华北层状冷云降水微物理特征及人工增雨可播性研究

利用DMT探测平台对2009年3月11日山西云降水观测外场试验区的一次云降水过程实施了综合探测,综合分析了此次云降水过程的宏微观物理特征。计算了云中过冷水含量距0℃层高度（1500m）的垂直分布：云中过冷水含量最大值出现在0℃层高度以上400 m处,其最大值为0.416 g·m^-3,之后随着距0℃层高度的增加,云中过冷水含量迅速减小,到0℃层高度以上600 m处基本为最低,之后直到云顶,云中过冷水含量维持低值。CDP探头探测的云中粒子浓度以及CIP探头探测的云中大粒子浓度应作为判别云中可播度的两项主要指标,CDP探测的粒子浓度不小于30个·cm^-3的云区才具有一定的可播度,其中CIP探测的大粒子浓度小于10个·cm^-3时,可确定为强可播区。云滴浓度随高度变化呈多峰分布,云中粒子谱型主要为双峰或多峰型。此探测过程中典型区域的粒子谱中均出现第二峰值的区段,分析表明只有当云粒子浓度不小于30个·cm^-3时,相应云区才具有一定的可播度。     

三江源地区秋季一次层积云飞机人工增雨催化试验的微物理响应

利用三江源地区一次在层积云顶部进行的飞机锯齿形催化作业及回穿探测的全球卫星定位系统(GPS)轨迹和机载云粒子测量系统(PMS)资料,在确定作业前后有效对比区间、区分云粒子相态的基础上,通过分析作业前、后液态云粒子及冰晶浓度变化、云粒子谱的演变和过冷水含量比率的变化,研究了催化的微物理响应。结果表明,作业区液态云粒子中值直径集中在3.5—18.5 μm,直径21.5—45.5 μm的云粒子基本上为冰晶,粒径大于50 μm的粒子相态为冰相;锯齿形作业后约2—23 min,在其航线下风方36 km范围内,前向散射粒子谱探头(FSSP-100)和二维灰度云粒子探头(OAP-2D-GA2,简称2DC)所测云粒子浓度、直径变化均未超出作业前云区内的自然起伏,但在过冷水含量大于0.01 g/m³的高过冷水区,液态云粒子浓度明显降低,前向散射粒子谱探头量程内的冰晶粒子浓度明显升高,冰相含水量增大,过冷水含量比率的平均值由作业前的 (68.3±23.1)% 减小至(34.2±12.4)% 。在过冷水含量越高的区域,催化效应越明显,而在低过冷水区和仅受原点催化影响的航迹交叉点处均未观测到催化响应。     

一次积层混合云的形成过程和微物理观测

利用2009年5月8日多普勒雷达资料和飞机穿云观测资料,综合分析了西风槽影响下山西省一次积层混合云的形成过程和微物理结构。结果表明,此次飞机探测到的积层混合云是由对流单体多次并合形成的带状对流云团减弱后形成的,云中嵌有明显的对流泡,最大强度为45～50dBZ,最大垂直尺度在6km左右。CDP(cloud droplet probe,前向散射粒子谱探头)、CIP(cloud ima-ging probe,二维灰度云粒子探头)、PIP(precipitation imaging probe,二维灰度降水粒子探头)测量的平均数浓度变化范围分别是132.4～220.2cm^-3、1.54×10^-1～6.28×100cm^-3、9.09×10^-4～7.34×10^-3cm^-3。二维图像表明,冷层中的固态粒子主要是形状不规则的霰粒子,说明过冷水供应充足;在-7℃左右观测到柱状聚合体和凇附程度不同的冰雪晶粒子,表明柱状冰晶通过凝华形成后,碰并和凇附是其增长为霰粒子的重要机制。不同高度的CDP平均谱(2～50μm)存在一定的差异,因低层水汽凝结作用较强,2～18μm的云粒子数浓度基本随高度的增加而降低;因暖层中碰并效率低和冷层中小冰晶浓度随高度增加,24～35μm粒子数浓度随高度增加而增大。CIP平均谱(25～1550μm),除4100m为双峰谱外,其他高度均为单峰谱。PIP平均谱(100～6200μm),4450m高度处的粒子谱宽和数浓度最大,3200～4000μm之间出现大值区域,表明对流单体及周边区域为较大固态降水粒子的形成提供了良好的环境。     

