AgI水溶胶单滴的冻结实验研究

为了解单个AgI水溶胶滴的冻结特性,本文采用热电偶金属丝悬挂水滴,在小冷室中对AgI水溶胶滴和蒸馏水滴的冻结过程进行了观测,实验结果指出:虽然影响水滴冻结的因子很多,但滴的冻结温度主要取决于水滴中的杂质,由于水滴中出现了AgI水溶胶粒子,因而使得AgI水溶胶滴与蒸馏水滴的冻结温度谱呈现明显的差异,然而若将AgI水溶胶单滴冻结谱的峰值温度,与在小云室中测定的AgI水溶胶雾滴的成冰阈温相比较,两者很为一致,因此揭示出这两种成冰机制的内在联系.观测水滴冻结的另一特征参数固有冻结时间(由滴内冰芽形成到滴全部冻结所     

苏联中央高空观象台二十五年来人工影响云、雾的研究

中央高空观象台(以下简称“观象台”)从1949年开始,对人工影响云、雾进行了系统的研究.以下分别介绍自开展这一工作二十五年以来各方面的进展情况. 1.人工消除过冷低云和雾的研究第一阶段,在实验室试验中研究了干冰和碘化银对云雾的影响,并测定了有效阈温.与此同时,在各种不同的气象条件下,在不同的地理区域进行了外场试验.试验结果证明此方法具有较高的效率;确定了用干冰来驱云消雾的有效阈温为-3℃;并得到了各种温度条件下的最佳剂量值. 利用这些实验资料进行了科学原理研究:(1)研究过冷云雾中引进干冰后,冰晶胚胎的形成机制.确定外界环境参数和催化剂播撒方法对成冰效率的影响,得出不同温度下每克催化剂的冰晶胚胎输出率.(2)研究过冷云雾中人工冰晶化的传播过程.研究结果阐明了影响传播速度和形成的消散区宽度的气象参数.研究表明,催化剂的剂量对人工冰晶区的传播速度及其最终宽度的影响比较小.     

冰晶产生的非催化触发机制研究

本文研究了用压缩空气爆破(薄膜爆破,激波管等)和火药爆炸非催化方法触发冰晶产生的作用机制。我们通过大量实验认为超声波和冲击波的作用不一定能够触发过冷水滴冻结,而超声速气流的绝热膨胀冷却作用则是触发冰晶产生的确切机制。然后设计了超声速气流发生装置并在过冷雾中进行触发冰晶产生的实验。结果表明,超声速气流(M=1.1)触发冰晶产生非常有效。阈温为-2℃。冰晶产生的临界压强为2.1atm,阈压随实验温度升高而增加,当总压超过阈压0.2—0.3atm时,冰晶大量产生。这些结果与超声速绝热膨胀理论相一致。     

利用卫星分析对流云成冰能力与繁生机制及气溶胶影响

为了进一步了解复杂的对流云冰相过程和气溶胶的成冰作用,利用多源卫星反演得到深厚对流云晶化温度(Tg)和-5℃有效半径(re-5),结合气溶胶分类和光学厚度,通过中国及周边141个个例统计分析结果表明:(1)污染气溶胶与沙尘具有相当成冰能力,当re-512μm时,随气溶胶光学厚度的增加Tg变暖,成冰能力增强;(2)当re-5≥12μm时,气溶胶使滴径减小,减弱冰晶繁生作用,从而降低云成冰能力;(3)对洁净海洋对流云而言,冰晶繁生机制为主要成冰机制,而大陆性对流云繁生作用仅占20%。     

二十四种有机化合物成冰性能的实验研究

1.实验方法 本文测定有机化合物的成冰性能,主要指成冰阈温和成核率。实验在容积为24升的圆柱型近似恒温的云室中进行,药品颗粒的分散发生,采用气流分散法和升华法。成冰阈温的测定为,云室由某一低温开始,然后逐渐增温,通过反复实验,确定出药品出冰晶的最高温度,即得之。成核率的测定包括,通过云室测定出不同温度区间下,药     

