2007年3月3—5日辽宁省暴雪和大风天气的中尺度分析

使用中尺度数值模式WRFV2.2.1对辽宁省2007年3月3-5日的暴雪和大风天气过程进行了数值模拟,结合10min一次的地面自动观测站资料和数字化多普勒天气雷达探测资料,研究了中尺度重力波的结构及其环境场特征,探讨了波动的激发机制.对流层上层中尺度重力波生成在350-250 hPa(约9-11 km),周期为2-3h,水平波长30-40 km,波动沿水平方向传播约9h.地面气压扰动振幅约为2 hPa,周期为2-3 h,波动由西南向东北方向传播,方向与地面风向相反.沿波的传播方向,地面观测的逐时降水量呈波动特征,周期约为2h.对流层上层中尺度重力波减弱后,雷达降水回波强度出现显著的波动特征.对流层上层中尺度重力波生成在朝向脊区传播的高空急流出口区下方,300 hPa环境场具有显著的切变不稳定特征.波动生成在理查逊数小于0.25的地区,在中尺度重力波生成的高度上,暖平流强,风速低,风切变大.中尺度重力波生成地区出现显著的不平衡气流,拉格朗日罗斯贝数大于0.7,水平散度倾向出现明显的大值,其中-▽w·(e)v/(e)v的量级明显大于其他各项,表明对流层上层重力波的生成及发展与环境场的显著风切变有关.     

2017年8月萍乡地区连续性雷暴大风过程分析

利用常规观测资料、探空资料、多普勒天气雷达基本产品及导出产品,分析了2017年8月中旬萍乡地区雷暴大风天气过程,并选取了其中最强的一次过程进行了细致的分析。结果表明,“北低槽、南副高”的环流形势是此次长时间雷暴大风的环流背景,萍乡受“上下一致”的西南急流控制,中低层切变线、西南急流导致了强对流不稳定;低层逆温、“上干冷、下暖湿”以及风垂直切变的垂直结构,为雷暴大风的产生提供了层结条件和能量条件;地面热低压和地面辐合线、干线等是此次雷暴大风的触发机制。飑线过境,气象要素变化剧烈,在“人”字形回波附近,回波断裂处等区域容易产生强雷暴大风天气。强回波高度迅速下降、拖曳作用、动量下传、中层干暖空气的夹卷及蒸发作用、一定强度的中层径向辐合等多种因素导致了此次地面大风。垂直累积液态含水量、最大反射率因子、风暴顶高的持续下降,对地面大风天气的预报具有一定的指示意义。     

2006年4月28日山东强飑线过程中尺度结构和动力机制分析

利用探空、地面自动气象站、多普勒天气雷达和NCEP/NCAR再分析等资料,对2006年4月28日影响山东大部的强飑线过程的中尺度结构进行了诊断分析。此次强飑线是由东北冷涡横槽沿西北气流下滑激发对流发展形成的,冷涡横槽底部为后倾的干冷下沉气流区,干空气侵入有利于位势不稳定能量的储存。冷涡横槽在300 hPa最为强盛,并连接横槽前后南北两支急流,对流层顶折叠特征明显;高空横槽区的地转调整运动引发中尺度重力波,促进了高空急流动量向对流层中下部的传输,加剧了地面大风灾害。风暴发生区具有明显的等熵面倾斜、对流不稳定和垂直风切变,具有倾斜涡度剧烈发展的条件。风暴发生区中低层散度场、垂直速度场和地面风压扰动场均具有典型中尺度重力波的结构特征,风暴和中尺度重力波相互耦合促进,是强飑线发展维持的重要动力机制。     