一类光滑Chua''s电路的自适应同步

利用2009年5月8日多普勒雷达资料和飞机穿云观测资料,综合分析了西风槽影响下山西省一次积层混合云的形成过程和微物理结构。结果表明,此次飞机探测到的积层混合云是由对流单体多次并合形成的带状对流云团减弱后形成的,云中嵌有明显的对流泡,最大强度为45～50dBZ,最大垂直尺度在6km左右。CDP（cloud droplet probe,前向散射粒子谱探头）、CIP（cloud ima-ging probe,二维灰度云粒子探头）、PIP（precipitation imaging probe,二维灰度降水粒子探头）测量的平均数浓度变化范围分别是132.4～220.2cm-3、1.54×10-1～6.28×100cm-3、9.09×10-4～7.34×10-3cm-3。二维图像表明,冷层中的固态粒子主要是形状不规则的霰粒子,说明过冷水供应充足;在-7℃左右观测到柱状聚合体和凇附程度不同的冰雪晶粒子,表明柱状冰晶通过凝华形成后,碰并和凇附是其增长为霰粒子的重要机制。不同高度的CDP平均谱（2～50μm）存在一定的差异,因低层水汽凝结作用较强,2～18μm的云粒子数浓度基本随高度的增加而降低;因暖层中碰并效率低和冷层中小冰晶浓度随高度增加,24～35μm粒子数浓度随高度增加而增大。CIP平均谱（25～1550μm）,除4100m为双峰谱外,其他高度均为单峰谱。PIP平均谱（100～6200μm）,4450m高度处的粒子谱宽和数浓度最大,3200～4000μm之间出现大值区域,表明对流单体及周边区域为较大固态降水粒子的形成提供了良好的环境。     

山西春季一次层状冷云的微物理结构特征

利用2009年3月11日机载DMT（droplet measurement technology）粒子测量系统获取的山西层状云探测资料,结合天气、卫星、雷达等,分析了降水性冷云的宏微观结构特征.结果表明,降水云系由高层云和层积云组成,液态含水量变化范围为0 0.42 g/m3.CDP（cloud droplet probe;云粒子探头）和CIP（cloud imaging probe;云粒子图像探头）观测到的粒子数浓度偏大,CDP探测到最大粒子数浓度为451.93 cm-3,CIP探测到最大粒子数浓度为162.78 L-1.本次探测适宜的人工增雨作业温度区间为-11.4-7℃、-4.40℃.高层云上部以冰晶的核化和凝华增长为主;高层云的中下部为冰雪晶活跃增长层;通过凝华、碰并机制高层云降落的冰雪晶粒子在层积云进一步长大.层状云水平分布不均匀特性很明显.统计云滴谱谱型分布发现,双峰型、多峰型出现几率较高,指数型主要出现在层积云的中部和顶部,出现单峰型时LWC（liquid water concentration;液态水含量）小于0.03 g/m3或大于0.1 g/m3.     

2008年北京一次春季层状云探测分析

利用云和降水探测设备（DMT-PMS）对一次层状云降水过程进行了探测。分析发现CAS（云及气溶胶粒子探头）在该弱降水云中测得的云粒子平均浓度大于FSSP在其他地区层状云中所测平均值,CIP（二维云粒子图像探头）与2D-C及2D-GA2所测冰晶粒子平均浓度接近,PIP（二维降水粒子探头）与2D-P所测降水粒子平均浓度相当。观测发现云区雪晶浓度与冰晶浓度呈正相关关系,在冰晶浓度〈10^4个／m^3时,雪晶、冰晶浓度之比与冰晶浓度为负相关关系;在冰晶浓度〉10^4个/m^3的时刻,雪晶、冰晶浓度之比不因冰晶浓度变化而变化。温度为-10～-12℃的云区云水条件丰富,有较多的冰晶在该层孕育;降水粒子在温度-7～-10℃的云区生长。温度为-5～-7℃的云区云水不丰富,降水粒子蒸发变小;温度为-4～-5℃的云区仅有少量的降水粒子。     