国外零讯

用溴化银进行人工降雨通常人工降雨是在云中撒播碘化银。碘化银的成冰阈温是-2.5℃左右。这是因为碘化银晶格中“细胞”的大小要比冰晶的大一些。美国纽约州立大学研究认为,如果用溴原子来代替晶体结构的碘原子,则会产生大小与冰的晶格相近的品格。在碘化银中用溴原子替换30%左右的碘原子时,则成冰阈温可提高到-1℃。     

稀土气溶胶成冰性能的实验研究

本文介绍了用憎水型滤膜收集稀土化合物和碘化银气溶胶的力法,并用油浸滤膜,水滴冷台冻结测温对上述气溶胶作成冰性能的对比实验。实验结果表明,稀土化合物气溶胶的成冰能力为中等,与AgI比较其成冰性能从高到低依次为:AgI(-4.3℃),R_2(C_2O_4)_3(-11.7℃),R(IO_3)_3(-13.1℃),RPO_4(-13.8℃),R(OH)x(-15.2℃),RF_3(-15.6℃)。     

含AgI人工冰核粒子的电镜分析

为深入认识当前人工影响天气作业中广泛使用的AgI焰剂的成冰特性, 利用电子显微镜对含AgI焰剂产生的人工冰核粒子尺度特征进行分析研究。利用环境场扫描电镜对焰剂颗粒的尺度分布和形态学特征进行研究, 利用场发射高分辨透射电镜纳米区域的X射线成分分析 (EDS) 对实验样品的颗粒结构特点和主要组成成分进行研究。实验结果表明:不同配方焰剂燃烧产生的颗粒谱分布特征有明显差异, 所取5种焰剂产生的颗粒平均谱分布, 其直径在0.02~0.50 μm之间的粒子数占98.96%, 即产生粒子绝大部分都可直接参加云内的成冰核化过程, 但其谱宽、峰值直径, 分布特征都不相同。透射电镜结果表明:焰剂颗粒的主要组成是KCl, 其表面附着AgI小颗粒, 该结构特征可能更有利于焰剂颗粒的成冰核化。利用中国气象科学研究院1 m3等温冷云室对AgI焰剂阈温对比实验表明:5种焰剂的成冰阈温在-3.5~-4.4 ℃范围内, 不同焰剂配方的阈温不同, 最大相差1 ℃。焰剂成冰核化速率主要由颗粒的大小 (均立方根直径) 决定, 同时受到谱宽、主峰位置等多种分布特征量影响, 改进配方时应综合考虑。同时, 由于高于-4.4 ℃时, 焰剂产生颗粒接触过冷水滴缺少活性, 即含AgI焰剂不适于云中较暖区的催化。     

南方不同类型冰冻天气的大气层结和云物理特征研究

利用观测资料和CAMS中尺度云分辨模式,对南方3次不同类型冻雨天气过程进行模拟,重点研究了冰冻天气中冻雨区云系宏、微观结构及大气层结特征,初步分析了冻雨形成的云物理机制.结果表明:(1)逆温层的存在是冻雨发生的必要条件,低层湿度较大的逆温常与冻雨天气有关.3次冻雨过程的冻雨区都存在逆温层,其中第一、二次过程属于锋面逆温,而第三次过程属于平流逆温.可见,逆温层结有利于冻雨的发生,但逆温层的存在仅是形成冻雨的条件之一.冻雨的发生还与水汽(湿度)、风向风速、地面特征有关.低层有水汽输入到冻雨区、地面温度等于或低于0℃,有利于冻雨形成和过冷雨水的冻结.(2)冻雨的形成需要满足3个主要条件:在对流层中高层存在冻结层,冻结层下要有暖层和逆温层,近地层有一个温度＜0℃的冷却层,并且低层的冷却层相对湿度较高.中高层冻结层主要产生冰相降水粒子,中层的暖层可以确保上层降落下来的固态降水粒子(雪或霰)融化成雨滴或在融化层中直接产生液态降水.这样,雨滴下降到低空冷却层后会逐渐变成过冷雨滴,当过冷却雨滴接触到＜0℃的地面或者其他物体表面时,迅速冻结形成冻雨.(3)不同冻雨区上空存在2种不同类型的云,对应云中有2种明显不同的温度层结:混合相云中的“冷-暖-冷”层结和水云中的“暖-冷”层结.具有2种不同层结特征的不同冻雨区云系,对应2种不同的微物理结构,具有2种不同的冻雨形成的云物理机制.(4)同一类型天气系统中的冻雨区,可以存在不同的温度层结、云的微物理结构和冻雨形成的机制;不同类型天气系统也可以存在特征相同的冻雨区,即冻雨形成的温度层结、云的微物理结构和冻雨形成的物理机制都相同.     

人工影响天气液氮载体的筛选

寻求高效、实用、经济、无毒的催化剂，最大限度地提高催化剂的催化效率，是广大人工影响天气科技工作者十分关心的问题。碘化银是较好的冷云催化剂，广泛、长期得以使用，但其催化阈温较低(-4℃以下才开始成冰晶)；干冰虽然在较高温度下(-0．5℃)可以冷冻云(雾)滴成冰晶，但其储存、运输使用多有不便，     

Inherent sea ice predictability in the rapidly changing Arctic environment of the Community Climate System Model, version 3

Seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice have typically been based on statistical regression models or on results from ensemble ice model forecasts driven by historical atmospheric forcing. However, in the rapidly changing Arctic environment, the predictability characteristics of summer ice cover could undergo important transformations. Here global coupled climate model simulations are used to assess the inherent predictability of Arctic sea ice conditions on seasonal to interannual timescales within the Community Climate System Model, version 3. The role of preconditioning of the ice cover versus intrinsic variations in determining sea ice conditions is examined using ensemble experiments initialized in January with identical ice?Cocean?Cterrestrial conditions. Assessing the divergence among the ensemble members reveals that sea ice area exhibits potential predictability during the first summer and for winter conditions after a year. The ice area exhibits little potential predictability during the spring transition season. Comparing experiments initialized with different mean ice conditions indicates that ice area in a thicker sea ice regime generally exhibits higher potential predictability for a longer period of time. In a thinner sea ice regime, winter ice conditions provide little ice area predictive capability after approximately 1?year. In all regimes, ice thickness has high potential predictability for at least 2?years.     

Some measurements and observations of very old sea ice and brackish ice,Ward Hunt Ice Shelf,N.W.T.

Abstract

Using ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio measurements, sea ice and brackish ice have been identified in a 10‐m ice core from Ward Hunt Ice Shelf. Brackish ice constitutes 62% of the core, and sea ice the remainder. The sea ice and brackish ice occur in alternating layers of 2–4 m thickness. The mean salinity of brackish ice (0.22) is an order of magnitude lower than that of the sea ice (1.26). The discrete sea and brackish ice layers and their individual salinity populations have been maintained apparently while the ice has aged and been raised about 40–50 m from the bottom of the ice shelf to its surface, a process taking roughly 400–500 years. Thin sections of the brackish ice reveal variable textures and an almost complete absence of cellular substructure that is associated with brine inclusion and retention in modern sea ice. Thin sections of the old sea ice show evidence of the former cellular substructure that appears to have been altered from the original. The discrete salinity populations and variable textures are briefly discussed.     

渤海的海冰数值预报

根据渤海气候和冰情特点,在已有海冰模式研究基础上,提出模拟海冰增长、消融和漂移的动力－热力学模式。模式冰厚分布由开阔水、平整冰和堆积冰三要素表示。该模式已与数值天气预报模式、大气边界层模式、潮流模式联结,并于１９９０年到１９９６年在国家海洋环境预报中心进行渤海和北黄海冰情预报。其数值预报产品包括冰厚、密度集、冰速、冰外缘线、冰脊参数、局地冰厚以及接近石油平台的冰漂移轨迹等,传送到国家海洋预报台和渤海石油公司等有关用户。为了客观评价模式和检验预报结果,在逐日预报后进行统计检验。本文概述渤海冰情、卫星遥感应用、冰模式及其预报结果和检验。     

