夏季青藏高原对于南亚平均季风环流形成与维持的热力作用

本文应用一个包括Rayleigh摩擦、Newton冷却及水平涡旋热力扩散的定常准地转34层球坐标模式来研究青藏高原对于南亚季风环流形成与维持的热力作用。计算结果表明:在北半球夏季,只考虑高原的地形强迫作用是不能形成南亚高压与南亚季风环流的,而青藏高原上空的非绝热加热对于南亚高压与南亚平均季风环流的形成与维持起了重要作用。计算结果还表明了青藏高原的非绝热加热对于形成一支横跨印度次大陆直到日本南部的强西南风带同样也起了重要的作用。      

热力适应、过流、频散和副高II.水平非均匀加热与能量频散

利用位涡方程和热力适应原理，讨论了因非绝热加热的空间不均匀性导致的大气 动力特征的变化，进一步阐明了副热带地区的深对流凝结潜热加热的垂直非均匀性使副热带高压在中低空出现在热源区以东，在高空出现在热源区以西。在此基础上，深入研究了水平非均匀加热对大气环流的影响。结果表明加热区以北，虽然非绝热加热消失，但存在加热的水平梯度在西风环流的背景下在高低层造成深厚的负涡度强迫。因而高层热源北部边界附近的西风向南偏转进入加热区，造成加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐散；低层热源区的南风发生反气旋偏转，汇入加热区外的西风气流中，造成低层加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐合。结果该区域产生了垂直上升运动及负的涡度强迫源，对应着异常强烈的反气旋环流。该负涡度强迫源还通过能量频散，在西风带中以Rossby波的形式向中高纬传播，影响中高纬地区的异常环流型。     

1998年7月南亚高压影响西太平洋副热带高压短期变异的过程和机制

利用逐日NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对1998年7月二度梅期间南亚高压影响西太平洋副热带高压短期变异的过程和作用机制进行了诊断。结果发现,梅雨间歇期副高单体异常向西、向北发展期间,高层南亚高压曾离开高原上空东移(伸)至120°E以东;南亚高压返回高原上空时,中层副热带高压减弱南落,两者有相向然后相背移动的趋势。进一步研究这两个高压系统密切关联的原因又发现,南亚高压通过两种作用机制影响中层副高的短期变异:南亚高压在东移过程中,高空负涡度平流动力强迫的下沉运动在中层副高区域产生辐散,从动力上影响副高内的负涡度发展;另一方面,强烈下沉运动伴随的绝热加热效应又有利于纬向温度梯度维持,有利于南北风发展,从热力上间接影响西太副高的发展。最后,利用R42L9/LASG大气环流模式进行敏感性数值试验,通过改变高空南亚高压东移产生的负涡度效应,发现中层副热带高压区确有强迫产生的动力辐散和绝热加热出现,并对应副高的异常加强,成功地验证了诊断所揭示的1998年夏季副高短期变异过程的两种机制。     

热力强迫对湿斜压大气中南亚高压平衡态的影响

本文基于Lorenz的湿模式,引入地形效应并进行适当简化,在低谱近似下得到了描述大气运动的非线性耗散系统。讨论了在热力强迫与大气环流的非线性相互作用下,湿、斜压大气在参数空间的平衡态与南亚高压的流型分布及其东西摆动。结果表明:南亚高压典型的平衡态流型是西部型、东部型和带状高压,而且东西部流型的转换并非高压中心的连续位移,而是表现为一个高压中心消失后经过流场上的调整重新建立新的高压中心的过程。     

热力适应、过流、频散和副高Ⅱ．水平非均匀加热与能量频散

利用位涡方程和热力适应原理，讨论了因非绝热加热的空间不均匀性导致的大气动力特征的变化，进一步阐明了副热带地区的深对流凝结潜热加热的垂直非均匀性使副热带高压中低空出现在低源区以东，在高空出现在热源区以西。在此基础上，深入研究了水平非均匀加热对大气环流的影响。结果表明加热区以北，虽然非绝热加热消失，但存在加热的水平梯度在西风环流的背景下在高低层造成深厚的负涡度强迫。因而高层热源北部边界附近的西风向南偏转进入加热区，造成加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐散；低层热源区的南风发生反气旋偏转，汇入加热区外的西风气流中，造成低层加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐合。结果该区域产生了垂直上升运动及负的涡度强迫源，对应着异常强烈的反气旋环流。该负涡强度迫源还通过能量散射，在西风带中以Rossby波的形式向中高纬传播，影响中高纬地区的异常环流型。     

