Association among geomagnetic activity,atmospheric electric field and selected meteorological parameters

The association among the geomagnetic activity (Ap index) and atmospheric electric field, meteorological parameters was investigated using a long series of continuous data set available for Colaba (18o53’N, 72o48’E, 11m ASL) for the period 1936-1966. The meteorological parameters used for the investigation are the surface pressure, temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity. The results of the above study indicate that the atmospheric electric field and the meteorological parameters are associated with the geomagnetic storms with Ap > 100. The atmospheric electric field shows an increasing trend after the geomagnetic storm. The surface pressure dips and surface tempera-tures increase after a geomagnetic storm. The wind velocity shows a decreasing trend and the relative humidity shows an increasing trend after the geomagnetic storm.     

城市与乡村大气中非甲烷烃(NMHCs)差异

在北京工业大学(城市点)和天津市宝邸县新安镇(乡村点)两个观测点进行了大气中非甲烷烃(NMHCs)的现场取样。从2006年4月16日至5月12日,分两批共获取约80个样本,检出55个组分,其中烷烃25个,烯烃19个,芳香烃10个。从非甲烷烃所含成分及其浓度的观测结果可见,城、乡两地大气中总烃(TNMHCs)平均浓度分别是438.1±173.1μg/m~3、193.8±184.4μg/m~3,城市是乡村的2.3倍,而TNMHCs的低值乡村只有城市的1/5。     

Characterization of C2−C4 NMHCs distributions at a high altitude tropical site in India

Air samples were collected covering a full diurnal cycle during each month of the year 2002 at a mountaintop of Mt. Abu (24.6^∘ N, 72.7^∘ E, 1680 amsl). These samples were analyzed for C₂−C₄ NMHCs using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with flame ionization detector (FID). The seasonally averaged diurnal distributions of these NMHCs do not show significant variations in the summer season. While sharp peaks in the diurnal variation of some species during evening hours are additional features apart from higher levels in all NMHCs in the winter season. The seasonal variations in relatively long lived species (e.g. ethane, propane and acetylene) are observed to be more pronounced compared to those in reactive species (e.g. ethene, propene and butanes). The seasonal changes in transport patterns seem to be more dominant factor at this site for the observed variations in NMHCs than changes in OH radical concentration. The annual mean mixing ratios of ethane, ethene, propane, propene, i-butane, acetylene, and n-butane are 1.22 ± 0.58, 0.34 ± 0.24, 0.46 ± 0.20, 0.17 ± 0.14, 0.21 ± 0.18, 0.41 ± 0.43, and 0.31 ± 0.35 ppbv, respectively. Only few pairs of NMHCs are observed to show good correlations, mainly due to transport of air masses with different degree of photochemical processing. A comparison of this measurement with data reported for other remote sites of the globe indicates lower levels of light NMHCs in the tropical sites. The annual mean mixing ratios of various C₂−C₄ NMHCs at Mt. Abu are lower by factors ranging between 3 to 9 compared to a nearest urban site of Ahmedabad. The annual mean propylene (propene) equivalent concentrations of about 1.12 and 8.62 ppbC were calculated for Mt. Abu and Ahmedabad, respectively.     

泰山日观峰日射观测结果的分析

日射观测的资料在基本建设、农业、生物科学和医学卫生工作方面都有应用,现在已经开始接触到对这类观测资料的需要。但是日射观测工作,我国以往做得很少,而且有些纪录也没有加以整理。1937年山东泰安泰山日观峰气象台曾推行过约一年的日射观测工作。现在将这些观测的结果加以整理,并且做了一些分析。 日观峰的地理位置是北纬36°16′,东经117°12′。高度1545米,气象台在孤立的最高峰(日观峰)上。     

西宁夏季对流层臭氧垂直分布变化与气象要素的关系

根据臭氧、气象探空观测数据,分析了1996年7月5日至8月3日西宁（36°44’N,101°45＇E,海拔高度2296m）上空对流层臭氧垂直分布变化与气象要素之间的关系。对流层臭氧浓度的增加（减少）总伴随着干、冷（暖、湿）气流的输送变化,而这又与大气垂直方向的运动是紧密联系在一起的。分析表明天气动力输送过程对对流层臭氧垂直分布变化有重要作用。     