基于MODIS产品的中国陆地冰云季节变化特征

利用2011年11月-2016年10月Terra卫星MODIS（moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer）3级大气产品数据（MOD08_M3）对中国陆地区域冰云发生概率、有效粒子半径、光学厚度和冰水路径的水平分布与季节变化进行分析。结果表明:冰云特性的水平分布和季节变化特征与东亚季风和强对流天气的发生存在一定联系。近5年冰云发生概率呈上升趋势,季节性变化规律明显,高值区出现在青藏高原东北部;冰云有效粒子水平分布呈现由西南向东北逐渐增加的趋势,总体季节性变化特点不明显,但在纬度较高地区出现随季节变化特征;冰云光学厚度与冰水路径水平分布和季节变化趋势大致相同,呈东南向西北递减趋势,总体季节性变化明显。     

Comparison of airborne electromagnetic ice thickness data with NOAA/AVHRR and ERS‐1/SAR images

Abstract

Snow‐plus‐ice thickness and surface‐ice roughness data collected by a helicopter‐towed sensor package was used to identify surface‐ice properties in March 1992 AVHRR and SAR images for the land‐fast and mobile pack ice off the northern coast of Newfoundland. The sensor package consisted of an electromagnetic induction sensor and laser profilometer. Observed snow depths and ice thicknesses verified that snow‐plus‐ice thickness over undeformed ice can be obtained to an accuracy of ±10 cm. Snow‐plus‐ice thickness and surface roughness data for flight sections covering several hundred kilometres indicated the change in pack ice properties seen in images from thin, smooth coastal ice and open water conditions to thick, rough consolidated offshore pack ice. Ice charts covering the same area showed similar variations in ice conditions based on AVHRR and fixed‐wing reconnaissance data. In the ERS‐1 SAR image, low backscattering coefficients were associated with large, smooth coastal floes interspersed with areas of high backscatter indicating the presence of waves in open water areas. Backscattering coefficients were higher in the rubble areas near the inshore edge of the pack ice than in the interior of the pack ice itself. Distinguishing ice types on the basis of tone alone in SAR imagery was found to be problematic; however in combination with other remotely sensed data such as AVHRR data, SAR data will become more useful in distinguishing ice types.     

Verification of a coupled ice ocean forecasting system for the Newfoundland shelf

Abstract

A coupled ice, ocean model for forecasting ice conditions on the Newfoundland shelf region is assessed by comparing hindcasts with satellite‐tracked ice beacon displacements and with changes in offshore ice edge location, ice thickness and southern ice extent derived from ice charts. The beacon velocity fields contain short timescale fluctuations which are not resolved by the model. The ratio of rms displacement error divided by the rms beacon displacement is 0.48 after 1 day and 0.23 after 8 days. The decrease in the scaled displacement error with increasing time is related to the short timescale motions. The skill in modelling displacement of the offshore ice edge is lower than in modelling ice displacement. Between mid‐February and mid‐April 1997, the effect of ice melt on the ice edge was a mean onshore displacement of 35 km overcoming an offshore advection of 24 km in 5 days.     

