东亚春季强冷锋结构及其动力学诊断研究 I. 东亚春季强冷锋结构

本文利用常规探空资料和华东中尺度试验的部分资料，对1983年春季一次快速南下，并在江淮地区产生大范围强对流天气的冷锋进行了三维结构的分析。通过研究发现，这次冷锋过程主要有以下特征: （1） 与冷锋相对应的高空槽前存在一支下沉（DVM）气流；（2）有一强的辐合区出现在对流层中层，锋前上升运动的最大值也出现在对流层中层；（3）比较强的锋生过程主要集中于对流层中下层；（4）存在一支明显的热力直接环流（TDC），即暖湿空气沿冷锋倾斜上升；（5）在冷锋后存在一支较强的下沉气流（DVM），这支DVM对冷锋逆温层（或等温层）的形成可能有重要作用。并将此次东亚春季强冷锋个例与小仓义光（Ogura）等分析的北美春季冷锋（SESAME）个例作了对比，发现此次冷锋个例中，锋区的温度密集区主要在对流层中层，而北美SESAME个例温度密集区主要在对流层低层。这可能是由于东亚高空急流较强，动力强迫而引发锋生所致。     

2014年5月17日广东强对流天气过程分析

利用常规资料及WRF模式对2014年5月17日出现在广东省的强对流天气过程进行了天气尺度背景和中尺度分析,并对此次强对流天气过程范围大、生命史较长的机制进行了分析。结果表明,WRF模式可以较好地模拟出此次强对流天气过程,可有效地用于强对流天气预警预报;此次强对流过程天气尺度背景属于典型的高空槽配合、切变线配合地面锋面,850 h Pa切变线配合地面锋面共同作用触发了强对流天气发生;环境场强的垂直风切变、强对流雷暴内部有组织的垂直上升和下沉运动是此次强对流天气维持较长生命史的主要原因。     

一次混合强对流天气的环境条件及演变特征分析

使用探空观测资料、NCEP再分析资料及多普勒天气雷达产品等多种气象资料,对2015年4月3日湖南出现的一次大范围不同类型强对流天气过程进行了分析,结果表明:强对流天气过程发生前大气环流出现明显调整;低空西南急流的发展加强、中层干冷空气的卷入为大范围强对流天气提供了有利的环境条件;高层辐散、低层辐合的抽吸作用及气旋性切变、湿斜压强迫作用,是湘东北发生混合对流和极端强降水的主要原因。汉寿在逆温层之上暖湿气流抬升和强垂直风切变作用下产生的冰雹,具有高架雷暴特征。新晃具有较高热力不稳定,在冷暖空气交汇时产生冰雹。雷达产品分析表明,冰雹、雷雨大风发生时分别具有典型的三体散射与中高层较强辐散特征,而短时强降水发生时具有低质心和高效降水效率及列车效应特征。     

夏季风廓线雷达在雷州半岛强对流天气过程的应用

利用风廓线雷达产品、常规气象资料对雷州半岛夏季2次强对流天气个例进行了分析。分析表明,雷雨云团移动到观测点前,低空急流向下不断扩展并增强,产生雷雨大风。暴雨发生发展前后,并不一定有低空急流的配合,风廓线产品风场信息显示出强降水发生前有明显的冷暖平流,上冷下暖的大气层结的建立为降水提供了不稳定条件,有利于强降水的发生发展。     

华北秋季强弱线型对流发展时天气尺度环境条件探讨

华北地区进入秋季以后,弱对流过程增加.为了提高秋季对流天气强度的诊断识别能力,选择了9月份发生在相似背景下,强弱不同的两个线型对流个例作了对比分析.结果表明,强对流发生在深厚的天气尺度上升区中(上升运动伸展到200 hPa附近),而且对流层低层环境大气的绝对湿度较大;而弱对流发展时,上升运动仅存在于500 hPa以下,边界层内的比湿只有5～7 g·kg-1,较强对流个例低2～5 g·kg-1.它们是导致对流强弱不同的主要原因.强对流个例深厚的上升运动源于低层辐合切变线、露点锋和高空槽的强迫,此外对流层上部的强辐散叠置在低层辐合区上空,有利于上升运动加强并向高层发展.弱对流产生时,冷空气侵入到对流层中层以下,造成下沉区的下边界较低,不能产生深厚的上升运动.这是强弱个例垂直运动伸展高度不同的动力因素.热力学条件差异主要在对流层中下层.强对流产生时,对流区内有能量聚积,CAPE达到1087 J·kg-1,而且暖湿层和对流性不稳定层伸展到600～700 hPa.弱对流个例,仅边界层相对暖湿,CAPE只有68J·kg-1.上述关于力和热动力条件差异研究结果表明,天气尺度上升运动伸展的高度、对流层下层空气的绝对湿度、暖湿层和不稳定层的厚度等可能是影响华北秋季对流强弱的重要环境因素.     