一次飑线大风的多种资料分析和临近预报

利用临沂新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/SC)观测资料,结合MICAPS资料、加密自动气象站观测资料、MM5模式数值预报产品,对2006年4月28日发生在临沂的一次以灾害性大风为主、有弱降水相伴随、局部还有冰雹发生的飑线天气过程进行了分析.文中利用多种资料重点探讨了弓形回波带来的灾害性大风的形成机制.模式产品分析表明:灾害性大风发生区处在高空急流左侧,此处是正涡度平流和辐散区,强的垂直风切变导致了重力波的产生,300～500 hPa高度上产生的中尺度重力波(MGW)是本次大风过程的启动机制.造成地面大风的强下沉气流是来自于对流层中上层的干冷空气.雷达观测表明:本次过程中,大风区雷达径向速度出现模糊,强回波区对应径向风速辐合,具有较小的VIL值、有界弱回波区和中层径向辐合等特征.雷达径向速度图上高层负径向速度中心值的迅速减小和低层负径向速度中心值迅速增大是高空下沉气流迅速下沉的结果,是产生地面灾害性大风的直观表现.     

冷涡背景下华北平原一次弓形回波致灾大风过程分析

为了提高对弓形回波致灾大风环境演变和致灾机理的认识,综合利用多源观测和ERA5再分析资料,研究了2020年6月25日华北平原夜间弓形回波的风暴环境演变特征及地面致灾大风的成因机制。结果表明：此次过程发生在高空冷涡背景下,华北平原处于中层干冷气流与低层西南暖湿气流叠加区域,因此有利于强对流天气的发生;对流风暴演变可归结为“超级单体-弓形回波-逗点回波”三个阶段,风暴环境逐渐从中等强度的对流有效位能和深层风垂直切变向弱的对流有效位能和强的风垂直切变演变;超级单体阶段,探空曲线呈“X”型分布,负浮力效应为地面大风的产生做主要贡献,动量下传和冷池密度流的作用为辅;弓形回波阶段,由于低层暖平流和地面辐射降温的共同作用,近地面出现较强逆温,850—500 hPa垂直温度直减率增大,负浮力、动量下传和冷池密度流作用均较前一阶段明显加强,导致地面13级致灾大风的形成;逗点回波阶段,850—700 hPa的干层减弱,负浮力作用与超级单体阶段相当,动量下传和冷池密度流作用与弓形回波阶段相当,造成地面大风的形成。最后给出本次弓形回波环境演变和致灾机理的物理模型。     

大理机场一次晴空大风天气诊断分析

利用常规气象资料、NCEP2.5°×2.5°资料和风廓线雷达资料,分析了2015年2月27日晴空大风天气过程。结果发现:大理机场上空位于高空西风急流轴附近,虽然高空冷平流较弱,但是动量下传是造成大风的主要因子。当高空至机场近地面均为下沉运动时,下沉气流携带高空的动量下传,造成大理机场出现大风天气。相反,当近地面至700 h Pa为上升运动时,上升气流会阻碍高空动量向下传递,机场大风结束。风廓线雷达资料分析也表明动量下传是27日大风的主要动力因子,当高空到地面均为下沉运动时,大于3 m/s的下沉速度到达的高度越低,大风的出现频率越高;同时300~2500 m风向随时间反气旋偏转能使高空动量持续向近地面传送,对大风的产生和维持起作用,相反300~2500 m风向随时间气旋性偏转,则对高空的动量下传起抑制作用。     

浙江省春季至夏初飑线分型及对比分析

根据大尺度背景场的差异,将影响浙江省的七次飑线过程分为两种类型:冷涡类西北气流型和槽前西南急流型。通过环境场和雷达结构特征提炼异同点,结果表明:飑线系统发生在高空槽配合地面低压发展的有利环境场,对流层中高层相对干冷的平流叠加在低层暖湿气流之上,在对流发展区建立显著的条件不稳定层结。西北气流型由东亚大槽后干冷平流的强迫作用及925 hPa至地面辐合线触发产生,生命史长、强度强是主要特点;西南急流型飑线多发生在江淮低压冷锋南下型的地面形势场,西北东南移向的飑线主要由锋前低压系统内的冷暖交汇加上锋面抬升触发,而西南东北移向的飑线由西南急流强迫产生,低层西南急流脉动或风速辐合、地面辐合线等为触发抬升条件。T_850-500大于27 ℃,可以较好表征雷暴大风天气的环境场,B_li、B_CAPE等指示意义显著,而K指数和S_i指数对西北气流型飑线无指示意义。强的环境风垂直切变有利于飑线回波的组织化及回波垂直结构的倾斜;径向速度场的大风速区和MARC特征是飑线的共同特征,大风速区能直观地判断大风的位置和强度;阵风锋易出现在自北向南的强对流系统中,和阵风锋相交的回波强度强,持续久,易产生冰雹;冰雹回波在径向速度图上通常存在强的切变辐合或中气旋等共同特征。      

