雷达回波彩色图象显示和预报系统

大气物理研究所今年研制成功了一套建立在APPLE Ⅱ PLUS微型计算机基础上的雷达回波彩色图象显示和预报系统。它可以直接从雷达采集回波数据和其他必要的辅助数据,并把它们记录在磁盘或磁带上,以便随时重放。系统主要由微计算机、彩色图象显示器、打印机、磁盘(带)记录器和其他各种必要的输入、输出接口设备构成。目前,这个系统可以实现下列处理功能:(1)准实时高解析度彩色回波图象显示。在存贮器中,回波     

闪电位置图形处理系统

本系统与LLP公司出品的闪电位置分析仪连为一体,可以实现闪电资料实时处理、显示地闪位置和自动整理、记录闪电数据,定时或实时向用户传送闪电数据,并能以不同的地理图为背景及时反映闪电活动演变规律及移动路径,显示雷电图直观形象。也可实现闪电资料的格式化处理及向用户提供接口,为研究、统计、分析雷电资料提供了方便。新研制的系统与原系统一起组成了一个完整的雷电观测网络,扩大了其应用功能,提高了应用效益。     

省级气象信息实时处理系统

由北京气象中心研制的省级气象信息实时处理系统,该系统包括:微机实时资料库和微机图形显示库,并利用微机网络技术将它们结合为一个气象信息传输、转发、建库、加工处理、天气分析预报和图形显示的     

台风雷达三维组网产品显示系统研制

在台风组网产品生成系统的基础上,根据台风监测预警的实际情况,开发台风雷达三维组网产品显示系统。该显示系统兼顾实时处理和历史数据分析的需求,实现了台风三维组网产品的实时监测、动画显示、风场叠加等多种功能,并运用切面插值算法、台风非对称性方向识别算法实现了最大对称轴和非对称轴的自动定位及其切面显示、台风不同距离的平均RHI切面显示。介绍显示方法、相关算法和主要功能模块,并使用 “黑格比”台风作为实例,结合图像分析台风的非对称性和移动路径、强回波区、螺旋雨带的对应关系,取得良好的应用效果。     

闪电多参量同步高速即时记录系统

阐述了如何实时快速捕获闪电放电时亚微秒变化的快慢电场波形数据及等间隔点分段压缩显示电场波形曲线,并同时连续记录显示大气平均电场数据。在Win2000平台上用VC 编程实现了多任务、多通道大容量(8MB)快速处理显示记录的自动化。记录速度比以往的记录设备提高了20倍,测量精度显著提高,记录闪电辐射的脉冲绝对时间精度达到0．1μs,野外同步观测获得了大批资料,证实了系统的可靠性,为长时间多站同步观测积累高精度闪电资料提供了新的记录手段。     

高频精细化气象格点数据实时处理系统设计与实现

以高频海量气象格点数据为研究对象，针对传统实时处理系统数据处理效率不高的问题，设计并实现了高频精细化气象格点数据实时处理系统的总体架构和业务流程，在分析海量高频次气象格点数据特点的基础上，设计和实现了符合气象业务需求的分布式存储模型；利用多通道动态感知技术实现了动态多通道的文件处理和文件到达的快速感知触发；利用实时数据快速处理技术实现基于精准位置寻址的快速数据块定位算法，进而实现数据块的精准定位；利用数据按需实时截取技术实现了在空间范围内按需进行裁剪的截取算法，进而实现数据按需抽取；实际业务应用表明，系统有效地提升了半结构气象数值预报产品数据的实时处理效率。     

卫星图像实时接收及回显技术研发

为了快捷而方便地实时接收卫星图像并进行质量分析,在运行控制系统的图像子系统中开发了卫星图像实时接收及回显主控接口软件。该软件是在SGI工作站上以UNIX操作系统为平台,运用X窗口系统、MOTIF窗口管理器和SGI公司的IRISGL的图形技术,采用C语言编写的。通过控制界面和控制选项实时接收卫星图像并将从磁盘或磁带上传输过来的图像资料进行各种回放显示、加网格、黑体定标、图像定位、提取周时间表等显示处理并进行质量分析。该软件已运用在气象卫星资料的实时处理中。     

风能资源观测数据省级传输系统

风能资源观测数据省级传输系统是国家风能资源数据库建设项目的一个重要组成系统,是全国风能及其相关数据和产品服务的基础,并已实现了观测数据的业务化传输。该系统由数据收集、收集处理、数据分发、传输监视等4个功能模块组成。数据收集模块功能由Linux下的socket编程实现,可收集实时和历史数据、备份数据、删除过时数据;收集处理模块功能由Linux下的C语言编程实现,可对数据的唯一性、正确性及格式进行检查;数据分发模块功能由Linux下的socket编程实现,可实时分发、失败重发、分发日志记录;传输监视模块具有监视、统计、信息查询和显示等功能。     

飞机人工增雨航线回显与处理系统

为了解决飞机代增雨航线回显中的野值问题,通过部件实时接收的机载GPS卫星定位数据记录文件,讲座了卫星定位数据自动侦错、纠错方法,编写了飞机人工增雨作业航线回显及全省雨情信息叠加软件,并介绍了软件的功能及资料处理技术方法。     

大气电场,电流多路同步测量的数据实时采集和滚动显示记录系统

阐述了利用微机对大气电场及麦克斯韦电流密度进行实时多路长时间记录、显示的原理，操作方式及编程。在野外观测的基础获得了电场、电流密度的同步数字化资料，实现了电场、电流密度观测记录的自动化、该系统测量信号以模式所形式实时连续滚动显示在ＶＧＡ显示器上、数字化信号实时存储在计算机硬盘上，记录后的数据可再处理，也可再显示。     

STUDY ON RADAR-RADIOMETER SYSTEM AND ITS RAINFALL OBSERVATION

In order to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement, a radar-radiometer system has been devel-oped. It could be used to measure the distribution of the rainfall intensity aLld the variation of area rainfall.In field experiment, the accuracy of the rainfall measurement was imporved. In this paper, the error of rainfallmeasurement by radar will be evaluated and the methods to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurementwill be discussed.     

