甘肃民勤小型与E-601型蒸发皿蒸发量折算系数分析

利用民勤国家基准气候站1992~2001年5~9月各月小型与E-601型2种蒸发皿蒸发量的同步对比观测资料,通过对比分析、相关分析、离差分析方法以及气候估算值分析得出:(1)各月小型与E-601型2种蒸发的折算系数在0.504~0.601之间,平均折算系数为0.574;各年2种蒸发的折算系数在0.529~0.608之间,平均折算系数为0.574;(2)2种蒸发量5~9月的月、年平均折算系数相同,2种月蒸发量的平均相关系数为0.952,相关性很好,但2种蒸发的年平均相关系数为0.330,相关性很不理想,因此利用按月计算的折算系数来换算2种蒸发量更为合理;(3)小型蒸发量的离差系数大于E-601型蒸发量,小型蒸发量的离散程度比E-601型蒸发量大。由于E-601型蒸发量只有5~9月有观测资料,在考虑民勤站小型蒸发与E-601型蒸发资料互相换算时,首先考虑将E-601型蒸发量换算为小型蒸发量来利用,为有效利用民勤长序列小型蒸发量资料做了很好的衔接。     

蒸发势的一种计算方法

以平均气温、相对湿度、风速三要素的函数值作为蒸发势的一种经验计算值。计算方法是在对彭曼蒸发力和伊氏可能蒸发展作相关分析的基础上,修改伊氏可能蒸发展公式而成的。其数值比用E601蒸发器观测的蒸发量作相关分析的基础上,修改伊氏可能蒸发量公式而成的。其数值比用E601蒸发器观测的蒸发量作相关分析,相关系数高且稳定。利用本方法所得结果在水分盈亏评估、干旱和干热分析中有一定的实际意义。     

蒸发对比观测及折算系数

利用邢台国家基准气候站1992-2001年4-10月E-601B型与小型蒸发器10年蒸发量观测资料,分别进行了对比分析、离差分析和线性回归分析.结果表明:①两种蒸发器测定的平均蒸发量小型为232.9mm.E 601B型为117.4 mm,差值为115.5 mm.偏大率98.4％;②两种蒸发量4-10月的折算系数为0.504,折算系数与相对湿度、日照时数和风速等气象条件有关;③统计了历年E 601B型4-10月蒸发量的气候估计值,可为刑台地区的气候评价、水量平衡分析和水资源调查等提供依据,并为邢台地区有效利用长序列小型蒸发资料提供了应用途径.     

E601B型与小型蒸发器观测对比分析

通过对台山市气象站1998年3月至1999年2月E601B型与小型蒸发器一年蒸发量的观测资料进行对比分析,得出小型蒸发量较大型蒸发量偏大的结论,并且分析了小型蒸发偏大的原因。     

E601B型与小型蒸发器观测对比分析

通过对台山市气象站1998年3月至1999年2月E601B型与小型蒸发器一年蒸发量的观测资料进行对比分析,得出小型蒸发量较大型蒸发量偏大的结论,并且分析了小型蒸发偏大的原因。     

订正小型蒸发观测资料探讨

要合理利用水资源,必须了解水份循环实况,也就要进行水份平衡的计算,蒸发项的计算是必不可少的。在目前的技术条件下,直接而且准确地测量自然蒸发是不易做到的。一般采取两类方法:即蒸发力的测量和估算以及蒸发器直接测量法。我国目前大多数气象台站用20厘米口径的小型蒸发器来测量水面的蒸发,所积累的资料年代也较长。但小型蒸发器水体面积小,口沿又离地70厘米高。显而易见,所测出的蒸发量代表性稳定性较差,使用效果也并不理想。E—601型蒸发器就相对地克服了许多小型蒸发器的缺陷。有一定代表性和稳定性。但E—601型蒸发由于观测所得的资料年代短,很难适应各方面需求。如何能较好地找出小型与E—601型蒸发量之间的关系,通过订正使已有的小型蒸发资料发挥更大效益呢?本文就此作一些探讨。     