一次500mb偏南气流中的强对流天气过程

本文分析了1982年5月26日江淮之间一次500mb偏南气流中的强对流天气过程。分析指出: 1.在高空暖平流增温,低空冷平流降温的形势下,如果中低层有足够大的增湿发生,也有可能形成足够的潜在不稳定能量供给强对流天气发生的能源。 2 本例强对流发生的能量是潜在不稳定能量,其释放机制开始是由于行星边界层内空气辐合提升,加上地形的影响引起局部强对流,而后由于局部强对流的下泄气流形成边界层飑锋,从而触发大范围不稳定能量释放造成大范围强对流天气的传播。     

副热带云团与广西大范围强对流天气

本文分析了近两年几次大范围强对流天气个例,发现副热带云团暴发性发展是产生大范围强对流天气的重要原因之一。文中对这类强对流天气的形势背景特点及云型演变特证作了较充分的描述。     

2013年8月14-16日辽源连续两场大暴雨天气对比分析

本文通过对两场过程的降水性质、成因、强对流天气特征等方面进行对比分析,初步得到以下结论:"8.14"大暴雨为副高后部冷涡背景下的强对流天气,局地性、突发性强,伴有强雷暴、短时强降水、大风、冰雹等强对流天气灾害;而"8.16"大暴雨为系统性的降水过程,主要影响系统为地面暖锋,影响范围更广、持续时间更长。两场强对流天气发生条件有显著差别。"8.14"过程为典型上干冷下暖湿结构;而"8.16"整层均为湿层,强对流天气主要以短时强降水为主。连续出现两场大暴雨天气,与高温高湿的天气背景密切相关。高、低空急流的配置起着决定性作用。高、低空急流交叠处形成较强的垂直风切变环境,是强风暴产生发展的有利条件,这两次大暴雨的落区均在急流交叠处下方。     

广州地区强对流天气的统计特征和分类特征

本文应用广州中心气象台1984—1986年"强对流天气监测与临近预报试验"资料,分析讨论连续数日发生强对流天气的条件概率及其发生范围,指出广州地区的强对流天气灾害主要是2—3天的系统性天气过程引起的。同时在前一天有无强对流天气的发生,对当天发生强对流天气与否的概率有显著不同。文章还以对流层水平风的垂直切变为标准将强对流天气分为二类四型,并逐型分析其发生的天气背景、稳定度指标、强对流天气发生频率的月际变化和日变化,指出各型强对流天气的卫星云图特征,为强对流天气的临近预报提供思路和方法。      

杭州地区强对流天气的若干特征

一、前言关于浙江省的强对流天气已有不少作者作过分析和研究,但多数只是以个例分析入手探讨浙江省强对流天气发生发展的物理条件。也有选取几个影响全省的大范围冰雹天气的个例,综合分析了近几年冰雹天气发生之前的天气模型、动力和热力条件。本文选取了24例杭州地区1980年—1984年4—7月份3小时降水量大于20毫米,同时伴     

对流天气预报中的环境场条件分析

中尺度对流天气的分析包括以天气型识别和中尺度过程分析为主的主观分析,以及以动力热力物理参数诊断为主的客观分析。利用"配料法"预报的思路,通过诊断有组织的深厚中尺度对流系统发生、发展的4个条件(水汽、不稳定、抬升和垂直风切变),开发了中尺度对流天气的环境场条件分析技术(对流天气图分析和客观物理量诊断技术),并应用于中国国家气象中心的强对流天气预报。以中尺度对流天气的天气图分析方法为例,介绍如何利用高低空观测资料,分析对流天气发生发展的环境场条件;并以数值模式释用为主的强对流特征物理量诊断分析为例,介绍如何动态诊断对流天气的动力热力条件演变。     

The role of the convective “trigger function” in numerical forecasts of mesoscale convective systems

