青藏高原地形重力波拖曳的初步分析及数值模拟研究

针对目前对青藏高原大地形激发的重力波拖曳相关问题还不十分清楚,在GRAPES_Meso模式中引入次网格地形重力波拖曳参数化方案,通过数值试验初步研究了青藏高原地区次网格地形重力波拖曳的一些相关参数,结果指出:(1)沿30°N地形重力波拖曳的垂直分布显示,阻塞拖曳主要存在于模式的低层(第1—5层),重力波拖曳主要存在于模式的第5—10层;从水平分布看,模式第3层以阻塞拖曳为主,主要位于青藏高原边缘地区,阻塞拖曳大值区沿喜马拉雅山脉走向和青藏高原东坡;模式第5层以重力波拖曳为主,主要位于青藏高原东部地区和云贵高原的北部边缘。(2)弗劳德数和气流绕流高度分析表明,在青藏高原喜马拉雅山脉一带和高原东部边缘地区,气流爬坡能力强,同时在这一地区绕流高度最高;弗劳德数越大的地区绕流高度距离地表越高。(3)采用次网格地形重力波拖曳参数化方案后,对于低层和高层地形重力波破碎的发生有更准确的描述,地形重力波是向上垂直传播的。(4)个例和批量试验检验结果表明,采用次网格地形重力波拖曳参数化方案对于风场和降水模拟有正效果,提高了模式预报的准确率。     

天气与气候模式中次网格重力波拖曳参数化的研究

从数值模式物理过程地形参数化研究的角度,回顾了次网格地形重力波拖曳参数化、地形阻塞流拖曳参数化和对流强迫拖曳参数化等方面的研究现状,总结概括了目前模式物理过程中关于地形参数化研究中若干亟待解决的科学问题。另外,在华南中尺度模式预报系统(GRAPES_Mars)中引进和发展了地形重力波拖曳参数化方案KA95,讨论了KA95方案对2012年2月8-12日华南冷空气过程的影响。结果表明,地形重力波拖曳参数化的引入较好地改善了GRAPES_Mars模式对冬、春季低层南风偏强和地面温度偏高的现象,显示出重力波拖曳参数化对改善模式风场预报的突出作用和对减小模式系统偏差的良好应用前景。     

克拉玛依大风数值预报中的重力波拖曳方案应用研究

新疆克拉玛依地区位于背风坡,长期受翻山气流形成的局地大风影响。该地区日常大风预报业务主要依托克拉玛依气象局的精细化数值预报系统,为进一步完善该系统的预报效果,本文开展了重力波拖曳参数化方案应用试验,对比分析了三组试验方案:不开启重力波拖曳、只开启外层区域重力波拖曳以及两重嵌套设置下均开启重力波拖曳的结果。试验结果表明:在克拉玛依大风预报个例中,对于山区地形背风坡处的克拉玛依站,不启动重力波拖曳会导致风速偏大和起风时间较早;开启外层重力波拖曳方案可以延迟克拉玛依站起风时间,两重区域均开启可以进一步延迟该站的起风时间,使起风时间更接近实况;对于非山区地形背风坡处的站点,在内层开启重力波拖曳会导致一定的负效果;对内层区域的统计检验结果表明不开启重力波拖曳,会使地形复杂区域风场预报存在一定的正偏差,在外层开启重力波拖曳会使正偏差有一定改善,而两重嵌套均开启重力波拖曳方案会导致非地形陡峭区域的负偏差增加。综合全区域内大风预报检验结果表明,只在外层开启重力波拖曳会获得最小的误差和较好的预报效果。     

一次大暴雨过程中地形重力波拖曳作用的研究

利用WRFV3.9数值模式,对2011年6月9—10日发生在湘鄂赣交界附近山区的一次江淮气旋大暴雨天气过程进行模拟。进行了地形重力波拖曳作用的控制试验和不考虑地形重力波拖曳作用的敏感性试验。结果表明,控制试验能较好地再现江淮气旋及其产生的强降水;模式引入地形重力波拖曳后能够更好地模拟出地形附近雨带的中心位置和强度;地形重力波拖曳在本次大暴雨过程中能够减弱地形附近的经向风速,增强低层气流辐合,促进垂直上升运动,从而有利于对流的触发和维持。     