清江流域水热关系与东亚夏季风的联系

降水（P）与气温（T）之间的关系,即水热关系（PTR）,在夏季一定程度上可反映干旱—高温热浪（或洪涝多雨—凉夏）极端气候灾害事件的发生情况。三峡库区内的清江流域,存在发育良好的洞穴,其沉积物中碳氧同位素序列长,可一定程度代表降水或气温信息,存在构造长序列PTR指标的可能性。从现代器测与再分析记录出发,研究清江流域PTR的演变特征和成因,可为利用石笋碳氧同位素构造PTR代用指标提供一些物理基础和启发。本文利用清江流域6个站（巴东、建始、利川、恩施、五峰、宜昌）1960～2016年逐日气温与降水观测资料及NCEP耦合预报模式再分析（CFSR）、日本气象厅55年再分析（JRA55）和欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析（ERA-interim）等3套资料,分析了清江流域PTR季节性差异、年际与年代际变化及其与东亚夏季风的联系。结果表明:1）PTR有明显季节性差异,夏季为显著负相关,其他季节不明显;2）夏季PTR存在明显年代际变化,表现出20～25年准周期振荡特征。在过去的几十年间, 1965～1976年和1993～2011年期间水热相关不显著,而1977～1992年为显著负相关,即分别在1974年、1986年、1992年发生了年代际转折;3）夏季PTR年代际变化和东亚夏季风强度有一定的联系。在水热显著负相关时段（1977～1992年）,夏季风偏弱;PTR不显著时段（1965～1976年和1993～2011年）,夏季风偏强;4）机制上,夏季风减弱,南北方气流交汇位置靠南,清江流域水汽增加,上升运动增强,云量与降水增加,导致地表热通量减少,地面气温下降,PTR为显著负相关。夏季风增强时,南北气流交汇区北移,清江流域水汽减少,下沉运动增强,导致云量减少而地表热通量增加,使得气温上升,进一步使气温垂直递减率增加,降水效率对降水贡献为正,表明气温上升利于降水增加,同时云量/降水对气温的影响减弱,但并未消失,使得PTR不显著。5）太平洋年代际振荡（IPO/PDO）对清江流域夏季PTR起着一定的调制作用。     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON FORMATION OF THE NEGATIVE VORTICITY REGION OVER THE NORTHEAST SIDE OF THE QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU*

In order to investigate the formation of the negative vorticity region over the northeast side of the Qinghai Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau,four sets of numerical experiments have been performed in this paper with a quasigeostrophic barotropical model considering large-scale topography,diabatic heating and dissipation.The diabatic heating in the model contains a constant forcing and timevarying forcing.The time-varying characters are determined by the continuous evolution of the sensible heat flux at Damxung Station (30°29'N,91°06'E) from 31 May to 4 June 1998.Results suggest that there are three types of processes significantly contributing to the formation of the negative vorticity region over the northeast side of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau,and they are the advection of the anticyclonic vortex at the upstream by the basic flow,the energy dispersion of the cyclonic vortex over the south side of the Plateau,and the strengthening of anticyclonic systems produced by the thermal forcing of the Plateau.     

中国4个国家级野外站大气CH4本底浓度变化特征

CH4是仅次于CO2的重要温室气体。2006年9月至2008年8月期间,按全球大气本底观测要求,在青海瓦里关、北京上甸子、浙江临安和黑龙江龙凤山4个国家级野外站开展每周一次空气样品flask瓶采样分析,获得了该地区为期2 a的大气CH4本底浓度资料。结果表明,2 a间瓦里关、上甸子、临安和龙凤山4站CH4浓度年均增幅分别为9.1×10-9、3.8×10-9、21.8×10-9和8.2×10-9;瓦里关站大气CH4浓度增长趋势与全球平均状况较为接近,能较好地反映北半球中高纬度内陆地区大气本底特征;但上甸子站年均本底值相对较低且季振幅偏小,而龙凤山和临安站季节变化规律相似,表现为CH4浓度冬季高而夏季偏低且季振幅较大。     

