C波段双线偏振雷达反射率因子的衰减订正及对降雨估测精度的改进

C波段双线偏振雷达反射率因子易受衰减的影响,为了提高降雨的准确性,需要对雷达反射率因子进行衰减订正。K_(DP)是能够用于衰减订正的一个有效因子,本文采用小波分析法对Ф_(DP)数据进行预处理,再将处理后的数据拟合得到相对准确的K_(DP)。为了验证衰减订正的效果,利用S波段雷达反射率因子作为参考,对比分析了衰减订正前后C波段双线偏振雷达反射率因子的变化,结果表明:经过衰减订正后的Z_H更接近于S波段雷达的反射率因子。在进行降雨估测时,不同方案估测降雨的差异较大,当C波段双线偏振雷达与S波段雷达均采用Z-R关系估测降雨时,S波段雷达的效果更好。当C波段双线偏振雷达采用衰减订正后的R(Z_H,K_(DP))法估测降雨时,效果优于S波段雷达的R(Z)方案。当降雨强度10 mm·h~(-1)时,雷达估测的雨量普遍低于地面雨量计的雨量,经过雨量计校准后,可以进一步提高降雨估测精度。     

C波段偏振雷达数据预处理及在降水估计中的应用

利用移动式C波段双线偏振雷达(PCDJ)观测资料,对安徽定远2013年6—7月3次降水过程进行数据处理方法和降水估计效果的分析,提出了优化的C波段双偏振雷达数据处理方案,在优化的R(Z_H)关系条件下,分析了降水估测的效果。对比分析中值滤波和小波分析方法对差传播相移Φ_(DP)数据处理的效果,发现小波分析方法对Φ_(DP)数据处理具有明显的改善作用;采用变距离法对小波分析处理后的Φ_(DP)数据进行拟合得到的K_(DP),数据的连续性和平滑度较好,且应用于降水估计的精度更高;利用较好的数据处理方法(小波分析)拟合得到的K_(DP)对水平反射率因子Z_H进行雨区衰减校正;以及利用SA雷达与PCDJ雷达衰减校正后的数据进行对比观测,表明PCDJ雷达回波强度比SA雷达偏弱。对两部雷达进行定量降水估计,并与地面雨量计小时降水量资料进行对比分析,结果表明:当降水强度5 mm·h~(-1)时,PCDJ雷达利用R(Z_H,K_(DP))关系估测降水的精度比R(Z_H)关系高,当降水强度5 mm·h~(-1)时,则相反;SA雷达与PCDJ雷达均基于反射率因子估测降水,SA雷达的效果更好;但在降水强度5 mm·h~(-1)时,PCDJ雷达基于R(Z_H,K_(DP))关系估测降水较SA雷达基于R(Z)关系方法具有更明显的优势。     

广州双偏振天气雷达在定量降水估测中的初步分析

利用广州双偏振天气雷达观测到的一次短时强降水过程资料和自动站资料,对比分析R(Z_H)、R(Z_H,Z_(DR))、R(K_(DP))降水估测算法的差异,结果表明:不同的降水估测方法有较大的差异,当降水强度20 mm/h时,采用R(Z_H)进行降水估测优于利用R(Z_H,Z_(DR))、R(K_(DP))方法;当降水强度20mm/h时,采用R(K_(DP))方法进行降水估测效果更好。造成这种现象的主要原因是在弱降水时,Z_(DR)、K_(DP)的测量误差较大,因此实际业务中需要对偏振参量进行进一步的质量控制,以优化基于双偏振雷达的定量降水估测效果。     

基于激光雨滴谱的双偏振雷达定量降水估测算法应用评估

基于S波段双线偏振雷达资料、雨量计资料及激光雨滴谱数据,在CSU-ICE算法的基础上建立了CSU-LPA算法.以华南地区一次季风暴雨过程为评估对象,对CSU-LPA算法与传统PPS (Precipitation Processing System)算法进行了效果对比,评估该算法在业务中的应用效果.结果 表明,在绝对值相对误差指标上,CSU-LPA算法相对于PPS算法其估测误差减小了约16％;PPS算法在过程累计估测降水分布中存在几个区域的显著高估,且估测散点值分布离散,而CSU-LPA算法的估测结果与实况吻合度较高,估测散点值分布集中,说明新算法稳定性良好;单站小时累计估测降水中,CSU-LPA算法能有效抑制PPS算法的高估效应,尤其在累计雨量较大的时候体现得更为明显.     

C波段双偏振雷达降水估计的误差分析与建模

双线偏振雷达定量降水估计精度受多种因素影响,为了更好地应用双偏振雷达估计降水并进一步提高降雨估测精度,需对雷达降水估计进行误差分析和建模.基于2015—2016年南京信息工程大学C波段双偏振雷达、雨滴谱仪观测资料以及南京地区雨量计数据,统计分析雷达估测降水的误差分布,分离雨量计代表性误差,并对随机误差和系统误差量化建模...     

雨滴谱仪网数据在雷达定量降水估测中的应用

为了探讨利用雨滴谱数据验证雷达观测的回波强度的偏差和实时拟合反射率因子(Z)与降水强度(R)的关系(即Z-R关系)进行定量降水估测的可能性,以发生在江苏南部的三次大范围降水过程为例,首先分析雨滴谱数据、雷达数据和雨量计数据的一致性,然后利用雨滴谱仪网法和传统方法分别进行降水估测,并对比两种方法的降水估测效果。结果表明:雷达和雨滴谱仪观测的回波强度具有较好的一致性;采用雨量计数据和雨滴谱计算的平均降水强度存在一定差异,但其变化趋势基本一致。相对于层状云降水,两种方法对对流云降水估测的误差更大,对层状云降水的估测,雨滴谱仪网法略优于传统方法,但对对流云降水的估测,雨滴谱仪网法更具优势。总体上,雨滴谱仪网法估测的降水,其偏差和相对误差更小,估测值总量与雨量计观测雨量更接近,估测降水的效果更好。     

基于CINRAD SA双偏振雷达新型定量降水估测方法研究

杭州下沙S波段天气雷达在双偏振升级的基础上增加了精细化探测技术，为了进一步提高雷达定量降水估测精度，本文参考小时雨量计订正雷达估测降水算法模型，建立了一种基于分钟级雨量计数据的实时定量降雨估测雨强订正方法（简称QPE ADJUST法），利用雨量计资料对雷达的QPE数据逐体扫实时订正，累计完成1 h、3 h降水估测产品，提高了雷达降水估测精度。通过对雷达产品及自动站数据资料的评估，分别从降水估测算法、雷达分辨率影响及体扫周期速度影响3方面对QPE ADJUST法的估测降水效果进行了统计分析。结果表明：QPE ADJUST法在雷达高分辨率、快体扫周期的情况下均比其他算法更好地表现出降水时空分布特征，并将雷达小时定量降水估测的误差从50%降低至20%左右，有很高的估测精度和稳定性，具有业务应用价值。     

基于数字高程的波束遮挡订正及在雷达定量估测降水中应用

地形的起伏使雷达波束受到严重的遮挡,使回波数据质量受到很大干扰。本文使用SRTM任务的DEM数据和谷歌公司的DEM数据分别计算了位于北京南郊的S波段雷达低仰角的波束遮挡率,建立了部分遮挡区域的回波反射率订正关系,并在2018年5月19日北京一次大范围层状云降水过程中,对波束遮挡订正前后的雷达定量估测雨量与地面3个雨量计观测结果进行了定性与定量化对比分析。结果表明:①波束遮挡订正有助于改善反射率因子的空间连续性。波束遮挡订正后的仰角0.5°的反射率与1.5°的反射率之间的差值整体呈现缩小特征,符合层状云降水垂直廓线特点。②09:00—11:00,相比波束遮挡订正前的雷达定量估测雨量(QPE),波束订正后的QPE准确性得到改善,使用分级标准误差与归一化平均偏差评价波束遮挡订正前后QPE与雨量计实测值之间的误差,波束订正后的反射率估测雨量与雨量计实测雨量一致性更好。     

X波段双线偏振雷达不同衰减订正法对比分析

X波段双线偏振雷达的衰减是影响其回波强度(ZH)和差分反射率因子(ZDR)应用的主要问题,影响了雷达的探测精度以及降水估测的精度。考虑到传播相移率(K_(DP))在低信噪比情况下数据质量问题,本文对比了4种订正方法(Z_H-K_(DP)法,整段ZPHI法,20库ZPHI法,80库ZPHI法)的订正效果,将广州S波段双线偏振雷达数据作为标准来评判佛山X波段双线偏振雷达衰减订正效果,由于两部雷达的位置差异,为了得到精确的点对点(方位角、仰角、距离库)的数据对,对广州S波段双线偏振雷达数据进行坐标转换以及插值处理,通过与广州S波段雷达数据进行对比分析相对偏差以及相关系数等,得出ZPHI订正法的效果要优于Z_H-K_(DP)综合订正法。     

CINRAD-SA双偏振雷达资料在降水估测中的应用初探

对基于水平反射率ZH和差分传播相移率K_(DP)的降水估测综合法R(C)进行了改进,并对广州S波段双偏振雷达2016年2次飑线和2次台风降水过程的Φ_(DP)使用小波分析进行滤波处理,在此基础上使用变距最小二乘法拟合得到K_(DP)的值。分别使用R(C)和R(Z_H)法对2次飑线和2次台风降水过程进行降水估算,将估算结果和雨量计小时雨量进行了对比,并将两种方法的评估结果进行了对比。结果表明:(1)对于飑线类型降水,R(C)法对5 mm·h~(-1)以上的降水估测精度要好于R(Z_H)法,且降水率越大,R(C)法优势越明显,当降水率≥20 mm·h~(-1)时,两次过程R(C)法比R(Z_H)法的平均相对误差(RE)降低了17. 2%,平均绝对误差(AE)减少了1.89 mm,平均均方根误差(RMSE)减少了1.66 mm;(2)对于台风类型降水,R(C)法对5 mm·h~(-1)以上的降水估测精度也好于R(Z_H)法,当降水率≥20 mm·h~(-1)时,两次过程R(C)法比R(Z_H)法的平均RE降低了33. 19%,平均AE减少了3. 95 mm,平均RMSE减少了4.05 mm;(3)对于飑线和台风两种类型降水R(C)法都明显改善了降水率较大时的R(Z_H)法低估问题,但R(C)法在降水率10 mm·h~(-1)时也存在低估,可能是由雨滴谱资料观测误差导致拟合的系数偏小或雷达硬件造成的观测偏差等造成的。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.