青海高原不同地区大气水汽含量对比分析

利用青海省4个探空站和NCEP格点站的大气水汽含量及对应地面站温度和降水资料,对比分析青海高原不同气候区的大气水汽含量及其与气温、降水之间的相互关系。结果表明:青藏高原地区NCEP水汽含量与L波段探空估算的水汽含量变化趋势基本一致。4站大气水汽含量的季节和旬变化特征有明显差异,测站海拔越低大气水汽含量越高且与所处地理位置和地形有关,测站海拔越高时大气水汽含量与大气环流和天气系统密切相关。大于10 mm降水与水汽含量呈正比关系,水汽转化为降水的转化率较高;小降水和无降水与水汽含量关系不明确,水汽转化为降水的转化率较低。虽然降水与温度和水汽含量有一定的正比关系,但青海高原地区降水的产生过程复杂,因而不能用温度和大气水汽含量完全确定能否产生降水。     

重庆地区夏季一次降水过程及增雨潜力的数值模拟分析

利用国家气象中心GRAPES人工增雨云系模式,选取2008年7月4日重庆地区一次降水过程进行数值模拟,分析了重庆地区降雨天气的水汽分布、云系宏微观分布、云中微物理转化和增雨潜力等特征。结果表明：本次降水大气过程中,重庆地区水汽含量极为丰富,水汽分布与地形分布呈明显的对应关系,低层水汽输送较大,整层水汽通量较高,有明显水汽辐合,云中液态水对地面降水影响很大。西南气流和地形共同作用为重庆地区液态水的形成提供了有利条件,在东北部山区迎风坡处大量水汽累积抬升,易形成丰富的液态水。重庆东北部地区水汽向云水转化较强,过冷液态水含量丰富,冰晶含量少,0℃层附近水汽垂直通量较大,降水效率较低,有较大的增雨潜力。     

地基微波辐射计对乌鲁木齐暴雨天气过程的观测分析

MP-3000A是一种新型大气探测仪器,可以连续得到从地面到10km高度上高分辨率的温度、相对湿度、水汽廓线以及液态水廓线。通过选取2011年5月1日的微波辐射计观测数据,分析在降水发生前后的水汽密度和液态水含量的变化,发现大气降水与水汽密度和液态水含量有很紧密的联系。大气中的可降水量一般会维持在25mm,当大气中的可降水量值超过50mm,液态水含量值开始增加的时候,发生降水的可能性增大;降水过后,液态水含量若是没有回落到0.0mm以内,在未来的2～3h内还是会发生降水,因此研究微波辐射计探测的大气水汽密度和液态水含量,将有助于提高短时、临近预报的准确度。     

北京雾与霾天气大气液态水含量和相对湿度层结特征分析

为了研究空气中的水汽层结变化对雾、霾生消的影响,对北京2011年10月至2012年2月雾、霾天气个例中能见度变化和地基微波辐射计观测的相对湿度及液态水含量资料进行分析,结果表明:大气总液态水含量时序图对预报雾、霾没有参考意义,无论是大气总液态水含量数值的大小,还是大气总液态水含量随时间的变化都不能预测雾、霾的生成与消散。但不同时刻大气液态水含量的廓线图对雾、霾天气的预报还是具有指示意义的,因为雾、霾生消前后大气液态水含量层结变化明显。进一步分析不同情况的雾、霾天气发现:雾、霾生消前后均无降水出现和先出大雾后降水的情况,即降水后消散的雾、霾天气,大气相对湿度的变化和液态水含量的变化主要集中在3 km以下;对于先降水后出大雾的情况,整层大气相对湿度的变化都很明显,液态水含量的变化主要在3~7 km之间。由于降水既可以增加近地面的空气湿度,又可以消耗空气中的水汽,因此降水既是大雾形成的有利条件,也是大雾消散的有利条件。有降水出现的大雾天气,有饱和层(空气相对湿度达到或接近100%),无降水出现的重霾天气,则没有饱和层,且整体相对湿度偏低。     

微波辐射计观测同降水相关性的研究

利用南阳站微波辐射计反演产品数据,结合L波段探空、多普勒天气雷达和地面雨量等资料,分析了2017年6月4—5日南阳地区一次降水过程中水汽与液态水变化特征,并对2017年6—8月不同降水条件下该地区的水汽与液态水总含量进行了统计。结果表明:微波辐射计反演的产品数据较准确,可靠性较强,可应用于日常业务工作和科研中。降水开始前,水汽总含量与液态水总含量明显增加,随着降水减弱结束,水汽总含量与液态水总含量减少。利用这一现象,可以将水汽和液态水的变化作为选择人工影响天气作业最佳时机的辅助判别条件。对比同时刻、同位置的雷达和微波辐射计资料发现,水汽总含量和液态水总含量跃增时对应较强雷达回波。水汽总含量达到5 cm、液态水总含量达到1 mm,可以作为判断南阳地区夏季降水开始的参考值。     

西北地区夏季降水与大气水汽含量状况区域性特征

运用NCEP/NCAR 1958～1997年格距为2.5°×2.5°的多个气象要素资料和1960～2000年西北地区95个测站的夏季降水资料,对西北地区夏季水汽含量特征及其水汽状况特征进行了分析.分析研究结果表明:(1)夏季西北地区西部整层大气水汽含量分布与降水的分布特征基本相似,而对于西北地区中东部,二者分布特征略有不同,无论干、湿年西北中东部大气水汽含量均存在相对高值区,表明西北地区整层大气水汽含量具有区域性可开发潜力.(2)西北全区夏季在20世纪60年代中期以前和80年代中期以后,大气中水汽含量较多,70年代前后较少.对于西北各个分区而言,北疆区夏季空中水汽含量最大,高原东北区最少.(3)西北地区夏季降水和西北地区西部哈萨克斯坦地区以及赤道东印度洋和赤道西太平洋交汇处的大气水汽含量相关最为显著.     