中国部分清洁地区大气中N2O的浓度

１９９３年４月—１９９５年８月对中国部分清洁地区大气的Ｎ２Ｏ浓度进行了现场观测，结果表明：农田（玉米田和麦田）大气的Ｎ２Ｏ平均浓度高达３２２．１－３４３．４ｐｐｂｖ，这是土壤排放Ｎ２Ｏ的结果；临安、龙风山和瓦里关山大气本底观测站（ＷＭＯ／ＧＡＷ）Ｎ２Ｏ的平均浓度分别为３１８．８±８．４ｐｐｂｖ，３１７．４±４．７ｐｐｂｖ和３１４．０±４．２ｐｐｂｖ。在此基础上，分析了大气Ｎ２Ｏ的分布及变化特征。另外，还对现场取样及Ｎ２Ｏ浓度测量技术作了初步分析和评价     

Characterization of chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols over Anmyeon (South Korea), a super site under Global Atmosphere Watch

This paper reports aerosol chemical properties for the first time over a Korean Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) supersite, Anmyeon (36°32′N; 126° 19′E), during 2003–2004 period. Total suspended Particulates (TSP) showed significant seasonal variation with consistent higher mass concentrations during spring season (average of up to 230?±?190 μg/m³). PM₁₀ also followed similar trend with higher concentrations during spring (average of up to 170?±?130 μg/m³) and showed reduced concentrations during summer. PM_2.5 showed a significant increase during summer (average of up to 60?±?25 μg/m³), which could be due to the influx of fine mode sea salt aerosols associated with the Changma front (summer monsoon). Chemical composition analysis showed enhanced presence of acidic fractions, majorly contributed by sulphates (SO ₄ ^2- ) and nitrates (NO ₃ ^- ) in TSP, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 during different seasons. Enhanced presence of Calcium (Ca²⁺) was observed during sand storm days during spring. The high correlation obtained on matrix analysis between crustal ions and acidic ions suggests that the ionic compositions over the site are mainly contributed by terrestrial sources of similar origin. The neutralization factors has been estimated to find the extend of neutralization of acidicity by main basic components, and found to have higher value for Ammonium (up to 1.1) in different seasons, indicating significant neutralization of acidic components over the region by NH ₄ ⁺ . Back trajectory analysis has been performed during different seasons to constrain the possible sources of aerosol origin and the results are discussed in detail.     

OBSERVATION AND INVESTIGATION OF VARIABILITIES OF BASELINE CO2 CONCENTRATION OVER WALIGUAN MOUNTAIN IN QINGHAI PROVINCE OF CHINA*

In-situ measurement of atmospheric CO₂ was made at the top of the Waliguan Mountain(36°17'N,100°54'E,3816 m asl).where the air is not directly affected by the local anthropogenic and natural sources,by using a nondispersive infrared(NDIR)analyzer and following the procedures proposed by WMO.The CO₂ in the flask samples collected on the mountain was also analyzed in a laboratory.The measurements uncover the daily,monthly and seasonal variabilities and the baseline level of the CO₂ in the air over the "clean" area of Chinese hinterland.Results suggest that the CO₂ concentration over the East Asia continent has evident periodical variation,similar to that of global distribution.In 1992,an annual mean baseline CO₂ concentration of 356.4 ppm over the continent was obtained.The annual mean value was 357.2 ppm for 1993.Some relationships between the CO₂ concentration at Waliguan and the weather conditions,especially,wind speed and direction are found through the observation.     

INTERCOMPARISON OF OZONE VERTICAL PROFILES BETWEEN ECC OZONESONDE AND BREWER UMKEHR MADE OVER QINGHAI PLATEAU OF CHINA*

From October 1995 to August 1996.a total of 50 ECC(electrochemical concentration cell) ozonesoundings were made in Xining(36.43°N,101.45°E,2296 m ASL)to study the distribution and seasonal characteristics of ozone profile,and intercompare the Brewer Umkehr ozone profiles obtained at Waliguan Baseline Station over the Qinghai Plateau.It was demonstrated that(1) Umkehr produced estimates of the ozone comparing with ECC profiles were accurate to better than 25% in the 20-38 km altitude range,and where 23-33 km region was the most accurate,within about 15% of the ECC ozonesonde:(2)higher differences between Brewer Umkehr and ECC ozonesonde occurred in the troposphere and lower stratosphere;and ozone amounts were overestimated in Umkehr layers 1,2 and 3,and were underestimated in Umkehr layers 6 and 7 by Brewer Umkehr method.     