小型蒸发器资料折算系数的计算方法

E601型蒸发器和20厘米蒸发器（简称小型蒸发器,下同）的使用都编入了《地面气象观测规范》。小型蒸发器在我国气象站网已使用多年,积累了大量资料。从目前气象部门蒸发观测的实际情况来看,小型蒸发器有被E601型蒸发器取代的趋势。1997年初,由我国自行研制的E601B型蒸发器在我省基准站和基本站投入使用,并作正式记录。按照世界气象组织的规定：标准蒸发器应为20平方米的蒸发油。其蒸发量可近似代表自然水体（如水库、湖泊）的水面蒸发量。试验表明,E60lB型蒸发器测得的蒸发量很接近标准蒸发器的蒸发量,小型蒸发器的蒸发量比标准蒸…     

干旱气候条件下多种潜在蒸发量估算方法对比研究

潜在蒸发量表征局地大气蒸发能力,是研究陆面过程和水文循环的关键参量。基于中国科学院临泽内陆河流域研究站2015 2016年实测气象数据,对比分析了综合法、辐射法和温度法共10种潜在蒸发量计算公式在河西走廊中段干旱气候条件下的差异,并将计算结果与台站内E601型和Φ20型蒸发皿记录的蒸发量数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)影响E601型和Φ20型蒸发量的气象因素主要为饱和水气压差、净辐射和温度;(2)两种蒸发皿折算系数(ETp-E601/ETp-Φ20)的算术平均法和一元线性回归法计算值分别为0.65和0.62;(3)总体上综合法最适用,其次是辐射法,基于温度的各方法适用性最差;(4)综合法中FAO-56法最优,与E601型蒸发皿值拟合值为1.02(R2=0.70);其次是基于辐射的Doorenbos-Pruitt法,与Φ20型蒸发皿值拟合值为0.78(R2=0.85)。以上研究结果为估算我国西北干旱区及类似环境下潜在蒸发量提供了方法上的借鉴。     

如何提高E-601型蒸发器观测质量

一、两种蒸发器的比较 E-601型蒸发器的蒸发桶外围有水圈,用以减少太阳辐射及溅水对蒸发的影响.而水圈外围又有土圈,比较接近自然环境,故测得蒸发值较小型蒸发器更接近自然水面的蒸发.本站4月至10月测得小型蒸发总量为1027.5mm,E-601型为717.4mm,E-601型约占小型蒸发器的70%,这与水文部门统计的换算系数十分相近.即把小型蒸发量乘以0.72即等于E-601型的蒸发量.这个系数一般阴天大于晴天,冬季大于夏季.     

E 601B型蒸发器与小型蒸发器测值对比分析

通过塔城国家基准站1985-2001年非冰期（4-10月）E-601B型与小型蒸发器逐月蒸发量对比观测数据及塔城水文站2009-2011年3年冰期（11月至次年3月）冰面蒸发对比观测数据,应用比值法和多元线性回归方法,计算了两种蒸发量之间的折算系数.结果表明：小型蒸发器蒸发量与E-601B型蒸发器蒸发量存在很好的线性相关关系,相关系数非冰期为0.877,冰期为0.924;折算系数非冰期为0.596,冰期为0.349,为有效利用长序列、单站点小型蒸发器观测资料提供了依据.     

不同蒸发器之间蒸发量的换算关系分析

对巴彦淖尔市3个测站连续3年的小型蒸发器与E-601B型蒸发器非结冰期的对比观测数据进行统计和分析,利用回归分析法和比值法求得小型蒸发量订正公式,经试用,效果较为理想。为利用长序列、单站点的小型蒸发器观测资料使用提供了依据,对当地的气候研究和气象服务有重要意义。     

灰色关联度方法在大风和暴雨灾害损失评估中的应用

针对近20年北京地区发生的大风和暴雨灾害,应用灰色关联度方法,计算北京地区近20年的19个大风和暴雨灾例的灾情评估指标与关联度,进行损失评估和比较。结果表明,该方法对灾情等级划分和灾情损失排序是合理的,比较符合实际对灾情的评价,能够对不同气象灾害和同一级别的气象灾害灾情差异尺度做比较,是能够应用于实际工作中的一种科学方法。     