三江源及其周边地区多源水汽资料对比检验

采用三江源人工增雨工程建设的35通道微波辐射仪、全球导航卫星系统气象观测(GNSS/Met)、L波段探空系统以及美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析资料,经多源连续监测和计算大气水汽含量,对比检验多源数据的差异性和影响因素,了解多源大气水汽含量在三江源及其周边地区的适用性。文中以L波段探空计算的大气水汽含量为基准值进行检验,结果表明GNSS/Met反演的大气水汽含量与基准值保持一致,总偏差为1. 45 mm,不受温度、降水、季节、地区的明显影响,可代表三江源及其周边地区的大气水汽特征; NCEP大气可降水量总趋势与基准值比较一致,其值明显偏小,仅为基准值的69%,且随降水越大偏差增大,温度、地区、季节对其有明显影响;微波辐射仪能代表无降水或弱降水条件下的大气水汽特征,其值明显偏大,且受温度、液态水含量等多种因素影响。对三江源及其周边地区的旬大气水汽分析表明,三江源核心区大气水汽含量差异较小,从东到西呈波谷型分布;周边地区分布差异巨大,东边最高,西边最低,此分布特征与地理位置、地形和年内天气过程等密切相关。这些监测数据的对比检验和分析为三江源及其周边地区的云水资源精确定量评估起到基础性作用,也为改善人工增雨(雪)技术和保护当地生态环境起到关键性作用。     

不同强度降水发生前微波辐射计反演参数的差异分析

应用微波辐射计反演的地面至10 km高度共58层的相对湿度、水汽密度和云液态水的垂直廓线,以及大气水汽总量、云液态水总量和云底高度数据,再结合小时雨量资料对武汉站不同强度降水进行统计分析,按照降水初始时刻的雨强将武汉站降水分为三类:小时降水量大于等于5 mm的强降水、小时降水量在1~5 mm的中等强度降水和小时降水量在0.1~1 mm的弱降水,统计结果表明:三类降水开始前,大气和近地面湿度均有显著增加;2 km以下有水汽和云液态水的增量中心,且水汽增量中心比云液态水增量中心提前0.5~1 h;降水开始前1.5~1 h,水汽和云液态水的增长速度从缓慢增加突变为迅速增加。强降水开始前7 h最大湿度达到饱和、云底高度下降;低层水汽含量增幅最大,云液态水总量显著高于另两类降水。弱降水开始前,大气与近地面湿度、水汽和云液态水的增加都出现得更早、更稳定,增量中心强度小、位置高,但大值区从降水开始时刻维持到降水开始后5 h,这决定降水能够持续较长时间。     

基于地基微波辐射计观测的关中平原中部大气气态和液态水分布特征

大气云水含量分布及演变规律研究对于区域云水资源开发利用意义重大。利用2017年10月至2020年12月陕西泾河站MWP967KV型地基多通道微波辐射计探测资料,分析关中平原中部大气云水含量时间变化特征,并结合地面降水和多普勒天气雷达观测资料,通过个例对比分析不同云系降水前水汽和液态水发展演变特征。结果显示：关中平原中部水汽夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低,峰值在7月,谷值在12月;液态水秋季和夏季较高,冬季最低,峰值在9月,谷值在12月。水汽和液态水均呈现单峰单谷型日变化,峰谷出现时间存在差异,水汽日峰值夏季和秋季在07:00—08:00（北京时,下同）、春季在23:00、冬季在13:00,日谷值春夏秋三季在12:00前后、冬季在22:00;液态水日峰值春夏秋三季在07:00—09:00、冬季略晚（10:00）,日谷值均在夜间。不同类型云系降水前云水含量增长用时不同,层状云系发展用时平均为15.6 h,其他积状云系平均为9.0 h,初期水汽均先于液态水发展,越临近降水时刻波动幅度越大,但降水触发前液态水率先跳变跃增,且不同季节层状云系触发降水时的水汽和液态水差异较大;午后强对流发展用时较短...     

基于ERA5资料的陕西地区云水资源评估

利用1981—2020年欧洲中心高分辨率ERA5再分析资料及站点实测降水资料,通过中国气象局人工影响天气中心发布的云水资源监测评估方法,对陕西云水资源进行了评估。结果表明：陕西年均水汽总量28 6702×108 t,水凝物总量1 9384×108 t,降水总量1 3907×108 t,云水资源总量5477×108 t,“南多北少”的纬向分布特征明显;近40 a陕西全域云水资源呈下降趋势,含量丰沛的南部地区下降最为明显;液态水凝物主要位于低层850~600 hPa,固态水凝物主要位于中层650~350 hPa,根据水凝物垂直分布,春、秋两季人工影响天气的适宜催化高度约为3~5 km,冬季2~4 km,夏季4~8 km;陕西西、南边界水汽和水凝物净流入,东、北边界净流出,区域整体净收支为正,多年气候倾向率为负,呈下降趋势。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on