Summary Three-dimensional numerical model simulations of a mesoscale convective system are performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the simulations to differences in the convective trigger function. The Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model with the Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization scheme is used as the modeling system for the study. All simulations are performed on the June 10–11, 1985 squall line from the OK PRE-STORM field experiment. Individual simulations differ only in their specification of the trigger function within the Kain-Fritsch scheme. Comparison of results from 12 hour simulations indicates that the position, timing, and intensity of convective activity and mesoscale features vary substantially as a function of the trigger function formulation. The results suggest that the convective trigger function is an integral part of the overall convective parameterization problem, and that great care must be exercised is designing realistic trigger function formulations, especially as model resolutions approach the scale of individual convective clouds.With 7 Figures     

On convective turbulence and the influence of rotation

A series of experiments were performed in a rotating cylindrical tank over a wide range of rotation rates in which convective turbulence was generated by a bottom-mounted heated plate in both homogeneous and stratified fluids. Measurements were made of the turbulent velocities in all three axes over the full depth of the chamber, and of the temperatures at the mid-depth near the centre of the tank. For even small rotation rates, the measurements showed that the turbulent velocities were weakly affected by rotation at all depths, but as the rotation rate increased, the deviation from the non-rotational scaling slowly and progressively increased until eventually the turbulent velocities were fully rotationally controlled. The results indicated that there was no sudden transition of the turbulent field from the non-rotational state (a function only of the surface buoyancy flux B and the depth z) to the rotational state (where the strength of the turbulent field is a function of only B and the Coriolis parameter f). Rather the transition was a smooth asymptotic one from one state to the other. Nevertheless, it was possible to parametrize this transition by a single value of the turbulent or small scale Rossby number, defined by Ro = (B/f³z²)^1/3. Our measurements suggested a critical value of Ro_c ≈ 0.1, below which the turbulence was fully rotationally controlled and which was equivalent to a critical depth z_c = (35 ± 15)(B/f³)^1/2. Using typical oceanic values for B and f, the oceanic turbulence driven by surface cooling events becomes rotationally controlled only for depths greater than about 10 km, a depth which is greater than that of the bulk of the world's oceans. Thus, convective turbulence actively being generated by cooling of the ocean surface is best described by non-rotating turbulent velocity and length scales and is a function only of the surface buoyancy flux and the depth.     

Final results of the CONDORS convective diffusion experiment

TheConvectiveDiffusionObserved byRemoteSensors (CONDORS) field experiment conducted at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory used innovative techniques to obtain three-dimensional mappings of plume concentration fields, /Q, of oil fog detected by lidar and chaff detected by Doppler radar. It included extensive meteorological measurements and, in 1983, tracer gases measured at a single sampling arc. Final results from ten hours of elevated and surface release data are summarized here. Many intercomparisons were made. Oil fog /Q measured 40m above the arc are mostly in good agreement withSF ₆ values, except in a few instances with large spacial inhomogeneities over short distances. After a correction scheme was applied to compensate for the effect of its settling speed, chaff dy/Q agreed well with those of oil except in two cases of oil fog hot spots. Mass or frequency distribution vs. azimuth or elevation angle comparisons were made for chaff, oil, and wind, with mostly good agreements. Spacial standard deviations, _y and _z, of chaff and oil agree overall and are consistent at short range with velocity standard deviations _vand _w 0.6w^* (the convective scale velocity), as measured atz>100m. Surface release _y is enhanced up to 60% at smallx, consistent with the Prairie Grass measurements and with larger _v and reduced wind speed measured near the surface. Decreased _y at small dimensionless average times is also noted. Finally, convectively scaled dy, C _y, were plotted versus dimensionlessx andz for oil, chaff, and corrected chaff for each 30–60 min period. Aggregated CONDORSC _y fields compare well with laboratory tank and LES numerical simulations; surface-released oil fog compares expecially well with the tank experiments. However, large deviations from the norm occurred in individual averaging periods; these deviations correlated strongly with anomalies in measured distributions.On assignment to the US Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, RTP, NC.     

A numerical study of the convective boundary layer

Computations of the buoyantly unstable Ekman layer are performed at low Reynolds number. The turbulent fields are obtained directly by solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations (using the Boussinesq approximation to account for buoyancy effects), and no turbulence model is needed. Two levels of heating are considered, one quite vigorous, the other more moderate. Statistics for the vigorously heated case are found to agree reasonably well with laboratory, field, and large-eddy simulation results, when Deardorff's mixed-layer scaling is used. No indication of large-scale longitudinal roll cells is found in this convection-dominated flow, for which the inversion height to Obukhov length scale ratio –z _i /L _*=26. However, when heating is more moderate (so that –z _i /L _*=2), evidence of coherent rolls is present. About 10% of the total turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent heat flux, and 20% of the Reynolds shear stress, are estimated to be a direct consequence of the observed cells.     