爆发性发展台风附近次级环流的诊断分析

利用原始方程模式的Sawyer－Eliassen次级环流方程，对由5个爆发性发展的台风所合成的要素场进行了次级环流的诊断．结果表明，在各强迫项中，地转形变和非绝热加热强迫作用较大．大尺度加热主要加强中低层环沈，对流加热则主要加强中高层环流．台风爆发性发展前后，动力强迫和热力强迫的相对重要性不同．在台风爆发性发展时，非绝热加热强迫的相对重要性明显加大。     

夏季南亚高压多中心特征及其热力影响因子分析

采用美国NCEP/NCAR I、NCEP/DOE II和日本气象厅JRA-55（Japanese 55-year Reanalysis Project）的月平均环流场和非绝热加热场资料,分析了夏季南亚高压多中心结构特征,探讨了不同区域高压中心的动力和热力结构,及其与不同地区热源的关系。结果表明:（1）夏季南亚高压存在显著多中心特征,可达5～6个,其中双中心类和三中心类占比例最多,约70%～80%,其次,单中心类和四中心类分别约占10%左右。（2）无论中心个数的多或少,不同区域的南亚高压中心的动力结构和热力结构不同,大致可以分为三个区域20°～70°E、80°～120°E和120°～160°E。20°～70°E伊朗高原及其以西上空南亚高压中心中层对应伊朗副高的东北侧,低层对应印缅槽的西北部,整层为下沉运动;80°～120°E青藏高原到我国东部上空南亚高压中心低层对应印缅槽中部,低层正涡度高层负涡度,整层为强上升运动;120°～160°E西太平洋地区南亚高压中心中低层都对应西太平洋副热带高压的西部,整层负涡度,对应上升运动。（3）三个区域的高压中心都对应着暖中心结构,20°～70°E区域以下沉增温加热为主导,80°～120°E和120°～160°E区域以深对流加热为主导。（4）当20°～70°E、80°～120°E和120°～160°E区域存在高压中心时,对应区域的南亚高压环流的增强,对局地环流、深对流和降水有着显著的影响。     

局地环流与大气边界层湍流相互作用的数值研究

本文建立了一个二维定常大气中尺度数值模式，并用该模式讨论了由下垫面粗糙分布非均匀（局地动力强迫）和温度分布非均匀（局地热力强迫）而产生的局地大气环流与大气边界层湍流的相互作用。结果指出：下垫面存在温度分布非均匀时运动方程中的湍流交换项与水平气压梯项一样可促使局地热力环境的形成，由粗糙度分布非均匀强迫产生的局地环流与由下垫面温度分布非均匀强迫产和的局地热力环流间的非线笥相互作用是通过湍流交换实现的。     

南亚高压的季节变化与趋暖性

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，分析了南亚高压的季节变化，讨论了对流层中高层温度、整层大气视热源和非绝热加热率的时空变化对南亚高压季节变化的影响。结果表明，南亚高压存在两个季节平衡态，即夏半年的大陆高压和冬半年的海洋高压，大陆高压又可分为青藏高压和伊郎高压。加热场对南亚高压的季节变化有重要作用，南亚高压是一个暖性高压，其中心有“趋热性”，通常位于或趋于加热率的相对大值区。南亚高压的年循环过程，主要受南亚地区潜热和感热季节变化的支配。夏季北方地区和高压地区的强烈短波辐射加热对高压中心北移和维持也有作用，长波辐射的冷却作用则是高压减弱的重要原因。     

