C波段偏振雷达数据预处理及在降水估计中的应用

利用移动式C波段双线偏振雷达(PCDJ)观测资料,对安徽定远2013年6—7月3次降水过程进行数据处理方法和降水估计效果的分析,提出了优化的C波段双偏振雷达数据处理方案,在优化的R(Z_H)关系条件下,分析了降水估测的效果。对比分析中值滤波和小波分析方法对差传播相移Φ_(DP)数据处理的效果,发现小波分析方法对Φ_(DP)数据处理具有明显的改善作用;采用变距离法对小波分析处理后的Φ_(DP)数据进行拟合得到的K_(DP),数据的连续性和平滑度较好,且应用于降水估计的精度更高;利用较好的数据处理方法(小波分析)拟合得到的K_(DP)对水平反射率因子Z_H进行雨区衰减校正;以及利用SA雷达与PCDJ雷达衰减校正后的数据进行对比观测,表明PCDJ雷达回波强度比SA雷达偏弱。对两部雷达进行定量降水估计,并与地面雨量计小时降水量资料进行对比分析,结果表明:当降水强度5 mm·h~(-1)时,PCDJ雷达利用R(Z_H,K_(DP))关系估测降水的精度比R(Z_H)关系高,当降水强度5 mm·h~(-1)时,则相反;SA雷达与PCDJ雷达均基于反射率因子估测降水,SA雷达的效果更好;但在降水强度5 mm·h~(-1)时,PCDJ雷达基于R(Z_H,K_(DP))关系估测降水较SA雷达基于R(Z)关系方法具有更明显的优势。     

广州双偏振天气雷达在定量降水估测中的初步分析

利用广州双偏振天气雷达观测到的一次短时强降水过程资料和自动站资料,对比分析R(Z_H)、R(Z_H,Z_(DR))、R(K_(DP))降水估测算法的差异,结果表明:不同的降水估测方法有较大的差异,当降水强度20 mm/h时,采用R(Z_H)进行降水估测优于利用R(Z_H,Z_(DR))、R(K_(DP))方法;当降水强度20mm/h时,采用R(K_(DP))方法进行降水估测效果更好。造成这种现象的主要原因是在弱降水时,Z_(DR)、K_(DP)的测量误差较大,因此实际业务中需要对偏振参量进行进一步的质量控制,以优化基于双偏振雷达的定量降水估测效果。     

C波段双线偏振雷达反射率因子的衰减订正及对降雨估测精度的改进

C波段双线偏振雷达反射率因子易受衰减的影响,为了提高降雨的准确性,需要对雷达反射率因子进行衰减订正。K_(DP)是能够用于衰减订正的一个有效因子,本文采用小波分析法对Ф_(DP)数据进行预处理,再将处理后的数据拟合得到相对准确的K_(DP)。为了验证衰减订正的效果,利用S波段雷达反射率因子作为参考,对比分析了衰减订正前后C波段双线偏振雷达反射率因子的变化,结果表明:经过衰减订正后的Z_H更接近于S波段雷达的反射率因子。在进行降雨估测时,不同方案估测降雨的差异较大,当C波段双线偏振雷达与S波段雷达均采用Z-R关系估测降雨时,S波段雷达的效果更好。当C波段双线偏振雷达采用衰减订正后的R(Z_H,K_(DP))法估测降雨时,效果优于S波段雷达的R(Z)方案。当降雨强度10 mm·h~(-1)时,雷达估测的雨量普遍低于地面雨量计的雨量,经过雨量计校准后,可以进一步提高降雨估测精度。     

基于江西省水文资料对中国融合降水产品的质量评估

利用江西省2015年4月至2016年3月水文站观测降水数据,在小时尺度上,对中国国家气象信息中心研制的5和10 km融合降水产品进行质量评估,同时与美国国家海洋大气局(NOAA)气候预测中心卫星反演降水产品(CMORPH)、中国国家气象信息中心研制的东亚区域多卫星集成降水产品(EMSIP)两套卫星降水产品进行对比评估。研究分析各类降水产品的数据误差及其时空变化规律,验证融合降水产品在特征区域的适用性。研究结果表明:融合降水和卫星降水均能较好地反映年内小时降水的变化趋势,与水文站观测降水相比,四套降水资料均存在一定程度低估,其中卫星降水产品低估较大。融合降水产品的数据质量较高,其中5 km融合降水产品的数据精度(R=0.81,RMSE=2.12 mm·h~(-1),RE=-5.4%)基本优于10 km融合降水产品(R=0.78,RMSE=2.3 mm·h~(-1),RE=-5.1%),卫星降水产品与水文站观测降水存在较大的偏差,CMORPH和EMSIP的相关系数分别仅为0.19和0.24。各降水产品误差具有相同的月变化趋势,融合降水产品的误差变化幅度明显要小于卫星降水产品。四套降水产品的相关性随着降水量级增大而增加,融合降水产品能够准确反映降水的空间结构和中心位置,5 km融合降水产品对强降水的监测能力更具有优势。     