Climatological aspects of the tropical convective boundary layer

The characteristics of a boundary layer depend both on conditions at the surface and in the interior of the medium. In the undisturbed tropics, the latter are largely determined by subsidence and by infrared radiational cooling. One-dimensional models are used to establish relationships between the inversion height, subsidence, upper-air humidity and sea-surface temperature. In particular, it is shown that a universally colder tropical ocean would probably be covered by more extensive clouds.Contribution No. 1700 Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami.     

对流性强风暴系统的螺旋度动力学研究

利用风暴尺度的数值模式ＡＲＰＳ成功地模拟了１９７７年５月２０日在美国Ｏｋｌａｈｏｍａ州Ｄｅｌ Ｃｉｔｙ的一次强对流风暴过程。其模拟结果与实际的观测非常接近，模式积分 ４０分钟，初始对流单体发生了分裂，产生了新的对流单体。原有对流单体在原地维持成熟的结构，表现出较强的稳定性，而分裂出的新单体在移动过程中，逐渐向成熟位相发展，并且又分裂出新的单体。利用模拟结果，着重讨论了风暴发展过程中螺旋度和超螺旋度的空间结构和时间演变特征，以及在强风暴系统的对流发展过程中的动力学作用。初始环境场的螺旋性结构有利于风暴的发展。在风暴发展阶段，低螺旋度有利于大尺度向对流尺度的能量串级，而在风暴成熟阶段，高螺旋度则有利于对流单体的能量维持，从而形成长生命周期的对流系统。在风暴的发展过程中，风暴流场结构具有向Ｂｅｌｔｒａｍｉ流结构的调整趋势，螺旋度向高值发展。超螺旋度在流体粘性作用的影响下，可反映出螺旋度密度空间积分的时间变化趋势，负的超螺旋度可使螺旋度增加。在对流风暴发展阶段，超螺旋度为负值，对流单体的结构螺旋性增强、螺旋度的增大，在风暴到达成熟阶段后，超螺旋度转为正值。因此，超螺旋度可用来标志对流风暴系统的成熟程度。     

Unsteady convective atmospheric vortices

The convective atmospheric vortex models of Kuo (1966) and Kendall (1978) are extended to allow the formulation of similarity equations for the unsteady vortex arising from an ambient flow with unstable stratification and rotation. In particular, a new analytical solution is found which allows flow at large radius that is more physically realistic than in any earlier solutions. Additional unsteady solutions are obtained numerically but at large radius these are subject to the limitations of earlier solutions.     

对流风暴的移动和演变对下游地区对流降水影响的个例分析

利用加密自动气象观测站资料、多普勒天气雷达资料、葵花卫星资料及 ERA5 再分析资料,对 2019 年海上卫星发射气象保障过程中 6 月 1 日上游对流风暴的移动和演变造成山东半岛对流降水的机制进行了分析。结果表明：1）辐合线与干线重合触发新生对流单体形成潍坊风暴,潍坊风暴东移过程中强度增强和聊城风暴进入烟台后转向造成山东半岛一带出现对流降水。2）潍坊风暴在偏西气流引导下向偏东方向移动,沿着辐合线向着高温高湿的方向传播,强度增强。聊城风暴进入烟台后,在西西北气流的引导下转向东南方向移动,向着水汽辐合区传播,风暴水平尺度增长。3）聊城风暴进入烟台后传播方向与 850 hPa风的方向相反,潍坊风暴发展阶段的传播方向与850 hPa风的反方向不同,二者之间有交角,850 hPa风速太小不足以影响风暴的传播运动。4）在重大活动气象保障过程中,短时临近监测非常重要。高分辨率卫星云图积云新生时间早于雷达观测到的新生单体的时间,可以提前发现对流初生和传播的先兆。多普勒天气雷达和加密自动气象观测站资料相互结合,可以综合判断对流风暴的平流和传播运动。对于本地动力强迫较弱或者处于天气系统边缘时,要考虑上游对流风暴的移动对下游地区的影响。