果。     

我国西部地区冬季雪盖遥感和变化分析

用改进的甚高分辩率扫描辐射仪(AVHRR)资料,在多光谱判识的基础上提取积雪信息的计算方法,并由此得到积雪遥感动态监测结果;同时,利用我国短时间序列的积雪资料,统计计算了新疆、内蒙古、青海、西藏和东北地区冬季积雪覆盖率,分析了我国西部地区积雪覆盖特征和变化规律;补充了常规气象台站对我国西部地区积雪监测和分析的不足.     

基于飞机和MODIS观测的华北地区气溶胶标高分析

为研究华北地区的气溶胶分布情况,利用2012—2014年飞机观测资料和MODIS卫星资料,对石家庄等地的气溶胶标高进行了分析。结果表明:(1)与飞机观测资料对比后认为可以利用MODIS光学厚度和常规能见度资料计算气溶胶标高;(2)华北地区春夏季气溶胶标高一般大于秋冬季;6个主要城市中,位于平原地区的城市气溶胶标高较低,西北山区城市标高较高;(3)在不进行飞行探测,仅使用地面资料和卫星资料,通过计算得到气溶胶垂直分布是可行的,尤其是在对流层中层的结果比底层更可信;(4)分别使用观测资料与拟合数据计算光学厚度,分析其误差后,确认在计算光学厚度的过程中可以使用气溶胶数密度指数递减假设。     

济宁东部山区风能资源开发潜力研究

分别利用常规地面观测站、区域气象观测站(无人值守加密自动气象站)和临时人工测量站的资料对济宁地区东部山区风能资源进行了对比分析研究。结果表明,处在不同位置的观测站资料对济宁东部山区风能资源开发潜力的估算有较大影响,常规地面观测站或处于测风环境不好的观测站往往低估山区的风能资源;计算结果表明,济宁地区东部山区春季风能资源丰富,可利用风力发电灌溉农田,有效地缓解济宁东部山区部分地区春旱。     

利用北极地区定时风观测资料推算年最大风速的重现期

北极地区风观测资料较少,工程气象参数的分析主要依靠国际交换站资料。但是,国际交换站资料为定时资料,并且存在较多质量问题。因此,在利用国际交换站资料时,需先对其进行质量控制,并且要考虑定时资料的转换。由于缺少其他参考资料,国际交换站资料的质量控制主要根据北极地区天气气候特征,通过时间一致性、空间一致性和要素间一致性检验进行。由于重现期风速需用年最大风速(通常是10 min平均风速)计算,鉴于定时资料中可能没有出现年最大风速,而目前又没有较好的定时资料向逐时资料转换的方法,因此,主要通过从定时资料统计得到的年最大值计算的重现期风速进行订正得到重现期风速。订正的方法是根据我国部分风速较大地区的观测结果,引入风速方差,建立定时资料与年最大风速资料计算的重现期风速之间的关系,然后利用此关系订正北极喀拉海和拉普捷夫海沿岸定时资料计算的重现期风速,得到了50年和100年一遇的风速。     

利用太阳直射光谱计算平川上空水汽和臭氧总量

本文利用“HEIFE”1991年10月加强观测期在平川荒漠地区观测的太阳光谱资料．对平川上空大气中水汽总量和臭氧总量进行了计算。计算指出利用多渡段太阳光谱资料拟合Angstroem参数,并引入1hλ的三次多项式．大大地提高了气溶胶光学厚度的计算精度．在上述基础上计算出平川上空10月份臭氧总量平均为0．323cm-atm,水汽的光学厚度为0．238．分析发现该地区水汽总量与地面相对湿度有较好的相关．其相关系数达0．825。文中对水汽计算的几种方法还进行了比较与讨论。     

Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface layer

The flux footprint is the contribution, per unit emission, of each element of a surface area source to the vertical scalar flux measured at height z _m ; it is equal to the vertical flux from a unit surface point source. The dependence of the flux footprint on crosswind location is shown to be identical to the crosswind concentration distribution for a unit surface point source; an analytic dispersion model is used to estimate the crosswind-integrated flux footprint. Based on the analytic dispersion model, a normalized crosswind-integrated footprint is proposed that principally depends on the single variable z/z _m , where z is a measure of vertical dispersion from a surface source. The explicit dependence of the crosswind-integrated flux footprint on downwind distance, thermal stability and surface roughness is contained in the dependence of z on these variables. By also calculating the flux footprint with a Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model, it is shown that the normalized flux footprint is insensitive to the analytic model assumption of a self-similar vertical concentration profile.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is funded by the National Science Foundation.     

Effects of land cover type conversion on water exchange and climate change in the source area of the Yellow River

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - The surface radiation and energy flux in the source area of the Yellow River are estimated by using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer products...     

卫星遥感确定沙特阿拉伯吉达地区非均匀地表区域地表参数和能量通量

对临海沙漠地区非均匀地表区域地表能量通量和蒸发(蒸散)的研究,是一个十分重要但又是一个难点问题。本文提出了1个基于卫星遥感和地面观测的参数化方案,并把其应用于沙特阿拉伯吉达地区,利用1个景的陆地资源卫星Landsat-7E^TM^ 资料进行了分析研究,得到了一些有关临海沙漠地区非均匀地表区域地表特征参数、植被参数和地表能量通量的新概念。最后讨论了所提出的参数化方案的适用范围和需改进之处。     

A Sensitivity Study of Single Column Model

A single column model (SCM) is constructed by extracting the physical subroutines from the NCAR Community Climate Model version 1 (CCM1).Simulated data are generated by CCM1 and used to validate the SCM and to study the sensitivity of the SCM to errors in its input data.It is found that the SCM temperature predictions are moderately sensitive to errors in the input horizontal temperature flux convergence and moisture flux convergence.Two types of error are concerned in this study,random errors due to insufficient data resolution,and errors due to insufficient data area coverage.While the first type of error can be reduced by filtering and/or increasing the data resolution,it is shown that the second type of error can be reduced by enlarging the data area coverage and using a suitable method to compute the input flux convergence terms.     

Moisture Flux and Water Balance over the South China Sea During Late Boreal Spring and Summer

Summary  The moisture flux and water balance over the South China Sea (SCS) during late boreal spring and summer are studied using the reanalysis data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR). It is shown that the SCS is a water vapor sink during that period of time. Climatologically, the SCS works like a “reservoir of water vapor” for its special geographical location. In early May, water vapor is brought into the SCS area through its eastern, southern, and western boundaries, and is transported out of that area through its northern boundary. From June to August, the western and southern boundaries of the SCS are inflow passes of moisture flux to that region, while the northern and eastern boundaries are outflow passes. It is the intense convergence of moisture to the SCS area that maintains the local heavy precipitation. The northward branch of moisture flux feeds the precipitation over eastern China. Received May 5, 1999 Revised July 8, 1999     

2003年淮河暴雨期大气水汽输送特征及成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2003年淮河流域发生持续性暴雨期间的水汽输送情况,发现暴雨区的异常水汽并不是来自通常输送量最大的水汽输送通道2(来自印度洋孟加拉湾的西南气流经中南半岛到我国东部地区)和水汽通道3(来自孟加拉湾的水汽经中南半岛到达南海与南海的偏南气流汇合再向北输送),而主要来自位置异常西移的水汽输送通道4(来自副高南侧的偏东气流沿着副高边缘转向向东输送到我国东部雨区)。暴雨区内有大量的异常纬向水汽通量距平,但并没有对异常降水辐合产生贡献,而相对小量的经向水汽通量距平在暴雨区产生强烈的辐合,为持续性暴雨提供绝大部分水源。输送至暴雨区的大量经向异常水汽通量距平主要来源于暴雨区南侧紧邻的中国南部沿海地区,而不是主要的水汽源区——南海。造成大气中水汽输送及辐合异常状况的最主要原因是西北太平洋副热带高压的异常西伸,强度偏强,且长期稳定少动。此外,欧亚两槽一脊的环流形势和副高北侧异常加强的低层西风急流及其稳定性也是形成此次淮河流域持续性暴雨必不可少的条件。     

Diurnal Variations of the Flux Imbalance Over Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Landscapes

