山东冬半年降水相态的温度特征统计分析

采用济南和青岛1999-2011年的降水、高空和地面观测资料,研究了山东冬半年降水相态与影响系统的关系及温度垂直变化特征,获得不同降水相态的温度预报指标.结果表明:(1)降水相态变化与影响系统有关,江淮气旋和回流形势产生的大雪以上强降雪存在雨雪转换,低槽冷锋、黄河气旋和切变线(低涡)多产生中雪以下直接降雪.(2)无相态变化的降雪过程一般发生在温度较低、垂直变化单一的条件下,850 hPa以下各层均有明显温度阈值.(3)有相态转换的降雪过程中,850和925 hPa的温度对于雨、雪、雨夹雪的识别没有明显指示性,1000 hPa以下的温度最为关键,将925 hPa以下各层与地面的温度结合起来判别相态,较使用单一特性层温度更为可靠;冰粒区别于其他降水类型,在温度场上的显著特征为700 hPa的温度较高.(4)0℃层高度可用于雨雪转换指标:降雨时0℃层高于925 hPa或在925 hPa上下,当0℃层的高度降至1000 hPa上下时转为降雪.(5)雨夹雪和冰粒发生在有雨雪相态转换的降水过程中,为过渡形态,不会单独出现.     

2014年鲁南一次暖切变暴雪过程的诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、自动站资料及NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2014年2月4—6日鲁南暴雪过程进行诊断分析。研究表明：（1）500hPa的短波槽,700hPa和850hPa暖式切变线及低空急流是造成这次暴雪的关键影响系统,同时位于华北700hPa的小高压对强降雪的形成也起到关键作用。（2）东南低空气流的移动跟雨区的移动具有很好的对应关系。第一阶段降雪的水汽辐合主要集中在700hPa,第二阶段的水汽辐合集中在对流层低层。（3）此次降雪过程降水相态的温度与厚度判据与经验统计预报指标一致。     

一次晚春降水相态变化特征及成因

应用常规观测资料、自动站资料、雷达资料及1°×1°NCEP再分析资料,对2013年4月19日河北省一次晚春回流降水相态变化特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:河北中南部地区相继受东西2股冷空气影响,前期东路冷空气从850 hPa以下入侵,之后西路冷空气随700 hPa高空槽东移加剧了中南部地区的降温,使大范围降水出现相态变化;地面温度对本次降水过程的雨雪相变指示性不大,但地面气压的变化早于地面温度,对预报具有一定的指示意义;700 hPa低空急流对中空暖层的形成起决定作用,当暖层消失,降水相态完全转为降雪,925 hPa上-2℃温度特征线与降雪区对应较好,通过温度的垂直结构来辨别相态更为可靠;雷达回波的0℃层亮带出现高度在4.7 km左右,其高度的快速降低与降水相态转变时间一致。     

2020年初山东一次雨转暴雪天气过程分析

利用2020年1月常规天气图、地面降水、加密自动站和欧洲中心细网格等资料,分析了2020年初山东一次雨转暴雪的天气过程。研究发现,这次过程前期主要是降雨阶段,后期是降雪阶段：降雨阶段,山东处于高空槽前,水汽主要来源于高空槽前的西南气流,上升运动弱,气流的不稳定层位于800 hPa以下;降雪阶段,山东内陆地区近地面层形成冷垫,700～500 hPa槽前暖湿空气沿冷垫爬升,不稳定层较降雨时明显抬升,上升运动加强。山东半岛在降雪阶段受黄海气旋外围影响,水汽来源主要是气旋外围的偏东气流。近地面冷层厚度能引起该层温度的变化：当冷层厚度在2 km以下时,降水相态为雨;超过2 km时,降水相态为雪;当冷层厚度达到5 km以上时,降水过程结束。这次过程中山东多地存在雨雪相态转换,近地层温度与0 ℃层高度是判定降水相态的有效要素指标。     

安庆市降水相态识别判据研究

利用1999—2014年11月至翌年3月安庆站逐日地面气象观测资料和探空资料,分析了安庆站不同降水相态的时空分布特征和雨雪转换过程中影响系统的配置及转变,选取雨雪转换、降雪和冰粒(包括冻雨)3种天气现象,研究不同降水相态与特性层温度及厚度层结的关系。结果表明:1999—2014年安庆市固态降水集中出现在11月至翌年3月;有降水相态转换的过程中,将850hPa及以下各层温度与地面温度结合对降水相态转变的识别具有更好的效果,当T_(850hPa)≥-4℃、T_(925hPa)≥-4℃、T_(1000hPa)≥-1℃、T_(地面温度)≥1℃时可以判定降水相态为降雨,各层温度继续降低将出现雨转雪,直接降雪在以上指标的基础上需要850hPa的温度降至-6℃及以下;H_(850—700hPa)和H_(1000—850hPa)厚度层结雨雪转换的临界值分别为154dagpm、129dagpm,低于此值则为雪,反之为雨;0℃层高度也可以作为降水相态转换的指标之一,当0℃层高度下降至1000hPa左右时为雨转雪;降水过程中逆温层普遍存在,各种降水类型的区别在于冰粒(冻雨)在850—700hPa之间存在一个0℃以上的暖层,而降雪需要逆温层温度小于0℃。     