线性准地转模型中基本流和辐射冷却对感热加热强迫的副热带高压形态的影响

通过求取定常线性准地转位涡模式的数值解,研究了感热型垂直非均匀分布的冷、热源强迫所激发的副热带环流的结构特征,讨论了副热带背景风场和洋面辐射冷却对洋面副热带高压“三角形偏心”结构形成的重要作用。结果表明,基本流对感热加热强迫的副热带环流有重要影响,当基本流为常数时,感热加热强迫的气旋和反气旋主要集中在对流层中下层,且地面系统远强于中高层。当基本流为非常数时,其经向切变能改变气旋和反气旋中心的经向位置,使它移至0风速所在纬度附近;其垂直变化加强了中高层气旋和反气旋,中心位于对流层上层,与南亚高压的位置基本一致。研究结果还表明,在大洋东部洋面辐射冷却与副热带地区背景风场的共同作用下,形成了洋面副热带高压特有的“三角形偏心”结构。副热带高纬度的西风使感热强迫的洋面副热带高压东移,低纬度的东风使其西移,形成东北—西南走向的“平行四边形”结构,且中心位于大洋西部。大洋东部强洋面辐射冷却激发的洋面反气旋加强了大洋东部的副热带高压,使其中心东移至大洋东部,从而表现出东北—西南走向的“三角形偏心”结构。      

Factors favorable to frequent extreme precipitation in the upper Yangtze River Valley

Extreme precipitation events in the upper Yangtze River Valley (YRV) have recently become an increasingly important focus in China because they often cause droughts and floods. Unfortunately, little is known about the climate processes responsible for these events. This paper investigates factors favorable to frequent extreme precipitation events in the upper YRV. Our results reveal that a weakened South China Sea summer monsoon trough, intensified Eurasian-Pacific blocking highs, an intensified South Asian High, a southward subtropical westerly jet and an intensified Western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH) increase atmospheric instability and enhance the convergence of moisture over the upper YRV, which result in more extreme precipitation events. The snow depth over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) in winter and sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over three key regions in summer are important external forcing factors in the atmospheric circulation anomalies. Deep snow on the Tibetan Plateau in winter can weaken the subsequent East Asian summer monsoon circulation above by increasing the soil moisture content in summer and weakening the land–sea thermal contrast over East Asia. The positive SSTA in the western North Pacific may affect southwestward extension of the WNPSH and the blocking high over northeastern Asia by arousing the East Asian-Pacific pattern. The positive SSTA in the North Atlantic can affect extreme precipitation event frequency in the upper YRV via a wave train pattern along the westerly jet between the North Atlantic and East Asia. A tripolar pattern from west to east over the Indian Ocean can strengthen moisture transport by enhancing Somali cross-equatorial flow.     

Chaos of a simple coupled system generated by interaction and external forcing

Summary ?This paper is concerned with the chaotic behavior of a coupled system consisting of two components, one representing the atmosphere and the other representing the ocean. The system is expressed as a highly truncated spectral model and for each component, the spectral model is similar to that of Lorenz (1963). Interactions between the two components are permitted, which lead to the temporal variation of surface temperature and hence that of a critical model parameter (the Rayleigh number). The emphasis of the paper is placed upon the chaotic behavior arising from the interactions between the two components and from periodic external forcing. Numerical tests are carried out to show that through interactions, the chaotic behavior of one component may result in chaos of the other even if the latter is otherwise stationary or periodic. It is shown that chaos may also occur if the system is forced periodically at certain frequencies. This study indicates that a new mechanism for chaos exists for coupled systems which are subject not only to internal fluid dynamic nonlinear interactions, but also to interactions between different components and external forcing. Received July 24, 2001; revised March 25, 2002     

青藏高原和亚洲夏季风动力学研究的新进展

亚洲夏季风环流受海陆和伊朗高原—青藏高原大地形的热力作用调控.亚洲季风所释放的巨大潜热又对大气环流形成反馈.这种相互反馈过程十分复杂,揭示其物理过程对理解气候变化格局的形成和变化以及提高天气预报及气候预测的准确率十分重要.夏季北半球副热带对流层上层环流的主要特征是存在庞大的南亚高压(SAH)以及强大的对流层上层温度暖中心(UTTM).本文介绍了温度—加热垂直梯度(T-Q_Z)理论的发展,并用以揭示SAH和UTTM的形成机制.指出沿副热带欧亚大陆东部的季风对流潜热加热及其中西部的表面感热加热和高层长波辐射冷却是导致SAH和UTTM在南亚上空发展的原因.文中还介绍了Gill模型用于上部对流层研究的局限性及解决的办法.     