机载热线含水量仪探测数据校验方法

机载含水量仪是目前云中液态水含量唯一的探测仪器,其准确性直接影响人工增雨作业条件判别。基于2015年和2017年四川盆地南部开展的10架次飞机云物理探测试验,考察机载热线含水量仪LWC-100探测数据发现存在异常极大值、负值数量多等问题。通过分析DMT（Droplet Measurement Technologies）公司云粒子探头（cloud droplet probe,CDP）、云粒子图像探头（cloud imaging probe,CIP）、降水粒子图像探头（precipitation imaging probe,PIP）数据,提出对入云前的干功率进行重新计算的3种方法:方法1以CDP探头的不同粒子尺度分档为标准,不低于某一档尺度的粒子数浓度大于0记为入云;方法2以CDP的数浓度大于10 cm-3为入云判定条件;方法3以CDP,CIP,PIP 3种探头探测的粒子数浓度同时大于0记为入云。结果显示:3种方法均有效纠正液态水含量不为0的情况,负值数量也较探测数据明显减少。方法1以不小于5 μm的粒子数浓度大于0记为入云,校验计算得到的液态水含量以负值数量和大小作为评价依据较方法2和方法3更优。     

北京及周边地区2004年8、9月层积云结构及谱分析飞机探测研究

2004年8～9月利用机载粒子测量系统 (Particle Measuring System, 简称PMS) 对我国北京及周边地区的三次锋面云系进行了探测, 本文分析了三次降水性层积云中各种粒子的垂直、水平和谱分布。结果表明, 三次降水云系基本是冷锋或者暖锋系统下形成的层积混合云系。云内以直径5～9 μm、200 μm和400～1000 μm的云和降水粒子为主。9月14日暖锋层积云系的粒子浓度最大, FSSP-100 (前向散射粒子谱探头)、 GA2(二维灰度云粒子图像探头)、 GB2(二维灰度降水粒子探头)分别探测的最大粒子浓度为318.97 cm-3、0.03 cm-3、0.0065 cm-3。8月12日和8月15日的冷锋层积云系有多个干层。GA2探测的平均浓度谱基本为单峰分布, 并找出了合适的拟合函数。冷锋层积云系的负温云层中存在着相同浓度量级的过冷云水和雨水、霰粒、柱状和针状冰晶, 过冷水含量可达到0.26 g/m3, 暖锋云系中则以霰粒、结淞粒子和冰雪晶聚合体为主, 也存在少量柱状、针状冰晶和过冷水滴。与我国北方地区13架次飞行探测结果比较, 北京及周边地区2003年8月15日、2004年8月12日和9月14日层积云0 ℃层以上的冰雪晶粒子直径最大, 浓度居中, 过冷水含量因云系结构不同而变化较大。     

机载光阵探头探测期间云粒子的破碎

机载光阵探头探测时,云粒子(液态和固态)进入二维光阵探头的采样区前,会因与探头探测臂发生机械碰撞,或者与探头外壳产生的湍流和风切变相互作用而破碎。破碎程度与粒子类型、大小、粒子密度、探头入口设计以及飞行空速等有关。利用2008年7~9月探测飞机(Y-12)在山西省太原地区的航测资料并对飞机采样期间的云粒子破碎现象进行介绍和分析,分析结果表明,粒子到达时间间隔分布具有双模态特征:长时间模态是粒子空间分布的真实结构,短时间模态则是云粒子破碎的结果。提出用粒子到达时间间隔阈值作为粒子破碎的判定标准,给出适用于2008年太原地区航测资料的粒子破碎识别阈值,其中适合于探头云粒子成像仪(CIP)的阈值是2×10-5 s,而探头降水粒子成像仪(PIP)的阈值是1×10-4 s。所提的阈值对于以Y-12为机载探测平台,以CIP和PIP探头为探测仪器所获取的其它航次云微物理图像资料的粒子破碎处理也是有一定的参考使用价值。     

山东省1989-2008年23架次飞机云微物理结构观测试验结果

利用山东省1989-2008年23架次秋季降水云系云结构的粒子测量系统(PMS)探测试验资料,分析了云中过冷水以及冰晶浓度的分布特征.结果表明,山东省降水云系中存在较为丰富的过冷水,最大可达0.36 g/m3,云中冰晶浓度最大可达12.8-406 L-1.对2006-2008年探测的云粒子浓度、直径及过冷水随温度变化特...     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on