STUDY ON RADAR-RADIOMETER SYSTEM AND ITS RAINFALL OBSERVATION*

In order to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement,a radar-radiometer system has been developed.It could be used to measure the distribution of the rainfall intensity aLld the variation of area rainfall.In field experiment,the accuracy of the rainfall measurement was imporved.In this paper,the error of rainfall measurement by radar will be evaluated and the methods to improve the accuracy of the rainfall measurement will be discussed.     

高压“东阻”对特大暴雨形成的作用

1963年8月在华北、1975年8月在华中、1977年8月在毛乌素沙漠出现的特大暴雨是我国中纬度地区近40年来最严重的三场特大暴雨。国内对它们进行过较细致的个例研究。过去,我们曾提出:在适当的地形条件下,“西低东阻”对西风带有些类型大暴雨的形成具有重要作用。本文则进一步讨论在这三场特大暴雨中,高压在低值降水系统的东部形成阻挡形势时,对特大暴雨的作用。     

BLOCKING EFFECT OF HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM ON THE FORMATION OF EXTRA-INTENSE HEAVY RAIN

Commonly the centre of an intense heavy rain occurs in a very limited area,but for the three extra-intense heavy rains of the present study,63-8 in North China,75-8 in central China and 77-8 in the desertregion of Inner Mongolia,which all appeared under the environments of“Western Low and Eastern Blocking”(EB)pattern.From this study,the following effects of the EB are found:(1)It affects the precipitationsystems staggering in a local place and/or changes the trajectories of low votices and urges them into thesame raining areas intermittently.(2)It transports water vapour into raining areas.The air flows by thewest side of EB produce strong cyclonic vorticity behind EB frequently,which transports water vapour andforms mesoscale precipitation systems more favourably than the low level jets.(3)Air flows behind EB con-jugate with adequate topographic relief,which enhances the precipitation and makes the raining areas over-lapped.So that extra-intense heavy rains could occur in higher latitudes of semi-aird areas,and occasionallyeven in the desert region of North China.Such extra-intense heavy rains could not be explained by static local humidity and temperature only.This is also a principal discrimination between the prolonged extra-intense heavy rain and the short-rangeconvective precipitation and/or the common precipitation.     

CLASSIFYING WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONES BY PHYSICAL INDEX SYSTEM

The classification of tropical cyclones (TCs) is significant to obtain their temporal and spatial variation characteristics in the context of dramatic-changing global climate. A new TCs clustering method by using K-means clustering algorithm with nine physical indexes is proposed in the paper. Each TC is quantified into an 11-dimensional vector concerning trajectory attributes, time attributes and power attributes. Two recurving clusters (cluster A and E) and three straight-moving clusters (cluster B, C and D) are categorized from the TC best-track dataset of the western North Pacific (WNP) over the period of 1949-2013, and TCs’ properties have been analyzed and compared in different aspects. The calculation results of coefficient variation (CV) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) reveal a high level of intra-cluster cohesiveness and inter-cluster divergence, which means that the physical index system could serve as a feasible method of TCs classification. The clusters are then analyzed in terms of trajectory, lifespan, seasonality, trend, intensity and Power Dissipation Index (PDI). The five classified clusters show distinct features in TCs’ temporal and spatial development discipline. Moreover, each cluster has its individual motion pattern, variation trend, influence region and impact degree.     

微型无人驾驶飞机气象探空系统

微型无人驾驶飞机气象探空系统由微型无人驾驶飞机,数字化探空仪和地面接收控制处理系统组成。微型无人驾驶飞机采用ＧＰＳ导航,具有自动导航,、自动驾驶功能,它能在机载自动控制系统控制下完成预定航线的飞行,并实时地浆飞机的飞行轨迹和探测数据传送到地面。     

山东飞机人工增雨作业决策系统

在由11个子系统组成的飞机人工增雨作业决策系统中，利用在人工增雨作业前能得到的探空、雷达和云的宏观物理量等资料，确定可播区的空间分布和播云时间。运用产生降水的指标性物理量分布、卫星云图降水概率分布和模式的降水预报等综合确定作业区的地理位置。决策系统还包括航线设计和效益估算。该系统使得飞机人工增雨作业的指挥决策系统化，可减少盲目作业带来的损失。     

LOCALIZED FEATURES OF CHAOTIC SYSTEM AND ATMOSPHERIC PREDICTABILITY

The localized features on chaotic attractor in phase space and predictability are investigated in thepresent study.It will be suggested that the localized features in phase space have to be considered indetermining the predictability.The notions of the local instability including the finite-time and local-time instabilities which determine the growth rate of error are introduced,and the calculation methodsare discussed in detail.The results from the calculation of the 3-component Lorenz model show thatsuch instability,correspondingly the growth rate of error,varies dramatically as the trajectoriesevolve on the chaotic attractor.The region in which the growth rate of error is small is localizedconsiderably,and is separable from the region in which the growth rate is large.The localpredictability is of important interest.It is also suggested that such localized features may be the maincause for a great deal of case-to-case variability of the predictive skill in the operational forecasts.     

一个简化气候系统的非线性特征

文中建立一个包含年平均云量、地表温度及边界层气温的零维能量平衡模式。研究表明：该模式在适当的参数值范围内，能模拟出接近实际的气候状态；根据与该模式相应的偏差方程，讨论了气候系统的非线性特征以及云对气候状态演化的作用。