WRF模式中地形重力波参数化方案应用及不同拖曳力试验

在WRF模式中引入地形重力波拖曳参数化方案(GWDO),利用WRFV3.2中尺度模式对2007年7月3日00时至10日00时(世界时)发生在我国江淮梅雨季向华北雨季转换时段江淮与华北地区过渡区域的降水天气过程进行了不同重力波拖曳力作用下的敏感性试验,设计了5组数值试验:不考虑重力波拖曳的控制试验(Ctrl)及考虑重力波拖曳(GWDO)但在不同拖曳力作用下的4组敏感性试验。结果表明:GWDO方案的引入,有效地改善了模式对环流场、水汽输送带、垂直速度场的模拟,缓解了对风速预报偏强的现象,一定程度上纠正了模式模拟的西风偏差,对降水落区和强度也有较好的改善。随着模拟时次的推移,引入的拖曳力越强,对降水模拟的改善越显著。     

斜压切变基流中横波型扰动的特征波动 Ⅱ:谱函数

“斜压切变基流中横波型扰动的特征波动Ⅰ谱点分布”一文中分析了斜压切变基流中横波型扰动的谱点分布，这里又对其谱函数进行了分析讨论。结果表明当基流在垂直方向存在切变时，重力惯性波与涡旋波的谱函数在垂直方向上均可出现临界层，临界层的高度随频率σ而变化，即重力惯性波与涡旋波都存在连续谱，但涡旋波与重力惯性波连续谱的结构却不同；对天气尺度扰动，两支重力惯性波和1支涡旋波的连续谱不重叠，此时每支波动仅有1个临界层；而对次天气尺度的扰动，重力惯性波与涡旋波的连续谱区会发生重叠，在连续谱的重叠区，重力惯性波仍只有1个临界层，但涡旋波则可以有2个或3个临界层。无论是涡旋波还是重力惯性波其连续谱的波包随时间都是衰减的，但涡旋波波包比重力惯性波波包衰减得慢。     

1979—2013年ERA-Interim资料的青藏高原低涡活动特征分析

为了更好地了解青藏高原多尺度地形的动力作用,并为改良数值模式中地形的表示方法奠定基础,通过采用2010年青藏高原西南部6个地面台站的观测资料以及4种不同分辨率的分析(再分析)资料,分别估算了冈底斯山及整个青藏高原主体范围内的地表气压拖曳,得出了青藏高原可能存在的拖曳类型,并且分析了青藏高原气压拖曳的一些特征。得出如下主要结论:由罗斯贝波产生的波动拖曳作为行星尺度的拖曳对青藏高原地区总拖曳的贡献最大;同时,青藏高原范围内存在着大量与天气过程密切相关的天气尺度的拖曳;对于冈底斯山对气流的中尺度动力作用的进一步分析可知,夏季基本全为气流分离,冬季500 hPa以下为气流分离,500—200 hPa为气流分离和波动破碎的混合区,而200 hPa以上的平流层则为重力波的产生及其破碎区域;冈底斯山地区的地表气压拖曳主要集中在3000—5000 m高度,并且,冈底斯山总拖曳的方向近乎与山脊垂直;地表气压和地形高度资料的分辨率越高,所能分辨出的更小波长的气压拖曳也越多,估算出的高原主体范围内的拖曳值也越大;变压梯度和地形梯度是影响气压拖曳的基本因子,但地形梯度对拖曳的影响最终是通过气压梯度来实现的。     

地形湍流拖曳力参数化及在GRAPES中的应用

分辨率的限制使得不能被模式识别的地形称为次网格尺度地形,次网格尺度地形在热力和动力方面对实际大气有着不可忽略的作用,其效应只能通过参数化的形式回馈给模式。分辨率的提高使得与较小尺度地形相联系的地形湍流拖曳力凸显其重要性。数值模式中地形湍流拖曳力的参数化对完善模式物理过程和改善模式近地层预报效果具有积极意义,其方法包括有效粗糙度法和直接参数化法,而GRAPES模式中并未以任何方法考虑次网格尺度地形的影响。该文通过单柱模式比较了有效粗糙度法和直接参数化法的优劣, 发现后者在有些方面优于前者。最后,将应用于实际的一个直接参数化方案接入GRAPES中尺度模式中,进行个例模拟,并与NCEP再分析资料进行对比,结果表明:考虑地形湍流拖曳力方案对模式预报具有改进作用,尤其对局地低层风场具有积极影响。     

地形重力波拖曳效应的参数化

当稳定的层结气流越过不规则地形时,会激发地形重力波,在合适的条件下,这种重力波会向上传播。这种重力波的传播与大气静力稳定度、垂直风切变等有关,而且在垂直方向可以传播到很高的高度。为了在中期数值预报和气候模拟中,解决由于地形引起的系统误差,例如纬向风太强、急流位置有偏差等问题,就有必要考虑到由于地形激发的地形重力波及其对大尺度气流的作用。观测表明,与地形重力波有关的天气尺度雷诺应力的量级,一般情况下,只有几十个帕斯卡。地形重力波的水平波长也可能只有几十公里。由于数值模式分辨率的原因,     