Equatorial Indian Ocean evaporation estimates from operational meteorological satellites and some inferences in the context of monsoon onset and activity

The estimation of evaporation from the sea surface is not yet achieved adequately by remote sensing techniques, in general. However, for approximate averaged estimates over moderate space and time scales over a specific tropical region, e.g., weekly values over the Indian Ocean as needed in monsoon moisture diagnosis, it may be possible to extrapolate satellite wind and humidity data to the ocean surface and then use bulk aerodynamic parameterization for estimating evaporation. In the present investigation, GOES low-level cloud winds and TIROS-N moisture profiles over the Indian Ocean are extrapolated to the ocean surface. The planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind shear is obtained over different sub-regions and periods during the monsoon season, by reference to objectively analysed fields. These shear values are applied to GOES satellite winds to obtain sea-surface winds. The humidity extrapolation was based on (i) an exponential fit for water vapour density and (ii) a vertical distribution of relative humidity approximately proportional to atmospheric pressure. The exchange coefficient is varied slightly depending on wind speed and boundary-layer stability inferred approximately from TIROS-N sea surface temperatures and temperature profiles. The evaporation estimate as based on these satellite parameters is assessed by comparison with ships' surface observations. Sensible heat exchange is also estimated and assessed. Some inferences based on these estimates are also presented, in relation to monsoon onset and activity.     

自动气象站E-601B型蒸发器的改进

本文针对目前国家基准气侯站广泛应用的E-601B型蒸发器,据多年的观测实践经验,详细介绍了对E-601B型蒸发传感器下三角支架底座改进的理由、方法、效果;同时还介绍了密封排水孔,取消溢流桶等,改用专用储水瓶取水法的理由、方法、效果。通过改进,不仅能够使E-601B型蒸发器的设计更加简单、操作更加方便,而且可以大量节省观测人员的劳动量和时间,从而使观测到的蒸发量更加准确。      

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FOURIER SERIES ANALYSIS ON CLOUD TRACKING WITH GOES HIGH TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IMAGES

Fourier series analysis is proposed as a new technique to address the problem of“sub-pixelmotion”in deriving cloud motion winds(CMW)from high temporal resolution images.Based on aconcept different from that of maximum correlation matching technique,the Fourier techniquecomputes phase speed as an estimate of cloud motion.It is very effective for tracking small cellularclouds in 1-min interval images and more efficient for computation than the maximum correlationtechnique because only two templates in same size are involved in primary tracking procedure.Moreover it obtains not only CMW vectors but potentially also velocity spectrum and variance.Apractical example is given to show the cloud motion winds from 1-min interval images with theFourier method versus those from traditional 30-min interval images with maximum correlationtechnique.Problems that require further investigation before the Fourier technique can be regardedas a viable technique,especially for cloud tracking with high temporal resolution images,are alsorevealed.     

Determination of evaporation from integrated profiles of humidity and temperature over an inhomogeneous surface

In this study a moderate-sized alfalfa field was downwind of a large dry region. Measured vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and wind at upwind and downwind sides of the field were used to calculate the short-term evaporation rate, as well as the contribution of horizontally transported or advected heat energy to the evaporation. The vertical profiles must be measured at least to the height at which air is modified by the new surface. In this case that height was as large as 18 m over a several hundred meter long traverse.Evaporation rates calculated by such an approach were in very close agreement to surface fluxes measured by an eddy correlation system near the surface. The difference between calculated and measured values averaged 9.5%. The reduction in sensible heat content of the air of the control volume was substantial during passage over the field. If all this energy was assumed to have been used in evaporation, then the advection of heat contributed from 35 to 86% of the total evaporation rate.It appears that for an inhomogeneous surface, knowledge of the distortion of some properties of local boundary layers can yield reliable estimates of local evaporation. The approach has little empiricism as it is based on simple conservation laws.     

An unsaturated soil water flow problem and its numerical simulation

1.IntroductionUnsaturatedsoilwaterflowisaflowwherewaterisnotfullofsoilhole,whichisanimportantformofflowinporousmedia.Predictionofanunsaturatedflowisprovidedwithsignificanceinmanybranchesofscienceandengineering.Theseincludeatmosphericscience,soilscien...     

气候波动对典型草原区潜在蒸散的影响

根据FAO推荐的彭曼—孟蒂斯方程,利用典型草原区1961—2008年25个地面气象站资料,分析了典型草原区潜在蒸散量的变化趋势以及与气候波动间的关系。结果表明,1）典型草原区四季与年潜在蒸散量均呈现出一致的减少趋势,且春季潜在蒸散量减少趋势最为显著,减少率为3.71mm/（10a）,其次为夏季和秋季,冬季最少。典型草原区年潜在蒸散量的80%以上集中在牧草返青、生长关键期,且此时又是潜在蒸散量变幅最大的季节,由此可能引发典型草原区干旱事件频发、地上生物量减少、草场的退化。2）对典型草原区潜在蒸散量影响最为密切的因子为：相对湿度、降水量、日照时数和平均风速,气温影响不显著。究其原因从能量平衡原理分析,典型草原区近50a平均风速减少影响了空气动力学对蒸散的影响,日照时数减少和湿度的略增是太阳辐射减少的原因,从而导致了潜在蒸散量的降低。3）21世纪典型草原区潜在蒸散量处于低的平均态和变率增大时期,极有可能引发干旱灾害,这与目前该地区气候变暖后生态耗水加大、干旱化加剧、生态退化严重等结论是一致的     

Aspects of the Fine-Scale Climatology Over Lake Tanganyika as Resolved by a Mesoscale Model

Summary  An hourly averaged climatology at 0.05 ° horizontal resolution over the Lake Tanganyika region was created by making simulations with a mesoscale model (HIRLAM) using a high resolution physiography to represent the surface. Initial and boundary values were interpolated from ECMWF analyses. Climatologies for a typical dry season month (July 1994) and wet season month (March 1994) were created by 7-day segmenting. Model results were validated by utilizing a special coastal observation network. A number of experiments were made with changes to the physiography (mountains/no mountains, lake/no lake). The results reveal local channelling and blocking effects of the near-surface southeasterly trade winds by the high mountain chains in the region of the East African rift. Furthermore, surface winds display regular diurnal cycles in many places, due to slope winds over hills and lake-land-type breezes near the coast. The diurnal coastal winds (defined by the observation network) are reasonably well simulated. Precipitation patterns display the semi-annual march of the ITCZ across the area, plus considerable topographic effects. There is high evaporation from lakes and wetlands during the windy dry season, while evaporation from the moist land surface dominates the rainy season. Received October 15, 1998/Revised September 2, 1999     

An intercomparison of observational precipitation data sets over Northwest India during winter

Development of downscaling models for each calendar month using the data of predictors specifically selected for each calendar month may assists in better capturing the time-varying nature of the predictor-predictand relationships. Such approach will not allow the explicit modelling of the persistence of the predictand (e.g. lag-1 correlation). However, downscaling at an annual time step and subsequent disaggregation to monthly values can explicitly consider the modelling of the persistence of the predictand. This study investigated the potential of annual downscaling of a predictand and subsequent disaggregation of annual values to monthly values, in comparison to the potential of downscaling models separately developed for each calendar month. In the case study, annual and monthly downscaling models were developed for precipitation and evaporation at two stations located in Victoria, Australia. The output of the annual downscaling models was then disaggregated into monthly values using four different methods based on the method of fragments. It was found that the annual to monthly disaggregation methods and monthly downscaling models are able to reproduce the average of monthly observations with relatively higher accuracy in comparison to their ability in reproducing standard deviation, skewness and lag-1 serial correlation. Downscaling models separately developed for each calendar month were able to show relatively smaller root mean square errors for their time series indicating better overall agreement with observations in comparison to their counterpart annual to monthly disaggregation methods. Furthermore, it was found that not only the bias in the output of an annual downscaling model but also the presence of annual totals in the records of observations of a predictand that are very similar in magnitude, but having significantly different sets of fragments, can largely contribute to the poor performance of an annual to monthly disaggregation method.