Book review

Summary and Conclusions The Last Great Ice Sheets provides a valuable compilation for current estimates of the extent and timing of the maximum ice extent of the last ice age period around the globe. The areas of uncertainty are indicated and emphasis is given to points of controversy where further research is needed to resolve the most important problems still remaining. The work thereby presents plausible upper and lower limit estimates for the maximum extent of the ice corresponding to about 18 ka BP. These limits can be used for the boundary conditions required for atmospheric climate modelling studies. For this type of application the differences in the upper and lower limits are not serious and consequently the possible errors in the reconstruction estimates are not so important. The greatest uncertainties in the ice cover reconstructions occur for the northerly limits of the grounded ice which tend to be in off-shore regions where reliable data is sparse. This signals the requirement for a much greater research effort to collect off-shore sediment sequences and other data to help clarify the ice cover fluctuation record. The possibility of an extensive arctic ice shelf system and marine ice sheet cover interconnecting with the various grounded ice sheets is put forward as a working hypothesis along with arguments in favour of the upper limit estimates for the maximum ice extent. The extent of the ice age ice shelves is an important question which should be examined by dynamic ice sheet modelling with explicit ice shelf formulation. The extensive growth of the ice sheets to seaward margins leads naturally to ice shelf formation. The major questions are: how extensive were the ice shelves, and to what extent did coalescence occur? The further hypothesis that the ice shelves may have had a major role in the growth and decay of the ice sheets is more difficult to support since the results of the dynamic modelling indicate that the ice shelves form readily as a result of extensive growth of the ice sheets but it is difficult to start extensive ice growth near sea level. The information presented for the timing of the advance towards the maximum ice cover and the subsequent pattern of retreat provides further valuable material to test the dynamic ice sheet and climate models including the reactions to the Earth's orbital radiation changes. These results for the rates of change of the ice cover taken together with the modelling results of Budd and Smith indicate that neither the ice sheets nor the bedrock depression had time to reach equilibrium states. The non-equilibrium nature of the ice sheets with only short periods between relatively rapid advance and retreat phases is an important factor that needs to be taken into account in assessing the reconstructions of the ice sheets. This emphasises the need for further work with dynamic ice sheet models and coupled global atmosphere ocean models to determine more clearly the sequence of changes during the growth and decay of the large ice sheets. ‘The Last Great Ice Sheets’ provides a timely data base and compilation to support these studies.     

Some formation peculiarities of physical and mechanical ice characteristics in hummocky formations

Main differences are considered in the formation of physical and mechanical ice properties in hummocky formations as compared with level areas of the ice cover. The results of laboratory and field investigations demonstrate that these differences are caused both by dynamometamorphic transformations of crystal ice structure as a result of the compression of ice fields before the beginning of hummocky ice formation and in the process of consolidation of ice blocks within the ice hummocks formed during the winter-spring period.     

A simulation of sea‐ice motion and distribution off Newfoundland during LIMEX,March 1987

Abstract

A coupled ice‐ocean dynamical model is applied to the simulation of sea‐ice motion and distribution off Newfoundland during the Labrador Ice Margin Experiment (LIMEX), March 1987. In the model, the ice is coupled to a barotropic ocean through an Ekman layer that deepens with increasing wind speed. A 6‐hourly gridded wind dataset was used as input to drive the ice and the ocean. The results show that ice velocities with ice‐ocean coupling are appreciably higher than those without coupling because of the generation of wind‐driven coastal currents. This suggests that coupled ice‐ocean dynamics should always be considered in short‐term sea‐ice models. The model gives reasonable agreement with the observed ice edge except in the southern boundary where ice‐melt has a strong influence on the ice‐edge position. Ocean currents, sea level and ice velocities computed from the model are in qualitative agreement with limited current‐meter, tide‐gauge, and ice drifter trajectory data.     

Physical properties and isotopic characteristics of landfast sea ice around the North Water (NOW) Polynya region

Abstract

An ice core sampling program was conducted during the North Water (NOW) Polynya Project 1998 Experiment in northern Baffin Bay during April‐May 1998. The physical properties of snow and sea ice as well as the microstructure and stable isotopic composition of first‐year landfast sea ice near the polynya were investigated. The thickness of sea ice at the sampling sites ranged between 147 and 194 cm with thinner snow cover during the period between mid‐April and late May. The ice was characterized as typical first‐year landfast sea ice, being composed of a thin granular ice layer at the top and an underlying columnar ice layer towards the bottom of the ice. The samples obtained at a site closer to the ice edge of the polynya contained a thin granular ice layer originating from frazil ice near the ice bottom. Formation of frazil ice was considered to be caused by turbulent processes induced by winds, waves and currents forced from the polynya and also mixing with water masses produced at the polynya.