对流云街激发的重力波和波动阻力

大气边界层中的对流活动,可以在其上部稳定层中激发出重力波,并引起垂直动量输送,影响到对流层和平流层中的动量平衡过程.从二层模式中大气波动方程的线性解出发,得出了对流云街激发的重力波波阻解析表达式,并讨论了大气条件对波阻的影响.这些分析可有助于大气环流模式(GCM)中此类重力波波阻参数化表达式的建立和改进.     

A Two-Wave Scheme for Orographic Gravity Wave Drag Parameterization

When the magnitude of sub-scale ographic forcing is comparable with explicitly ordinary dynamic forcing, the drag effect reduced by ographic gravity wave is to be significant for maintaining dynamic balance of atmospheric circulation, as well as the momentum and energy transport. Such sub-scale ographic forcing should be introduced into numerically atmospheric model by means of drag being parameterized. Furthermore, the currently mature ographic gravity wave drag （OGWD） parameterization, i.e., the so-called first-generation （based on lineal single-wave theoretical framework） or the second-generation drag parameterization （including an important extra forcing by the contribution of critical level absorption）, cannot correctly and effectly describe the vertical profile of wave stress under the influence of ambient wind shearing. Based on aforementioned consideration, a new two-wave scheme was proposed to parameterize the ographic gravity wave drag by means of freely propagating gravity waves. It starts with a second order WKB approximation, and treats the wave stress attenuations caused by either the selective critical level absorption or the classical critical level absorption explicitly; while in the regions where critical levels are absent, it transports the wave stress vertically by two sinusoidal waves and deposits them and then damps them according to the wave saturation criteria. This scheme is thus used to conduct some sample computations over the Dabie Mountain region of East China, as an example. The results showed that the new two-wave scheme is able to model the vertical distribution of the wave stress more realistically.     

A NOTE ON THE APPLICATION OF LINEAR WAVE THEORY AT A CRITICAL LEVEL

The purpose of this note is to estimate the accuracy and practical limitations of applying linear theory at a critical level over a realistic range of atmospheric stabilities for an idealized surface terrain. These estimates are made by comparing the results of a linear model with a nonlinear numerical model at a critical level. Essentially similar results are obtained from each model for wave stress, wave breaking height and wave dissipation through the critical level. Because gravity waves can be either evanescent or internal depending on the relative sizes of the Scorer parameter and the wavenumber of the ground surface disturbance, the somewhat paradoxical result develops that wave breaking and non-linearity increase with increasing bulk Richardson number. It is recommended that steady linear wave theory be used in gravity wave drag parameterizations provided near real time profiles of background velocity and temperature are available.     

不同阶曲线拟合扰动场对下平流层重力波气候特征影响研究

重力波参数气候特征是确定大气模式中重力波参数化方案的重要条件之一,高垂直分辨率探空资料扰动场是获取重力波参数气候特征的基础数据;目前,获取扰动场的方法较多,但基于不同方法计算的扰动场对重力波参数气候特征影响的研究较少。基于2014—2017年山西太原气象台高垂直分辨率探空资料,利用2—4阶曲线拟合方法获取下平流层（17—24 km高度）温度扰动场、纬向风扰动场和经向风扰动场,经统计发现2阶与3阶曲线拟合方法的扰动场相似程度较高;在此选取相似度较高的2阶、3阶曲线拟合方法的扰动场分别计算大气重力波参数,并对大气重力波参数间的气候差异特征进行研究。结果表明:（1）不同阶曲线拟合方法扰动场的变化振幅及随高度变化趋势存在差异,且扰动场间的相关较弱;（2）2阶、3阶曲线拟合方法扰动场得到的重力波参数大小、年内变化趋势及在不同区间范围内占有率均存在差异,且相关较弱;（3）1—12月,相对3阶曲线拟合方法的扰动场,基于2阶曲线拟合方法的扰动场得到的重力波群速、水平波长、垂直波长、周期、固有相速均较大,而重力波能量上传百分比在某些月份较大。因此,不同阶曲线拟合方法扰动场间存在差异,会导致计算得到的大气重力波参数气候特征存在差异,最终对研制大气模式中的大气重力波参数化方案产生影响。      