It is well known that the sum of the turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes as measured by the eddy-covariance method is systematically lower than the available energy (i.e., the net radiation minus the ground heat flux). We examine the separate and joint effects of diurnal and spatial variations of surface temperature on this flux imbalance in a dry convective boundary layer using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Results show that, over homogeneous surfaces, the flux due to turbulent-organized structures is responsible for the imbalance, whereas over heterogeneous surfaces, the flux due to mesoscale or secondary circulations is the main contributor to the imbalance. Over homogeneous surfaces, the flux imbalance in free convective conditions exhibits a clear diurnal cycle, showing that the flux-imbalance magnitude slowly decreases during the morning period and rapidly increases during the afternoon period. However, in shear convective conditions, the flux-imbalance magnitude is much smaller, but slightly increases with time. The flux imbalance over heterogeneous surfaces exhibits a diurnal cycle under both free and shear convective conditions, which is similar to that over homogeneous surfaces in free convective conditions, and is also consistent with the general trend in the global observations. The rapid increase in the flux-imbalance magnitude during the afternoon period is mainly caused by the afternoon decay of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Interestingly, over heterogeneous surfaces, the flux imbalance is linearly related to the TKE and the difference between the potential temperature and surface temperature, ΔT; the larger the TKE and ΔT values, the smaller the flux-imbalance magnitude.     

Using Temperature Fluctuation Measurements to Estimate Meteorological Inputs for Modelling Dispersion During Convective Conditions in Urban Areas

We examine the performance of several methods to estimate meteorological inputs for modelling dispersion in urban areas during convective conditions. Sensible heat flux, surface friction velocity and turbulent velocities are estimated from measurements of mean wind speed and the standard deviation of temperature fluctuations at a single level on a tower at two suburban sites and at one urban site in Riverside, California. These estimates are compared with observations made at these sites during a field study conducted in 2007. The sensible heat flux is overestimated in the urban area, while it is underestimated at a suburban site when temperature fluctuations are used in the free convection formulation to estimate heat flux. The bias in heat flux estimates can be reduced through a correction that depends on stability. It turns out that the bias in heat flux estimates has a minor effect on the prediction of surface friction velocity and turbulent velocities. Estimates of sensible heat flux, surface friction velocity and turbulent velocities are sensitive to estimates of aerodynamic roughness length, and we suggest estimating the aerodynamic roughness length through detailed micrometeorological measurements made during a limited field study. An examination of the impact of the uncertainty in estimating surface micrometeorology on concentrations indicates that, at small distances from a surface release, ground-level concentrations computed using estimates of heat flux and surface friction compare well with the those based on observed values: the bias is small and the 95% confidence interval of the ratio of the two concentrations is 1.7. However, at distances much larger than the Obukhov length, this confidence interval is close to 2.3 because errors in both friction velocity and heat flux affect plume spread. Finally, we show that using measurements of temperature fluctuations in estimating heat flux is an improvement on that based on the surface energy balance, even when net radiation measurements are available.     

基于卫星遥感的南海真光层底颗粒有机碳输出通量时空特征研究

在加强海洋强国建设、实现我国碳达峰和碳中和愿景目标背景下准确掌握南海碳通量时空变化格局具有重要的现实意义。根据2009—2018年10 a有机碳通量月度数据集,分析了南海真光层底颗粒有机碳通量变化特征。结果表明:(1)南海区域多年真光层底有机碳输出通量年平均值为55.40 mgC·m^-2·d^-1;其值大小在空间上的分布存在近岸＞陆架＞海盆的趋势。(2)从季节上看,南海真光层底颗粒有机碳输出通量冬季最高,春、秋季次之,夏季最小;真光层底颗粒有机碳输出通量1、4、7、10月平均值分别为82.43、47.37、46.34、54.75 mgC·m^-2·d^-1。研究结果可为全面掌握南海碳循环过程和机制提供技术支撑。     

珠峰绒布河谷近地面层气象要素及湍流通量变化

利用2006年5～6月和2007年5～6月中国科学院HEST大气科学实验在珠峰绒布寺河谷野外观测期间获得的观测资料,分析了珠峰地区河谷近地层风向、风速、温度、湿度和CO2的日变化特征,讨论了珠峰北坡冰川风和山谷风的特点以及高原地表辐射、地表反照率和近地层湍流通量的变化特征.结果表明:在复杂地形和特殊下垫面影响下,珠峰绒布河谷地区近地面层各个气象要素和湍流通量日变化特征显著,并且明显存在冰川风和山谷风复合的局地环流,冰川风对该地区地气间物质能量交换起着重要作用.