昭通机场一次西南大风天气过程的诊断分析

利用机场自动气象观测站数据、常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对昭通机场2019年3月19日一次极端西南大风天气过程进行分析。结果表明:此次大风天气过程中,地面为易产生高压后部偏南大风的典型“东高西低”气压形势,且昭通机场位于高空槽前西南气流控制下,机场上空的西南急流为大风提供了方向引导和加速近地面大气运动的强大动力,具备了产生西南大风的基本环流背景。物理量场的分析表明,高层深厚的辐合运动,使垂直方向出现了强迫下沉气流,整层的冷平流进一步加强了下沉运动,高层动量下传,加速近地面气流运动,形成大风。      

河西走廊西部一次极端大风天气过程3次风速波动的动力条件分析

利用自动气象站、高空探测和NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,对2017年5月1-3日河西走廊西部极端大风天气的影响系统、3次风速波动和动力条件等方面进行了分析。结果表明:在阻塞高压发展加强和冷涡的异常南压作用下,冷平流和动量下传是河西走廊西部持续大风形成的关键因素;第一次大风波动主要与地面变压风有关,动量下传在第二、三次大风波动中起重要作用;在高空急流入口区中心及左侧伴生的下沉运动能有效将高空动量下传到500 h Pa,低层不稳定层结发展的动量交换作用和热力、动力条件下所产生的垂直运动使中低空动量下传至近地面;前倾槽所形成的涡度平流上负下正结构极有利于动量下传,垂直方向上涡度平流梯度越大、梯度大值中心越低,越容易引发河西走廊西部近地面极端大风。     

β中尺度暴雨系统发生发展的一种可能物理机制I. 涡旋Rossby波的相速度

使用纬向基流下横波型扰动的Boussinesq近似方程组, 分析了这种沿着基本气流方向传播的中尺度扰动发生不稳定时, 大尺度背景流场在垂直方向上的各种分布特征.在大气层结比较稳定的情况下, 如果基本气流在低层和高层较大(有可能存在低空急流和高空急流), 此时产生的β中尺度不稳定扰动相对于基流向东传播, 甚至于快速向东传播.基本气流在垂直方向上的风速切变对于中尺度横波型的扰动起着不稳定的作用.如果考虑基流的二次切变, 可以得到涡旋Rossby波的相速度表达式, 涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流是单向传播的.涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的风速二次切变, 亦即基本流场y方向的平均涡度在空间z方向上的不均匀所致.涡旋Rossby波的相速度与纬向波数也有关, 它的能量是频散的, 其在纬向x方向也存在群速度.在基本流场的风速存在二次切变时, 横波型不稳定可能是混合的涡旋Rossby重力波的不稳定; 而在基本流场的风速仅仅存在线性切变, 不存在二次切变时, 横波型扰动的不稳定则是重力惯性波的不稳定.     

Investigating the Dominant Source for the Generation of Gravity Waves during Indian Summer Monsoon Using Ground-based Measurements

Over the tropics,convection,wind shear(i.e.,vertical and horizontal shear of wind and/or geostrophic adjustment comprising spontaneous imbalance in jet streams) and topography are the major sources for the generation of gravity waves.During the summer monsoon season(June-August) over the Indian subcontinent,convection and wind shear coexist.To determine the dominant source of gravity waves during monsoon season,an experiment was conducted using mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere(MST) radar situated at Gadanki(13.5 N,79.2 E),a tropical observatory in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent.MST radar was operated continuously for 72 h to capture high-frequency gravity waves.During this time,a radiosonde was released every 6 h in addition to the regular launch(once daily to study low-frequency gravity waves) throughout the season.These two data sets were utilized effectively to characterize the jet stream and the associated gravity waves.Data available from collocated instruments along with satellite-based brightness temperature(TBB) data were utilized to characterize the convection in and around Gadanki.Despite the presence of two major sources of gravity wave generation(i.e.,convection and wind shear) during the monsoon season,wind shear(both vertical shear and geostrophic adjustment) contributed the most to the generation of gravity waves on various scales.     

Impact of the Nocturnal Low-Level Jet and Orographic Waves on Turbulent Motions and Energy Fluxes in the Lower Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ) and orographic (gravity) waves play an important role in the generation of turbulence and pollutant dispersion and can affect the energy production by wind turbines. Additionally, gravity waves have an influence on the local mixing and turbulence within the surface layer and the vertical flux of mass into the lower atmosphere. On 25 September 2017, during a field campaign, a persistent easterly LLJ and gravity waves were observed simultaneously in a coastal area in the north of France. We explore the variability of the wind speed, turbulent eddies, and turbulence kinetic energy in the time–frequency and space domain using an ultrasonic anemometer and a scanning wind lidar. The results reveal a significant enhancement of the turbulence-kinetic-energy dissipation (by?50%) due to gravity waves in the LLJ shear layer (below the jet core) during the period of wave propagation. Large magnitudes of zonal and vertical components of the shear stress (approximately 0.4 and 1.5 m² s^?2, respectively) are found during that period. Large eddies (scales of 110 to 280 m) matching the high-wind-speed regime are found to propagate the momentum downwards, which enhances the mass transport from the LLJ shear layer to the roughness layer. Furthermore, these large-scale eddies are associated with the crests while comparatively small-scale eddies are associated with the troughs of the gravity wave.

     

基于秒级探空资料分析四川重力波统计特征

利用2014年6月-2017年9月的秒级探空资料,选取四川地区5个代表性站点研究重力波在对流层（2~10 km）和平流层（18~25 km）的时空特征。选取结果表明:重力波能量在四川地区各个高度均存在明显的季节变化,冬季强,夏季弱;在对流层由于地形影响,川西和川北高原地区的能量小于其他地区。垂直波长没有明显的时空变化,在对流层和平流层分别集中分布于1.5~3 km和1.5~3.5 km;水平波长则差别较大,分别分布于0~300 km和100~700 km,平均值分别为100 km和350 km。重力波固有频率在对流层有较大的区域差异,表现为在四川西北部的高原地区固有频率平均值为3f（f为地转参数）,其他地区则仅为2.4f;平流层则没有明显的差异存在,均约为2f。四川地区重力波的垂直传播方向特征基本相同,在对流层约有50%的波动向上传播,平流层则有90%以上的波动向上传播。水平传播则存在明显的不确定性,特别是对流层;平流层水平传播方向存在明显的季节变化,表现为夏季重力波多向偏东方向传播,而其他季节则向偏西方向传播。     

Wave disturbances associated with the red river valley severe weather outbreak of 10–11 April 1979

Summary An analysis of mesoscale gravity wave events during the severe weather outbreak in the Red River Valley on 10–11 April 1979 is presented utilizing surface pressure data and the 3 h rawinsonde data from the AVE-SESAMEI special network. The unique data set provided by the SESAME field experiment makes it possible to relate the wavelike characteristics observed at the surface to the variability of the temperature, humidity, and wind fields over a deep tropospheric layer that act to initiate and sustain the waves over long distances and time periods.Three different wave events (A, B, and C) were identified via spectral analysis and cross-correlation techniques. They all have similar periods, approximately 3 h, but different phase velocities. All three wave events are generated and propagate in the exit region or anticyclonic side of upperlevel jet streaks. Convection and wind shear are shown to be unlikely contributors to the generation of event A, which is probably related to the development of a strong divergent field in association with an upper-tropospheric jet streak and to the ensuing mass adjustment process. Events B and C also appear in a region of strong ageostrophic motion associated with an upper-level jet streak. However, the low values of the Richardson number (Ri) at the critical levels of these two waves suggest vertical wind shear as a likely contributor to their generation and/or maintenance. A linear stability analysis confirms, with unprecedent spatial and temporal resolution, that a modal structure is present in the atmosphere whose characteristics are consistent with those of waves B and C.Three-hourly rawinsonde data show strong temporal and spatial variability throughout the troposphere in the wind, temperature, and humidity fields when the waves are present. Convective systems, as detected by radar, are closely linked to the waves, although not in a consistent manner: cells intensify or develop at the passage of a wave trough in event A, at the passage of a wave ridge in event C, and at the passage of a wave trough or ridge in event B, depending on the geographic location of the cells. For all three events, maximum rainfall recorded at the surface is associated with a wave ridge with a time lag of approximately 1 h.With 20 Figures     

Generation of oceanic internal gravity waves by a cyclonic surface stress disturbance

Atmospheric cyclones with strong winds significantly impact ocean circulation, regional sea surface temperature, and deep water formation across the global oceans. Thus they are expected to play a key role in a variety of energy transport mechanisms. Even though wind-generated internal gravity waves are thought to contribute significantly to the energy balance of the deep ocean, their excitation mechanisms are only partly understood.The present study investigates the generation of internal gravity waves during a geostrophic adjustment process in a Boussinesq model with axisymmetric geometry. The atmospheric disturbance is set by an idealized pulse of cyclonic wind stress with a Rankine vortex structure. Strength, radius and duration of the forcing are varied. The effect upon wave generation of stratification with variable mixed-layer depth is also examined.Results indicate that internal gravity waves are generated after approximately one inertial period. The outward radial energy flux is dominated by waves having structure close to vertical mode-1 and with frequency close to the inertial frequency. Less energetic higher mode waves are observed to be generated close to the sea floor underneath the storm. The total radiated energy corresponds to approximately 0.02% of the wind input. Deeper mixed-layer conditions as well as weaker stratification reduce this fraction.The low energy transfer rates suggest that other processes that drive vertical motion like surface heat fluxes, turbulent motion, mixed region collapse and storm translation are essential for significant energy extraction by internal gravity waves to occur.     

Kinematic features of a bow echo in southern China observed with doppler radar

A bow echo is a type of mesoscale convective phenomenon that often induces extreme weather and appears with strong reflectivity on radar images. A strong bow echo that developed from a supercell was observed over Foshan City in southern China on 17 April 2011. The intense gusty winds and showers caused huge losses of property and severely affected human lives. This paper presents an analysis of this strong meso- n-scale convective system based on Doppler radar observations. The isolated bow echo exhibited a horizontal scale of about 80 km in terms of reflectivity above 40 dBZ, and a life span of 8 hours. The system originated from the merging of a couple of weakly organized cells in a shear line, and developed into an arch shape as it moved through the shear zone. Sufficient surface moisture supply ensured the convective instability and development of the bow echo. The low-altitude winds retrieved from single Doppler radar observations showed an obvious rear-inflow jet along the notch area. Different from the conventional definition, no book- end anticyclone was observed throughout the life cycle. Very strong slantwise updrafts and downdrafts were recognizable from the retrieved winds, even though the spatial scale of the bow echo was small. Strong winds and induced damage on the surface are considered to have been caused by the mid-level rear-inflow jet and intense convective downdrafts.     

两次台风外围强对流大风天气对比分析

【目的】为提高台风外围强对流大风预报预警能力。【方法】利用常规气象观测资料和ERA5再分析资料等对2个差异较大的台风在广西造成台风外围强对流大风天气的环流背景、环境条件和雷达回波特征等进行对比分析。【结果】前者的主要影响系统是副高南侧边缘和台风西北侧偏东气流中的东风波动,后者的主要影响系统是台风倒槽,受台风外围环流影响,近地面层风的辐合有利于对流触发。较好的水汽条件和不稳定层结为其发生发展提供了良好的环境条件,2次过程的触发机制略有不同,辐合线位置的差异导致对流初生位置的不同,影响广西的范围也不同。【结论】CAPE值和DCAPE(600 hPa)值等的差异预示着前者对流发展潜势强于后者,所伴随的天气现象也有所不同。雷达回波上的弓形回波和后侧入流急流带来大风天气,大风出现前回波顶高度和最大反射率因子高度不断下降,对大风的出现具有较好的指示意义,单体移速的不同导致大风出现的强度也不同。     

中国冷季高架对流个例初步分析

通过对3个中国冷季高架对流个例进行详细分析,试图揭示中国冷季不同类型高架对流在环境背景、雷达回波结构、产生的天气类型和主要形成机理方面的主要特征,包括共同点和差异。利用常规高空和地面观测、NCEP分析和雷达回波资料,采用对不同类型多个典型个例分析的方法进行研究。首先给出了中国冷季高架对流的定义,然后分别仔细分析了3个不同类型冷季高架对流个例,探讨他们各自的环境背景特征,生成与发展机理,对他们的相同点和差异进行了对比。3个个例的共同特点是斜压性和深层风垂直切变都很强,对流发生区在地面锋面冷区一侧数百千米。不同点是前2个个例为条件不稳定结合水汽和抬升触发等条件导致的垂直对流,低层暖平流都很强,但对流有效位能差异很大,对流强度和导致的天气差异很大。第3个个例为条件对称不稳定结合水汽等条件形成的倾斜对流个例,倾斜对流区在地面锋面以北500-600 km处,冷垫非常深厚。第1个例子于2012年2月27日发生在华南,最不稳定气块对流有效位能只有100 J/kg左右,深层风垂直切变很强,850-700 hPa的辐合切变线触发了该高架对流,对流较弱,最强反射率因子在40-45 dBz,只产生了雷电、霰和小冰雹。第2个例子于2007年3月30日晚上出现在山东半岛,最不稳定气块对流有效位能达1400 J/kg,0-6 km风垂直切变（风矢量差）达32 m/s,形成数个结构类似超级单体的对流风暴,多个多单体强风暴,和大量多单体风暴,最强反射率因子将近70 dBz,导致6个站出现冰雹,其中1个站观测到直径23 mm的大冰雹,另1个站点出现21 m/s对流大风。其最有可能的触发机制是以泰山为中心的山地激发出来,在低层为稳定层,以上为深层条件不稳定层和强风垂直切变环境下形成的较大振幅俘获中尺度重力波。该俘获重力波可能还对对流生成后对流的组织形态和对流群的整体结构具有显著调制作用。最后1个例子是发生在2008年1月中国南方大范围冰冻雨雪期间1月27日安徽、江苏和浙江的区域性大暴雪,分析表明,条件对称不稳定导致的倾斜对流是产生此次大暴雪的主要原因之一。      

浙东海岛两次强对流天气对比分析

对比分析了2004年发生在舟山的两次相似的强对流天气过程,不同在于一次过程强降水特别突出,一次过程强风特别突出。通过对两次过程反射率因子、径向速度以及一些二次产品的对比分析,找出了一些相同点和不同点。组织结构性好的强回波、速度产品中的大风区、垂直风切变、较高的顶高和大的VIL值等是产生雷雨大风和短时强降水天气的共同特征。回波移速较慢的易产生强降水,回波移速快的易产生强风。强风天气的回波强度、顶高和VIL等产品都有更强的表现。低层水平风的辐合、中气旋、垂直风向切变等可以产生强降水,中高层的中气旋、垂直风切变可以产生下击暴流、冰雹等强对流天气。