双雨带过程中的回流暖区暴雨个例对比研究

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1 °×1 °FNL资料、自动站降水资料,对华南两次双雨带过程中的回流暖区暴雨个例进行了对比分析,结果表明:(1)与暖湿的南到西南气流相比,变性高压脊后部回流的东到东南气流具有一定干冷属性,边界层两支不同性质的气流汇合形成辐合渐近线和边界层锋区。回流暖区暴雨实际是先有回流、预先在东侧形成浅薄的冷池,后有高空槽加深东移、带来边界层西南风,与东南风辐合,形成低层辐合抬升条件,西南风暖平流使边界层锋区加强并缓慢东移,产生的暴雨。回流和高空槽均起到关键的作用;(2)回流暖区暴雨区域在边界层内具有弱对流性不稳定或湿中性层结、而在中低层具有明显对流性不稳定,其发生发展机制有别于锋前暖区暴雨和典型锋面暴雨;(3)边界层较大水平螺旋度与回流暖区暴雨有良好对应关系,对回流暖区暴雨预报有指示意义,是回流暖区暴雨区别于锋面暴雨的重要动力学特征;(4)回流暖区的水汽输送主要集中在850 hPa以下,以925 hPa最显著,北侧锋区的水汽输送主要集中在850~700 hPa;南北两支雨带低层的水汽输送通道可能存在部分重合,当南侧暖区雨带的对流发展起来后,部分水汽可能被南侧辐合系统截留,从而影响北侧的水汽输送强度。这可能是导致北雨带降雨强度不如南雨带的一个原因。      

重力波与对流耦合作用在一次山地突发性暴雨触发中的机理分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）开发的新一代ERA5再分析资料、中国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐小时降水资料以及国家卫星气象中心FY-2G卫星云图资料,对2018年5月21～22日发生在四川盆地西南部的一次山地突发性暴雨过程中的重力波特征进行天气动力学分析。得到以下结果:此次山地突发性暴雨受到了波长约为150 km,周期为5 h的重力波活动的影响,是典型的β中尺度天气系统诱发的暴雨事件。此过程中的重力波主要是在地形和切变不稳定的共同作用下触发的。切变不稳定先于重力波的传播出现在下游降水区域,可表征切变不稳定的理查逊数对重力波传播方向及降水落区有很好指示作用。此次暴雨发生前,重力波中的上升支气流输送低层水汽到高空助力对流发展,而下沉支气流使得低层不稳定能量不断累积。随着东北低空急流的发展,在大气低层（700～800 hPa）东西风切变的过渡带内形成临界层,临界层不断吸收高空波动能量造成重力波能量下传,触发低层不稳定能量释放,促使对流不断加强,最终引发此次山地突发性暴雨。     

切变线冷区和暖区暴雨落区分析

利用常规、自动气象站、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料（1°×1°,逐6h）和WRF模式逐小时资料,对2010年6月30日—7月2日山东省暴雨过程的落区进行了分析.结果表明：本次暴雨过程具有暖区暴雨和冷区暴雨两种特征.暖区暴雨强度强、范围广、落区集中,位于925 hPa经向切变线右侧或者低涡的东南象限“人”字型切变线内、暖温度脊后部、地面低压前部南风区内;冷区暴雨区强度弱、范围小、落区分散,位于925 hPa经向切变线左侧、冷温度槽前、地面低压后部北风区内.冷区和暖区暴雨均位于大气可降水量大于70 kg/m^2的区域、低空急流顶端的左侧.低空急流与强降水同时开始或者低空急流提前1h开始,降水强度最大时段出现在850 hPa风速跃增后1～3h.只有冷区暴雨时,冷空气较弱,冷锋伸展高度较低,暴雨区位于冷锋后部θse锋区前沿、θse暖脊脊线顶点、强上升运动中心.冷区与暖区暴雨共存时,冷暖空气势力均比只有冷区暴雨时强,冷锋伸展高度较高,冷区与暖区暴雨均位于强上升运动中心南侧1个纬距内风速辐合处.只有暖区暴雨时,冷空气较强,冷锋伸展高度较高,暴雨区位于冷锋前1个纬距内、θse暖脊脊线与地面交点、上升运动中心.低层向北倾斜锋区的南北跨度与中层向南倾斜锋区的南北跨度的差值大小,直接影响上升运动的强度和暴雨区的分布.     