Ground-Based and Airborne Measurements of Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in BERLIOZ: Analysis and Selected Results

During the Berlin Ozone Experiment BERLIOZ in July–August 1998 quasi-continuous measurements ofC₂–C₁₂ nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were carried out at 10 sites in and around the city of Berlin using on-line gas-chromatographic systems (GCs) with a temporal resolution of 20–120 minutes. Additional airborne NMHCmeasurements were made using canister sampling on three aircraft and an on-line GC system on a fourth aircraft. The ground based data are analyzed to characterize the different sites and to identify the influence of emissions from Berlin on its surroundings. Benzene mixing ratios at the 4 rural sites were rather low (<0.5 ppbv). Berlin (and the surrounding highway ring) was identified as the main source of anthropogenic NMHCs at Eichstädt and Blossin, whilst other sources were important at the furthermost site Menz. The median toluene/benzene concentration ratio in Berlin was 2.3 ppbv/ppbv, agreeing well with measurements in other German cities. As expected, the ratios at the background sites decreased with increasing distance to Berlin and were usually around one or below. On 20 and 21 July, the three northwesterly sites were situated downwind of Berlin and thus were influenced by its emissions. Considering the distance between the sites and the windspeed, the city plume was observed at reasonable time scales, showing decreasing toluene/benzene ratios of 2.3, 1.6 and 1.3 with increasing distance from Berlin. Isoprene was the only biogenic NMHC measured at BERLIOZ. It was themost abundant compound at the background sites on the hotter days, dominating the local NMHC reactivity with averaged contributions to the total OH loss rate of 51% and 70% at Pabstthum and Blossin, respectively. Emissionratios (relative to CO and to the sum of analysed NMHCs) were derived from airborne measurements. The comparison with an emission inventory suggests traffic-related emissions to be the predominating source of the considered hydrocarbon species. Problems were identified with the emission inventory for propane, ethene and pentanes.     

Heavy metals in aerosol samples from the Eastern Pamirs collected 2004–2006

This study measured the concentration of heavy metal elements in atmospheric aerosol samples collected between July 2004 and April 2006 at a remote site on Mt. Muztagata (38°17'N, 75°01'E, 4430 m), in the Eastern Pamirs. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP–MS) results show that the air at Muztagata contains low concentrations of As and heavy metal elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Bi), comparable with those in the Arctic — far lower than in heavily populated or industrialized areas. Observed enrichment factor (EF) values greater than 10 for those elements suggest partly anthropogenic sources. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi, and As resemble those of crustal Al, with greater concentrations during the summer but lower ones in winter. Our results reveal that the background atmosphere in remote inner Asia is only weakly affected by anthropogenic pollution, and demonstrate that high heavy metal concentrations occur during summer but with greater EF values during the winter. The air mass back-trajectory analyses suggest that pollution from West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia are the main possible source areas that contribute to the heavy metals in aerosols at Muztagata.     

Distributions of O3, CO and NMHCs over the rural sites in central India

The surface level measurements of O₃, CO, CH₄ and light NMHCs were made at eight different rural sites in the central part of India during February, 2004. The online analyzer was used for in-situ measurement of O₃ while air samples were collected for the analyses of CO, CH₄ and NMHCs using the gas chromatography techniques. The average mixing ratios of O₃, which were in the range of 60–90 ppbv, are significantly higher compared to the typical values reported for urban sites of India. The increase rates of O₃ in the forenoon hours were estimated to be in the range of about 8.8–10 ppbv h⁻¹. The slopes of ∆O₃/∆CO, which is an indicator of the efficiency of photochemical production, were in the range of 0.24–0.33 ppbv ppbv⁻¹. However, levels of primary pollutants e.g., NMHCs, CO, etc. at these sites were much lower than urban sites, but higher compared to previously observed values surrounding marine region of India. The estimated ratios of NMHCs and CO indicate fossil fuel combustion process as the dominant source of primary pollutants in this corridor.     