Progress in the study on the formation of the summertime subtropical anticyclone

The studies in China on the formation of the summertime subtropical anticyclone on the climate timescale are reviewed. New insights in resent studies are introduced. It is stressed that either in the free atmosphere or in the planetary boundary, the descending arm of the Hadley cell cannot be considered as a mechanism for the formation of the subtropical anticyclone. Then the theories of thermal adaptation of the atmosphere to external thermal forcing and the potential vorticity forcing are developed to understand the formation of the subtropical anticyclone in the three-dimensional domain. Numerical experiments are designed to verify these theories. Results show that in the boreal summer, the formation of the strong South Asian High in the upper troposphere and the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific in the middle and lower troposphere is, to a great extent, due to the convective latent heating associated with the Asian monsoon, but affected by orography and the surface sensible heating over the continents.On the other hand, the formation of the subtropical anticyclone at the surface over the northern Pacific and in the upper troposphere over North America is mainly due to the strong surface sensible heating over North America, but affected by radiation cooling over the eastern North Pacific. Moreover, in the real atmosphere such individual thermal forcing is well organized. By considering the different diabatic heating in synthesis, a quadruple heating pattern is found over each subtropical continent and its adjacent oceans in summer. A distinct circulation pattern accompanies this heating pattern. The global summer subtropical heating and circulation may be viewed as “mosaics” of such quadruplet heating and circulationpatterns respectively. At last, some important issues for further research in understanding and predicting the variations of the subtropical anticyclone are raised.     

Multiple flow equilibria in the tropical circulation and monsoon

The aim of this paper is to examine whether an axisymmetric tropical model with thermal driving and orographic forcing can produce multiple equilibria in relation to the monsoon circulation over South Asia. The model is an equivalent barotropic balanced equatorial β-plane model. It shows that there may exist mul-tiple flow equilibria for a given driving, of which two may be stable: one corresponds to the summer monsoon, and the other to the winter monsoon circulation. The transition between them is also discussed.     

梅汛期100hPa南亚高压特征与江苏梅雨关系研究

通过2002～2005年南亚高压特征指数、高空槽变化过程分析,讨论了南压高压对江苏梅雨期和主要降水落区的影响.并结合近15年南亚高压特征指数,探讨了不同梅雨年型的特征指数区域分布关系.同时利用2002～2005年45年NCEP 100 hPa高度场资料,分析了不同梅雨年型高空环流形势差异.得出:(1) 南亚高压特征指数变化和西风槽移动与江苏梅期(入梅、出梅、梅期、梅雨量和落区)特征有密切关系.(2) 梅雨期100 hPa南亚高压的平均特征对梅期特征和梅雨年型有很好的对应关系.6～7月和梅雨期间南亚高压脊线和东伸指数平均值对梅雨强度指数具有一定的预报指示意义.     

Recent Progress in the Impact of the Tibetan Plateau on Climate in China

Studies of the impacts of the Tibetan Plateau （TP） on climate in China in the last four years are reviewed. It is reported that temperature and precipitation over the TP have increased during recent decades. From satellite data analysis, it is demonstrated that most of the precipitation over the TP is from deep convection clouds. Moreover, the huge TP mechanical forcing and extraordinary elevated thermal forcing impose remarkable impacts upon local circulation and global climate. In winter and spring, stream flow is deflected by a large obstacle and appears as an asymmetric dipole, making East Asia much colder than mid Asia in winter and forming persistent rainfall in late winter and early spring over South China. In late spring, TP heating contributes to the establishment and intensification of the South Asian high and the abrupt seasonal transition of the surrounding circulations. In summer, TP heating in conjunction with the TP air pump cause the deviating stream field to resemble a cyclonic spiral, converging towards and rising over the TP. Therefore, the prominent Asian monsoon climate over East Asia and the dry climate over mid Asia in summer are forced by both TP local forcing and Eurasian continental forcing.
Due to the longer memory of snow and soil moisture, the TP thermal status both in summer and in late winter and spring can influence the variation of Eastern Asian summer rainfall. A combined index using both snow cover over the TP and the ENSO index in winter shows a better seasonal forecast.
On the other hand, strong sensible heating over the Tibetan Plateau in spring contributes significantly to anchor the earliest Asian monsoon being over the eastern Bay of Bengal （BOB） and the western Indochina peninsula. Qualitative prediction of the BOB monsoon onset was attempted by using the sign of meridional temperature gradient in March in the upper troposphere, or at 400 hPa over the TP. It is also demonstrated by a numerical experiment and theoretical study that the heating over the TP lea     