2008年7月14—15日川西暴雨过程的温度层结变化分析

2008年7月14-15日,四川盆地西部"5.12"汶川大地震重灾区在非典型热力条件下出现了一次暴雨天气过程.本文利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对其天气形势及温度层结变化特征进行了详细分析.结果表明:(1)暴雨发生在副热带高压不断西伸的环流背景下,低层偏南气流及其风速脉动对暴雨产生具有重要作用.(2)暴雨开始于850hPa θse下降及大气层结为弱稳定的非典型热力条件下,但700 hPa θse突增使得700-500 hPa对流性不稳定层建立,从而利于对流运动发展;暴雨过程后期,因850 hPa和700 hPa θse急剧下降和大气层结稳定度增大,对流上升受到明显抑制.(3)低层θse锋区和水汽辐合对强降水具有指示意义,暴雨落区位于850 hPa和700 hPa θse锋区前沿,降水中心位于水汽汇合中心附近.     

广西前汛期锋前暖区暴雨过程的模拟与分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5对2005年5月8-9日广西的暖区暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并对暖区暴雨形成和发展的机制进行了分析研究.结果表明:高空急流稳定维持与低空急流持续加强是这次暖区暴雨发生发展的动力机制;在暖区暴雨形成与发展的过程中,低空各层自上而下均有急流核向东传播的现象;低空急流核以接力振荡的形式快速东传,而不是向北面的锋区运动,有利于暖区累积充沛的水汽和不稳定能量,造成不稳定能量和水汽在锋区和暖区的不均匀分布,也有利于有组织的对流活动在暖区反复生成和发展,从而导致了暖区不仅降雨量大,而且雨强比锋区降水强.     

2007年3月3—5日辽宁省暴雪和大风天气的中尺度分析

使用中尺度数值模式WRFV2.2.1对辽宁省2007年3月3-5日的暴雪和大风天气过程进行了数值模拟,结合10min一次的地面自动观测站资料和数字化多普勒天气雷达探测资料,研究了中尺度重力波的结构及其环境场特征,探讨了波动的激发机制.对流层上层中尺度重力波生成在350-250 hPa(约9-11 km),周期为2-3h,水平波长30-40 km,波动沿水平方向传播约9h.地面气压扰动振幅约为2 hPa,周期为2-3 h,波动由西南向东北方向传播,方向与地面风向相反.沿波的传播方向,地面观测的逐时降水量呈波动特征,周期约为2h.对流层上层中尺度重力波减弱后,雷达降水回波强度出现显著的波动特征.对流层上层中尺度重力波生成在朝向脊区传播的高空急流出口区下方,300 hPa环境场具有显著的切变不稳定特征.波动生成在理查逊数小于0.25的地区,在中尺度重力波生成的高度上,暖平流强,风速低,风切变大.中尺度重力波生成地区出现显著的不平衡气流,拉格朗日罗斯贝数大于0.7,水平散度倾向出现明显的大值,其中-▽w·(e)v/(e)v的量级明显大于其他各项,表明对流层上层重力波的生成及发展与环境场的显著风切变有关.     

2019年台风利奇马引发山东特大暴雨成因分析

利用地面观测资料、雷达资料、FY-2G卫星云图资料及欧洲中心细网格资料,对台风利奇马登陆北上引发山东特大暴雨的成因进行分析。发现:利奇马登陆北上过程中,冷空气先后从台风的西部、西南部与南部侵入至台风中心内部,使其暖心结构逐渐减弱,其变性时段发生在10日20:00至11日08:00。山东的特大暴雨主要出现在台风变性前12h至台风变性后6h。变性之前的暴雨主要是由于台风螺旋云带与高空槽尾部云系相叠加造成的,变性之后的暴雨则是由于冷空气侵入致使台风外围云系演变成强对流复合体造成的。变性之前,对流层内800～500hPa风速小,500～250hPa风速大,气层内有暖平流,整层的上升运动,降水以暖区对流降水为主;变性之后800～500hPa风速大,500～250hPa风速小,500hPa至地面是上升运动,以上为下沉运动,降水以斜压锋区附近的对流降水为主。当500hPa至地面气层内出现冷平流时,湿层变薄,降水趋于减弱。特大暴雨区出现在台风中心西北方向,与850hPa假相当位温锋区与水汽通量散度辐合大值区相吻合。     

两类华南沿海暖区暴雨特征及热力发展机制对比研究

对2009—2014年4—6月的华南沿海暖区暴雨依据低层环流进行分类:第一类为偏南向型,即珠江口以西经向性偏南向辐合线型,由东南、偏南、西南三支气流汇合;第二类为西南向型,即珠江口以东纬向性西南向辐合线型,由偏西和西南风两支气流汇合。6小时强降水统计显示,6年中偏南向型年平均73.2次,西南向型年平均50.3次。南海夏季风爆发后,两种类型发生频数均明显增加。两类低层辐合线系统对应上层的合成特征显示,500 hPa天气形势偏南向型为宽阔暖脊,温度脊落后,有较明显的暖平流,无锋区;西南向型为弱槽,中纬度温度槽落后,锋区偏北,华南位于锋面前暖区,有弱波动。两类暴雨垂直剖面上有深厚垂直速度中心伸展到400 hPa;对应强烈的辐合层为几个垂直叠置的辐合中心;均为水汽充沛,对流不稳定能量层次深厚,有较强凝结潜热释放,造成气柱增暖拉伸,加强深厚多中心辐合及上升气流,其中西南向型凝结潜热释放更强,偏南向型中高层暖平流强于其凝结潜热释放。探讨热力发展机制的数值模拟显示,凝结潜热释放对气柱增温,大大增强暴雨区垂直速度厚度与强度,并增强暴雨区低层辐合环流,减弱中层辐散环流,其影响力达到环流强度的30%~50%,有利于维持强烈对流,促进暖区暴雨的发展。      

2019年5月湖北东部一次大暴雨过程诊断分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°格距逐6 h再分析资料、FY-2F逐时云顶亮温(TBB)资料、国家气象站常规探空和地面气象观测资料、湖北省区域气象自动站资料,对2019年5月25日湖北省东部一次大暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:500 hPa中高纬低槽不断分裂南下,盆地低槽稳定维持,中低层低涡扰动,切变线和低空急流维持,是本次大暴雨的有利天气背景;有西南向的水汽输送通道并在暴雨区强烈辐合,水汽辐合中心位于900～950 hPa,500 hPa以下整层温度露点差都在4℃以下;暴雨区在150 hPa以下为正平均涡度;400 hPa以上为正平均散度,其下为负平均散度,最强降水时段高层辐散低层辐合的配置明显向对流层下层压缩,高层负涡度低层正涡度的配置催生了高层辐散低层辐合的散度配置,有利于垂直上升运动加强;暴雨区上升运动从1 000 hPa延伸到200 h Pa,整层以上升运动为主,在最强降水时段上升运动中心明显下移;有明显的上冷下暖层结结构,形成低层暖平流高层冷平流的温度平流配置,有利于产生对流不稳定;降水云顶亮温TBB≤-50℃区域与降水区对应,近似圆形的中尺度对流系统对湖北东部强降水十分有利。     

一次爆发性气旋引发东北地区暴雨成因分析

利用2016年5月2—4日NCEP的FNL 1°×1°再分析资料和GDAS的1°×1°再分析资料、地面观测资料,运用天气学分析、等熵位涡、物理量诊断和水汽来源追踪等方法,从大尺度环流背景、水汽源地和输送、动力和热力机制、等熵位涡等方面对2016年春季一次地面气旋爆发性发展导致的东北地区暴雨天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:位于40°N附近的黄淮气旋北上加强发展,2日14时至3日14时中心气压下降24 hPa,超过爆发性气旋的定义标准。500 hPa高空槽快速加强发展为闭合低涡,低空切变线加强发展为低空低涡,其东部形成明显的低空急流,为暴雨区提供水汽和热量,为东北地区典型的暖式切变降水。等熵位涡自320 K高层向305 K低层输送下传,并逐步向南向东移动,高空正位涡的下传促使地面气旋快速发展,上升运动加强,有利于暴雨的出现。比湿在6 g·kg^(-1)以上对东北地区春末夏初暴雨预报有一定的参考意义。水汽主要来源于东海、黄海及西北太平洋。暴雨区与850 hPa水汽通量散度的负值区、700 hPa垂直速度和850 hPa绝对涡度大值区较为一致,强降水区与850 hPa相当位温密集带和暖区锋生区相对应,降水位于能量锋区以及偏暖区一侧。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.