天津地区冬季降水相态识别判据研究

利用2000—2015年10月至次年4月天津地区逐日常规气象观测资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料(0.125°×0.125°),对天津地区发生的3种降水相态转换(雨转雨夹雪再转雪)的天气过程进行统计,分析降水相态转换过程中温度、湿度和不同等压面厚度特征,得到与降水相态转换关系密切的9种判别因子:850 hPa温度(T 850)、925 hPa温度(T 925)、1000 hPa温度(T 1000)、地面温度(T s)、1000~850 hPa位势厚度(H 1000-850)、850~700 hPa位势厚度(H 850-700)、0℃层高度、-4℃层高度和925 hPa相对湿度,给出每种因子对应不同降水相态的阈值,并通过3次天气个例进一步验证指标的可用性。在此基础上,综合利用9个判别因子和阈值指标建立降水相态判别方程,经检验发现雨和雪回代检验判别准确率达80%以上。     

济南春季一次罕见降雪过程成因分析

利用高空和地面观测资料、温度廓线仪资料、L波段雷达资料、NCEP资料对济南春季一次罕见的降雪过程进行了分析。结果表明：降雪过程的水汽输送主要来自于中层,由700hPa 西南急流提供;低层冷空气垫的维持,有利于中高层西南气流的爬升;强降雪发生在850hPa冷平流开始减弱,700hPa暖平流增强的时段内,是典型的回流降雪形势;925～1000hPa的温度和降水相态的转变相关性更好,温度廓线仪资料可信度比较高,可以很好地反应降水相态转变时边界层温度的垂直分布;未出现降水时,市区和郊区边界层内的温差大;出现降雪后,市区和郊区边界层内的温差比较小。     

2002年河南春季的一次层状云降水特征研究

对2002年4月4—5日发生在河南省的大范围春季层状云降水进行探空、雷达、卫星等综合加密观测,分析了锋面移动过程中的云系特征和降水特点。结果发现此次降水主要是700～500hPa大气位势不稳定( θse/ z<0)造成的,位势不稳定区与地面降水极值中心有较好的对应。另外,在位势不稳定层出现前后,高空250～200hPa均存在一个急流中心,而在位势不稳定层的上方或下方则会有风向切变与之对应。云层厚度小、云顶高度低、云系结构不均匀是此次降水云系的主要特点。700～500hPa之间的位势不稳定度小、水汽输送量小和云顶温度低是造成此次降水量小的主要原因。     

辽宁地区雨雪转换天气的判别和分析北大核心

利用2011—2020年辽宁地区逐小时地面观测数据和定时高空观测数据,统计分析纯雪、雨雪转换两类降水天气特征。结果表明,辽宁地区2011—2020年雨雪转换日数与纯雪日数比值为1∶5,沿海地区多于内陆,雨雪转换时主要有5种天气类型:空中槽型、北上气旋型、低涡切变型、冷平流型、回流型,其中,空中槽型雨雪转换日数最多,占总日数的42.8%;冷平流型和回流型相对较少,分别占9.4%和7.8%。地面2 m气温、0℃层高度、抬升凝结高度、抬升凝结高度气温与地面2 m气温差、700~850 hPa位势高度差、850~1000 hPa位势高度差等6个气象因子对鉴定辽宁地区降水相态有一定参考意义。利用高分辨的欧洲细网格资料对2021年2月28日雨雪天气过程的降水相态进行诊断分析,结果表明,雨雪相态的转变对对流层低层温度平流非常敏感,0℃层高度、冰雪层厚度、粒子降落行程与降水相态之间关系密切;当0℃层高度降低(由920 hPa到950 hPa),云中冰雪层增厚(由430 hPa增至530 hPa),液态水层变薄(由20 hPa到10 hPa),云中冰雪物下落到地面的行程缩短(由780 m降至410 m),下落环境温度降低(由3.5℃到0.5℃),降水相态由雨转换为雨夹雪或雪。     

青海初秋一次雨雪天气过程数值模拟分析

利用中尺度数值模式WRFV3.6对2014年10月10—11日发生在青海省境内的一次雨雪天气进行了数值模拟及实况对比分析。研究表明,模式对造成此次雨雪相态变化降水过程的500hPa及地面天气影响系统的位置及移动路径模拟效果较好,并成功模拟出15日青海省雨雪天气过程雨带、雨雪强度中心。通过对模式每小时输出物理量的分析发现,此次雨雪相态的变化主要是由地面冷空气引起;雨雪过程的水汽来源主要为近地层的偏东气流和500hPa的偏南气流;雨雪天气过程中上升运动不强;出现降雨天气时,近地层(100 m以下)的雨水含量比较大;出现雨夹雪时,近地层有少量的冰晶含量,但未接地;出现降雪天气时,近地层雪晶及霰含量较大,并且接地;利用地面大气层中冻结部分降水混合比在可凝结成降水的水汽混合比中的比例作为降水相态判据指标,进行青海地区降水相态的预报是可行的。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.