CMIP6情景中主要温室气体和气溶胶排放强度的时空分布特征分析

基于不同共享社会经济路径（Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, SSPs）形成的8组最新的未来可能情景（SSPx-y情景）,被用于第六次耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）,以据此来预估未来气候变化的可能幅度和趋势。本文主要对比分析了8组SSPx-y新情景中主要温室气体和气溶胶排放数据的基准年排放强度分布、未来排放强度的时空变化、以及在6个典型区域排放强度的逐年变化等特征。结果表明:二氧化碳（CO₂）、甲烷（CH₄）、黑碳（BC）、二氧化硫（SO₂）在基准年的排放强度高值区都位于东亚和南亚。相比于基准年,2100年CO₂和CH₄在高和低辐射强迫情景下表现出的排放强度变化有显著差异。此外,所有情景下2100年的BC和SO₂全球平均排放强度都弱于基准年的排放强度。在时间变化上,随着生物质能碳捕获与封存技术的不断进步,所有地区在4组不超过3.4 W/m2的低辐射强迫情景下,CO₂排放强度到2100年都呈现负值。其中,南美洲的负排放最强,2100年在SSP5-3.4情景下该地区的排放强度为－0.3 kg m－2 a－1。最后,对比东亚和南亚排放强度的逐年变化可以发现,在各情景所描述的未来发展过程中,东亚的减排行动的成效都要好于南亚。     

中亚和南亚热力差异对塔里木盆地夏季降水的影响

利用美国国家环境预测中心/美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析月平均资料和新疆83站降水资料,分析了1961~2010年南亚和中亚对流层中低层热力差异对塔里木盆地夏季降水的可能影响机制。研究结果表明,塔里木盆地夏季降水与中亚和南亚对流层中低层温度密切相关。当南亚对流层中低层偏暖,中亚偏冷时,500 h Pa中亚上空和蒙古上空分别为异常气旋和反气旋环流,在二者共同作用下,塔里木盆地上空盛行异常的偏南气流,有利于低纬海洋的暖湿气流北上,形成有利于降水的环流条件。同时阿拉伯海上空为异常反气旋环流,中亚上空为异常气旋环流,形成塔里木盆地夏季降水水汽的两步型输送,阿拉伯海水汽被输送至中亚和新疆地区。中亚对流层中低层温度变化主要影响500 h Pa环流,南亚对流层中低层温度变化在低纬水汽向北输送过程中扮演主要角色。青藏高原夏季风偏强时,600 h Pa高原北侧对应异常反气旋环流,异常偏北风引导高纬度冷空气南下,导致中亚区域对流层中低层偏冷,而南亚对流层中低层偏暖则与热带印度洋显著增暖密切相关。     

Role of the Tibetan Plateau thermal forcing in the summer climate patterns over subtropical Asia

The mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) thermal forcing in influencing the summer climate patterns over subtropical Asia is investigated by means of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis diagnosis. Results show that since the TP is a huge elevated heating source with the strongest heating in the surface layers in summer, the thermal adaptation results in a shallow cyclonic circulation near the surface and a deep anticyclonic circulation above it. According to the steady barotropic vorticity equation for large scales, airflow must converge in the lower layers and diverge in the higher layers over the eastern side of the TP. However, the western side of the TP is characterized by a reversed structure, i.e., divergence in lower layers but convergence in higher layers. Hence, pumping and sucking processes bring in upward and downward movement over the east and west sides of the TP, respectively. Such a circulation is embedded in the large-scale circulation that is forced by the Eurasian continental heating. Because the TP together with Iran Plateau are located at the central and eastern parts of the continent, and, because the orography-induced circulation is in phase with the continental scale circulation, the role of the TP thermal forcing is to intensify the East Asian monsoon to its east and the dry and hot desert climate in mid-Asia to its west. The summertime thermal forcing of the Rockies and Andes can generate similar circulations along the two subtopics as the TP does since they are located near the western coasts. But, the lower troposphere poleward flow that is induced by orographic thermal forcing does not coincide with the poleward flows over the eastern coastal region that is induced by continental heating and the monsoon rainfall in North and South America is not as strong as in East Asia. However, the equatorward flow and the associated subsidence induced by the two mountain ranges along the western coasts of both North and South America are in phase with those induced by continental heating. These contribute to the formation of the stable low stratus clouds and strong long-wave radiative cooling over the eastern subtropical Pacific regions just off the western coast of the continent.