基于相态识别的S波段双线偏振雷达最优化定量降水估测方法研究

为了提高雷达定量降水估测的精度,本文利用雨滴谱数据、实际雨量以及不同偏振参量建立起的降水估测公式,参考CSU-ICE算法降水估测模型,建立了一种基于相态识别的S波段双线偏振雷达最优化定量降水估测算法(简称HCALIQ)。利用广东珠海S波段双线偏振雷达数据和华南密集的地面自动站网的雨量,以两次华南夏季典型的降水过程为例,对该最优化算法的估测效果进行了统计分析,并进一步与CSU-ICE方法、传统的R(Z_H)方法进行了比较。结果表明:以地面雨量计为标准,HCA-LIQ最优化算法表现出与雨量计较强的相关性且有着较好的稳定性。雷达相对地面雨量计小时雨量估测的偏差分布与离雷达的距离关系不大。按过程分类的结果显示,强对流云降水时,两种最优化算法要明显优于传统的R(Z_H)方法;混合云降水时,最优化算法的效果并不比R(Z_H)方法好;HCA-LIQ最优化算法比CSU-ICE算法效果更佳。按雨强分类统计时发现,与传统的R(Z_H)方法相比,HCA-LIQ最优化算法对小雨的估测偏差降低了23%,对中雨的估测偏差相当,对大雨、暴雨的估测偏差分别降低了71%、68%。     

双偏振雷达评估IMERG对不同类型降水的观测精度

采用地面雨量计校准后的南京信息工程大学 (Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, NUIST) C波段双偏振 (C band Dual Polarization Radar, NUIST CDP) 雷达降水估测数据，研究全球降水观测 (Global Precipitation Measurement, GPM) 计划多星融合降水产品 (Integrated Multi satellite Retrievals for GPM, IMERG) 对苏皖地区梅雨、台风和飑线等不同类型降水观测精度，结果表明，①梅雨降水过程中，IMERG的累计降水量整体大于NUIST CDP的累计降水量；②台风降水过程中，IMERG一定程度上低估了累计降水量较大时的降水结果；③IMERG不能很好地观测到飑线降水的空间结构，几乎没有观测到这次降水过程中的强降水区域。     

山西汾阳地区层状云和对流云降水雨滴谱特征

基于多普勒天气雷达和OTT Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪资料对山西汾阳地区2次降水进行分析,对比对流云和层状云降水的雨滴谱特征。结果表明:层状云降水雨滴平均数浓度和雨强分别为286.20个·m~(-3)和1.33 mm·h~(-1),对流云降水雨滴平均数浓度和雨强分别为516.13个·m~(-3)和10.17 mm·h~(-1);对流云降水雨强主要由降水粒子数浓度决定,直径为1—2 mm的粒子对2种云系雨强贡献最大;2种云系不同雨强下雨滴谱分布和雨滴平均谱分布均呈单峰型,对流云降水雨滴平均谱宽大于层状云降水雨滴平均谱宽,Gamma分布对2种云系降水平均谱拟合均存在一定偏差;通过雨滴谱计算的雷达反射率因子估算降水会造成对降水的低估。     

双偏振雷达偏振参量产品在宁波的初步释用

介绍了S波段双偏振雷达偏振参量差分反射率Z_(DR)、差分传播相移率K_(DP)和相关系数CC等产品及已有的研究成果,利用宁波市双偏振多普勒天气雷达对两次不同系统降水过程的雷达探测资料进行释用。研究表明:差分反射率Z_(DR)可以识别降水粒子的相态和尺寸,也可以识别上升气流;相关系数CC可以识别粒子相态的均一性,在实际应用中结合Z_H、Z_(DR)可较好地判断降水物的具体形态,特别是可对冰雹进行识别和预警,同时也可清晰地识别融化层;差分传播相移率K_(DP)在强降水过程中能较好地发挥作用,同时可以识别湿冰雹,但是在Z_H40 dBZ时,对降水强度的区分效果不明显。常规参量和偏振参量产品需互相参照,才能更好地体现双偏振雷达的真正价值。     

水平距离和海拔高度对雷达估测降水影响及订正

以石家庄2006—2008年77次降水过程为例,分析了海拔高度和距雷达站水平距离对定量估测降水的影响,给出了估测降水时反射率因子取值的最佳高度以及距离高度订正值。对比了经验公式法和最优化法分别在有无距离高度订正4种情况下的估测效果,依据估测效果,设计了雷达定量估测降水最佳方案:若反射率因子小于30 dBz,则不进行距离高度订正,仅采用最优化法估测降水;若反射率因子大于30 dBz,则首先对反射率因子进行距离高度订正,然后采用最优化法估测降水。实例检验表明,该方案对单站10 mm·h~(-1)以上的强降水、过程降水量和区域降水量估测效果较好。     

基于雷达组网拼图的定量降水估测算法业务应用及效果评估

基于雷达组网实时的定量降水估测(QPE)及实时评估系统在浙江省杭州市气象局成功实现了业务应用,在评估雷达定量降水估测业务应用效果的同时,根据雷达反射率因子垂直廓线(VPR)特征,探讨分析了不同类型降水过程中雷达定量降水估测的误差源。系统联合杭州、宁波、舟山、温州、金华及衢州6部新一代天气雷达的基数据资料,以及覆盖浙江省且经反距离加权(Inverse Distance Weights,IDW)法实时质量控制的雨量计观测资料,采用先雷达组网拼图再降水估测的方案,集成Z-R关系法和最优插值法反演与校准雷达定量降水估测数据场。4次不同类型降水过程的评估结果表明:(1)在地物遮挡严重的浙江西北部和雷达覆盖较差的浙江南部,降水估测的雷达反射率因子如果源于0℃层亮带,会导致雷达定量降水估测严重高估;如果源于浅薄层云云系的云顶,会造成雷达定量降水估测严重低估。(2)多种降水类型云系并存,但使用相对单一的Z-R关系,会导致梅雨和台风期间雷达定量降水估测的局部高估或低估。(3)伴随飑线系统的强对流以及台风系统的非对称性也是导致雷达定量降水估测误差的重要原因。(4)联合Z-R关系和最优插值法,有效地降低了雷达定量降水估测的系统误差,但仍然存在大量的局部误差。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences