“碧利斯”与“圣帕”引发湘东南特大暴雨雷达回波对比分析

利用多普勒天气雷达、常规气象观测等资料,从雷达气象学和中小尺度天气学出发,对引发湘东南特大暴雨的两次强热带风暴"碧利斯"与超强台风"圣帕"进行了对比分析.结果表明:两次过程均为东风带系统影响,地形增幅作用显著.螺旋带状、弥合加波阶段是造成强降水的主要时段.均有低质心暖性降水虽波特征,降水效率高."列车效应"是造成特大暴雨的关键,但形成方式不同:"碧利斯"主要由带状回波形成,而"圣帕"主要由回波在同一区域加强形成."碧利斯"回波强度、回波顶高均大于"圣帕"过程,对流更旺盛,范围小而雨强大,与西风带冷式切变线暴雨回波相似."圣帕"回波均匀,持续时间长,与西风带暖式切变线暴雨回波特征相似,回波移动缓慢,降水总量大.两次过程都有暖平流上叠加辐合风场的特征,形成了有利于强降水的环境背景.中γ尺度"大风核"造成有组织的次级环流,可能是"列车效应"形成和维持的主要原因.谱宽表明,受地面的摩擦作用,低层有强烈的湍流和乱流,有利于低压中心从低层减弱.中层为强而稳定的气流,有利于气旋强度的维持,形成长时间强降水.     

登陆台风“麦德姆”的空心结构及其特征

利用2014年7月18—25日常规气象观测资料、美国国家环境预报中心再分析资料(National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis Project)和FY-2云图资料等,分别从环流形势、台风垂直结构、水汽输送及冷空气作用等方面,采用诊断分析方法分析台风"麦德姆"空心结构的形成和特征。结果表明:台湾岛、福建沿海山脉及武夷山脉等地形是影响台风"麦德姆"强度减弱和结构变化的重要因素,高低空涡度与散度场、水汽输送与水汽通量、地面冷空气入侵与干舌卷入等,均为台风"麦德姆"结构发生变化并出现"空心"现象的重要原因。对比相似的登陆台风可知,即使台风的路径和影响区域极其相似,不同台风的结构也存在较大差异,说明登陆台风的结构变化是极其复杂的。     

Sepat台风（0709）登陆过程中眼放大现象研究

台风登陆过程中常发生结构变化,从而引起其强度、路径以及风雨分布等一系列变化,导致登陆台风灾害十分复杂.0709号台风Sepat在穿过台湾岛时结构变化明显,出现了台风眼放大现象.基于上海台风研究所台风资料、FY-Ⅱ卫星半小时一次的遥感资料、台湾雷达逐时合成回波图像以及NCEP每日4次1°×1°格距的再分析资料,研究了Sepat登陆过程中的眼放大现象.结果表明:(1)Sepat登陆台湾后眼墙塌陷、眼消失,但随后在从台湾海峡移向大陆过程中重新出现了台风眼并伴有眼放大现象,眼直径扩展至约600 km;(2)这种眼放大现象,实际上是台风内核区对流云团分裂扩散过程中与外围螺旋云带一起重新发展出的环状结构.台风眼的扩大与眼区下垫面温度降低、低层大气不稳定度减弱、径向外流加强、下沉运动区范围扩大等因素有关;(3)在台风外围,环境干空气侵入台风环流并在其西部形成了弧状湿度锋.锋区既促进对流运动发展,也阻碍了台风眼区云团进一步向外扩散,使对流云团在锋区附近排列成半圆弧状云带,并在台风气旋性环流组织下与台风东部的螺旋云带一起形成了环状眼墙;(4)台风的减弱消亡与其眼区放大现象密切相关.台风眼放大过程中,由于眼内干空气下沉范围加大、对流凝结潜热加热减弱,不利于暖心结构维持,台风强度亦随之衰减.同时,其增强的径向外流在一定程度上阻止水汽能量向台风内核区输入,促使台风内核对流运动的减弱和消亡.     

热带气旋登陆后西行造成惠东县强降雨的分析

利用高空、卫星云图、潮汐和降水资料,以0604号台风"碧利斯"、0709号台风"圣帕"和1011号台风"凡亚比"为例,探讨了登陆后西行热带气旋造成惠东县强降雨的成因和环境条件。研究结果表明:登陆后西行减弱的热带气旋南部出现西南风急流,有利对流不稳定加剧,在地形与潮汐的共同作用下,惠东县极易出现大暴雨。     

贵港市8·21暴雨天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料和卫星云图、雷达回波等对贵港市2007年8月21日的暴雨天气过程进行分析,得出这次暴雨过程发生在9号超强台风"圣帕"登陆后台风槽北抬的环流背景下,台风登陆前的高温天气为暴雨的发生提供了不稳定能量,中尺度对流云图的发展,是暴雨产生的直接原因.     

1996年第8号台风中尺度结构的数值研究

用非静力平衡的中尺度模式ＭＭ５模拟研究了从１９９６年７月３１日０８时至８月１日２０时３６小时内９６０８号台风的移动路径、中尺度热力动力学结构及云和降水物理结构及其变化。这段时间覆盖了９６０８号台风在台湾和福建省福清市登陆全过程。结果表明：该模式比较成功地模拟预报了这次台风登陆过程,模拟了登陆前后台风中心附近的一些重要中尺度结构和发展演变特征。模拟预报的台风路径与实况接近,预报的８月１日０８时（积分２４小时）台风环流中心位于２小时后台风登陆点福建省福清市附近的海面上。台风中心附近低层呈气旋式辐合、高层呈气旋式辐散。台风眼壁具有由低层辐合形成的强上升气流,台风眼中心为下沉气流。台风中心周围动力结构表现出明显的不对称特征。台风眼壁的雨水分布呈现由中尺度雨团构成的环形雨带结构。台风在台湾滞留期间,台风中心由于低层云的发展使得卫星云图上原先清晰可见的台风眼变得模糊不清。高分辨的模式预报表明,在对流层中层具有强上升气流和云雨水集中的眼壁比台风眼中心更为暖湿。     

三个典型登闽空心结构台风强降水分布差异分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)再分析资料对1710"海棠"、1307"苏力"和0709"圣帕"这三个典型登闽空心台风分别于2017年7月31日、2013年7月13日和2007年8月19日产生的强降水分布差异采用诊断方法分析。结果表明:高层辐散分流通道显著不同,"海棠"与"圣帕"为反气旋性流出气流,"苏力"属于单一流出通道。环境风垂直切变方向对"海棠"与"苏力"大降水落区有一定预报指示意义。湿度锋区及干舌侵入位置的差异对三个台风空心结构形成及强降水分布的差异有重要影响。湿位涡场均呈现下负上正分布,表明大气在低层为对流不稳定状态。湿正压项是"海棠"与"圣帕"台风MCS发展的主要不稳定条件,而湿正压项和湿斜压项均对"苏力"台风MCS发展起加强作用,其中湿正压项对MCS非对称分布起主要作用。     

热带气旋过台湾后再次登陆的路径强度变化统计分析

登陆台湾后再次登陆大陆的热带气旋(TC)由于受复杂下垫面及中低纬天气系统的共同影响,过岛后在海峡内的路径、强度及结构变化复杂,导致登陆大陆的精确化定位、定强及预报难度大。分析了1949—2017年二次登陆的81个热带气旋路径及强度变化特征,并对上海台风所(CMA/STI)、美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)及东京区域台风中心(RSMC-Tokyo)的热带气旋最佳路径数据中过岛热带气旋的定位定强进行对比分析。结果表明:二次登陆大陆热带气旋强度以减弱为主,少数热带气旋在海峡内增强;过岛后热带气旋路径多数会发生明显偏折,但三家最佳路径资料判断的偏折趋势不一致;由于热带气旋过岛时结构遭到破坏,定位定强难度增大,导致三个业务中心对其定位定强的差异较大,这种不确定性增大了其路径和强度监测预报的难度。     

登陆台风和陕西暴雨

本文主要研究登陆台风与陕西暴雨的关系,所用资料是中央气象局和上海台风研究所出版的内部资料《历史天气图》、《台风年鉴》及陕西省气象局的有关观测资料,资料年代为1969年——1986年.考虑到台风登陆后大多数较快衰减成为温带气旋(为叙述方便,以下称"登陆台风"),而在低层等压面图上则较容易定位,因此本文用与登陆台风相对应的700百帕低涡中心位置来表示登陆台风的位置.分析表明在辽宁登陆的台风一般与陕西暴雨没     

台风“莫拉克”登陆过程的闪电活动与雷达回波特征

利用全球闪电定位网WWLLN(World Wide Lightning Location Network)资料和中国气象局热带气旋资料中心最佳路径数据集的台风资料,并结合福建省气象局新一代天气雷达反射率资料以及NCEP/NCAR的再分析格点资料,对台风"莫拉克"在中国台湾和福建两次登陆过程中的闪电活动和雷达回波特征进行了分析。结果表明,闪电多发生在台风的外雨带,中心区域和内雨带闪电数量较少,第一次登陆过程中闪电数量较多,第二次登陆过程中闪电数量较少。6 km高度上,面积较大的回波后侧或外侧观测到闪电发生,在回波形成初期闪电数量较少,在面积和强度较稳定的时期闪电数量增加,并且闪电数量与回波的最大顶高呈正相关。闪电的发生受到台风自身垂直运动和地形抬升的共同影响,500 h Pa上气旋性风场流入垂直上升区后部的陆地出现闪电密集区,并且垂直中心的位置与强度对闪电分布的位置与数量有明显影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.