Profiles and Source Apportionment of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds in Winter and Summer in Xi’an,China, based on the Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model

Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment monitoring stations for NMHCs and 20 OVOC species were analyzed.Significant seasonal differences were noted for total VOC(TVOC,NMHCs and OVOCs)concentrations and compositions.The campaign-average TVOC concentrations in winter(85.3±60.6 ppbv)were almost twice those in summer(47.2±31.6 ppbv).Alkanes and OVOCs were the most abundant category in winter and summer,respectively.NMHCs,but not OVOCs,had significantly higher levels on weekends than on weekdays.Total ozone formation potential was higher in summer than in winter(by 50%)because of the high concentrations of alkenes(particularly isoprene),high temperature,and high solar radiation levels in summer.The Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model(HERM)was used to conduct source apportionment for atmospheric TVOCs in winter and summer,with excellent accuracy.HERM demonstrated its suitability in a situation where only partial source profile data were available.The HERM results indicated significantly different seasonal source contributions to TVOCs in Xi’an.In particular,coal and biomass burning had contributions greater than half in winter(53.4%),whereas traffic sources were prevalent in summer(53.1%).This study’s results highlight the need for targeted and adjustable VOC control measures that account for seasonal differences in Xi’an;such measures should target not only the severe problem with VOC pollution but also the problem of consequent secondary pollution(e.g.,from ozone and secondary organic aerosols).     

Ozone Vertical Profile Characteristics over Qinghai Plateau Measured by Electrochemical Concentration Cell Ozonesondes

ＯｚｏｎｅＶｅｒｔｉｃａｌＰｒｏｆｉｌｅＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｖｅｒＱｉｎｇｈａｉＰｌａｔｅａｕＭｅａｓｕｒｅｄｂｙＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌＣｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎＣｅｌＯｚｏｎｅｓｏｎｄｅｓ①ＬｉｕＱｉｊｕｎ（刘奇俊），Ｚｈｅｎｇ...     

龙凤山大气近地层O3浓度变化及与其它因素的关系

研究首次在龙凤山区域大气本底站测得的地面Ｏ３浓度及其变化的资料表明,中国东北农村地面大气Ｏ３浓度总体水平不很高,但在少数特殊的天气条件下,时均浓度可超过国家二级标准。Ｏ３浓度存在明显的季节和日变化,其月平均浓度１９９５年１月最低（２７．５ｐｐｂ）,１９９４年１１月最高（４３．２ｐｐｂ）。Ｏ３日变化幅度夏季的晴天最大（２８ｐｐｂ）,冬季的阴天最小（８ｐｐｂ）。气象要素（尤其是风速、气温和相对湿度等）和ＮＯｘ与地面Ｏ３浓度有较密切的关系。用多变量分析法探讨了地面Ｏ３各指标随气象因子和ＮＯｘ共同变化的规律,并拟合了寒冷和温暖期里与地面Ｏ３日最高浓度、日最低浓度及日变化幅度有关的方程。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源夏季降水观测中的动力损失及其修正

本文论述雨量计观测降水中动力损失的概念及其影响因素。通过不同雨量计观测降水对比实验资料的分析,评价了不同降水形态下各种防风圈的防风作用;揭示雨量计捕捉降水率与降水时段平均风速的关系,建立修正方案,确定真实降水量,修正乌鲁木齐河源夏季降水观测中的动力损失量。     

黄石市大气PM10和PM2.5质量浓度特征研究

利用2015年黄石市5个监测站点可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)的在线监测数据和风向、风速、气温、气压等常规地面气象要素观测资料,分析了黄石市大气PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度水平分布特征及其与气象参数的关系。结果表明:2015年黄石市5个监测站点大气PM10和PM2.5年均浓度范围分别为95.8—108.6μg·m^-3和64.3—68.9μg·m^-3,均超过国家二级标准;季均质量浓度呈现显著的冬季高夏季低的变化规律,冬季PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度分别为(143.9±62.2)μg·m^-3和(95.5±44.5)μg·m^-3,夏季PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度分别为(75.2±24.0)μg·m^-3和(50.7±17.3)μg·m^-3。5个监测站中,下陆区、西塞山区和铁山区的PM10和PM2.5颗粒物污染较为严重;各站点大气PM10和PM2.5质量浓度显著相关。大气颗粒物浓度与气象因素的分析显示,黄石市大气颗粒物浓度与气温呈显著的负相关关系,与气压呈正相关关系,与风速和相对湿度的相关性不显著,受风向影响变化较大。