Diagnosis of the forcing of inertial-gravity waves in a severe convection system

The non-hydrostatic wave equation set in Cartesian coordinates is rearranged to gain insight into wave generation in a mesoscale severe convection system. The wave equation is characterized by a wave operator on the lhs, and forcing involving three terms—linear and nonlinear terms, and diabatic heating—on the rhs. The equation was applied to a case of severe convection that occurred in East China. The calculation with simulation data showed that the diabatic forcing and linear and nonlinear forcing presented large magnitude at different altitudes in the severe convection region. Further analysis revealed the diabatic forcing due to condensational latent heating had an important influence on the generation of gravity waves in the middle and lower levels. The linear forcing resulting from the Laplacian of potential-temperature linear forcing was dominant in the middle and upper levels. The nonlinear forcing was determined by the Laplacian of potential-temperature nonlinear forcing. Therefore, the forcing of gravity waves was closely associated with the thermodynamic processes in the severe convection case. The reason may be that, besides the vertical component of pressure gradient force, the vertical oscillation of atmospheric particles was dominated by the buoyancy for inertial gravity waves. The latent heating and potential-temperature linear and nonlinear forcing played an important role in the buoyancy tendency. Consequently, these thermodynamic elements influenced the evolution of inertial-gravity waves.     

Test of a convectively forced gravity wave drag parameterization in a general circulation model

The influence of gravity wave drag induced by cumulus convection (GWDC) on a simulated boreal summer climate was evaluated in a general circulation model. For this, the GWDC scheme developed by Chun and Baik was implemented into a version of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global spectral model (GSM). Ensemble simulations with the two different convection schemes, the simplified Arakawa-Schubert (SAS) scheme and Community Climate Model (CCM) convection scheme, were conducted for the boreal summer of 1996. A cloud factor to modulate the stress intensity with respect to the cloud type was introduced in this study, in order to prevent unrealistic behaviors of the GWDC scheme in GSM. The effect of gravity wave drag on the zonal mean of wind and temperature fields was focused. On the whole, the effect of GWDC in this study is positive on the simulated seasonal climate. It is evident that biases in temperature in the polar region as well as in the zonal and meridional winds in the upper atmosphere are reduced. The percentage of reduction of the bias in zonal winds is about 10–20%. Such a response of the GWDC forcing widely appears not only in tropical regions but also in mid-latitude regions. These characteristics are prominent in the case of the SAS scheme, which is due to the various convective cloud types. The magnitude of GWDC forcing is generally small, but still positive, in the case of the CCM scheme, which is due to rather homogeneous cloud types. It is also found that the role of a particular GWDC forcing depends upon the inherent systematic biases of a particular model. It is concluded that incorporation of the GWDC parameterization in GCMs should be taken into account to improve the seasonal prediction.     

对流边界层中过山气流的数值模拟

采用ARPS4.0非静力中尺度气象模式模拟了对流边界层中气流过山引起的地形波,讨论了地形及大气条件改变对其的影响.模拟表明,当大气边界层是对流边界层时,气流过山引起的地形强迫,仍能在上部稳定层结中造成足够的垂直扰动,产生向上传播的重力内波,重力内波引起的波动阻力仍不可忽略.     

Generation of oceanic internal gravity waves by a cyclonic surface stress disturbance

Atmospheric cyclones with strong winds significantly impact ocean circulation, regional sea surface temperature, and deep water formation across the global oceans. Thus they are expected to play a key role in a variety of energy transport mechanisms. Even though wind-generated internal gravity waves are thought to contribute significantly to the energy balance of the deep ocean, their excitation mechanisms are only partly understood.The present study investigates the generation of internal gravity waves during a geostrophic adjustment process in a Boussinesq model with axisymmetric geometry. The atmospheric disturbance is set by an idealized pulse of cyclonic wind stress with a Rankine vortex structure. Strength, radius and duration of the forcing are varied. The effect upon wave generation of stratification with variable mixed-layer depth is also examined.Results indicate that internal gravity waves are generated after approximately one inertial period. The outward radial energy flux is dominated by waves having structure close to vertical mode-1 and with frequency close to the inertial frequency. Less energetic higher mode waves are observed to be generated close to the sea floor underneath the storm. The total radiated energy corresponds to approximately 0.02% of the wind input. Deeper mixed-layer conditions as well as weaker stratification reduce this fraction.The low energy transfer rates suggest that other processes that drive vertical motion like surface heat fluxes, turbulent motion, mixed region collapse and storm translation are essential for significant energy extraction by internal gravity waves to occur.