实时闪电电磁场同步观测系统

阐述如何对亚微秒级的闪电电磁场变化波形进行同步采集。设计制作了量程可调的快、慢电场变化观测系统,用以获取闪电电场变化信息,并结合磁场同步资料实现了不同环境下的闪电观测要求。基于数据采集卡（PCI-5105）和Labwindows/CVI开发平台,研制了闪电波形同步数据采集系统和分析处理软件。整套系统具有高采样率、大容量、多参量、同步观测等特点,并已通过野外试验的验证,为研究闪电放电的微物理过程提供了探测手段。     

基于小波技术的地面大气电场数据处理

使用安装在南京信息工程大学实验场的法国电场仪AMEO340于2009年观测试验期间的观测资料,将大气电场仪采样序列数据经快速傅里叶变换,得到序列的功率谱。对晴天和伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行了小波函数为sym5的7层分解,大大降低了地面大气电场数据波形的重叠度。通过对伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行小波7层分解,地面大气电场信号的低频部分不仅突出显示了地面大气电场值的主要变化趋势,而且能清晰的分辨出闪电过程中较强的正负地闪次数。为利用地面大气电场强度值的变化特征进行闪电预警提供了更有效的信息。     

基于小波分析的地面大气电场观测数据处理技术研究

使用南京信息工程大学实验场的AMEO340电场仪一年观测试验资料,将大气电场仪采样序列数据经快速傅里叶变换,得到序列的功率谱,对晴天和伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行小波函数为sym5的7层分解,某种程度上降低了地面大气电场数据波形的重叠度。通过对伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行小波7层分解,地面大气电场信号的低频部分不仅突出显示出地面大气电场值的主要变化趋势,而且能清晰地分辨出闪电过程中较强的正负地闪次数,为利用地面大气电场强度值的变化特征进行闪电预警提供了更有效的信息。     

闪电多参量高速大容量实时数据采集、显示和分析系统

阐述了如何提高系统数据记录与波形显示速度,快速捕捉闪电快、慢电场、磁场或人工引发闪电的回击电流等参量的亚微秒变化,以实现对闪电多参量数据的高速大容量实时采集、显示和分析.基于NI公司的PCI-5105数据采集卡,采用Labview 8.5图形化编程软件在WindowsXP平台上开发研制了闪电多参量高速大容量实时数据采集...     

电场计波形存贮记录器

闪电使大气电场强度发生十分剧烈的变化。研究雷暴云和闪电的电结构时,经常利用各类电场仪来观测闪电发生时各个阶段的电场变化。电场计是测量大气电场变化的仪器,它的时间常数为4s,时间分辨率小于1ms。记录这种信号常用昂贵的波形瞬态存贮器。我们利用单板机来采集数据,用小型盒式磁带机来记录数据,简单易行成本低廉。     

多通道高速大容量数据采集分析系统

阐述了８通道高速大容量数据采集分析系统的硬件集成、操作控制及波形分析程序设计。在１９９７年甘肃平凉人工引雷试验中首次取得了微秒量级的闪电放电电流、电场变化、磁场等参量的同步资料。利用该系统还可对记录的闪电波形进行分析和多种信号处理。     

新型闪电电场变化测量仪的研究与初步应用

闪电电场变化测量系统是目前用于闪电物理研究以及闪电定位的重要手段之一, 提高测量系统的探测性能, 对于推动闪电物理以及闪电定位的研究具有重要作用。根据电磁感应原理, 研制出探测带宽为10 Hz~5 MHz的新型闪电电场变化测量仪。并进行了实验, 标定了测量仪输出信号与电场变化信号在频域上的数值关系。利用三套测量仪系统对南京多个强雷暴过程展开同步探测, 利用获取的数据反演了负地闪电场波形。对探测到的58次负地闪波形特征进行统计, 与国内外统计结果进行对比分析, 发现各个地区的负地闪预击穿过程和首次回击电场波形特征存在较大差异。      

大气电场,电流多路同步测量的数据实时采集和滚动显示记录系统

阐述了利用微机对大气电场及麦克斯韦电流密度进行实时多路长时间记录、显示的原理，操作方式及编程。在野外观测的基础获得了电场、电流密度的同步数字化资料，实现了电场、电流密度观测记录的自动化、该系统测量信号以模式所形式实时连续滚动显示在ＶＧＡ显示器上、数字化信号实时存储在计算机硬盘上，记录后的数据可再处理，也可再显示。     

闪电同步记录触发装置

通过捕获闪电放电的瞬态模拟信号,经预置触发电平窗口控制,形成一个宽度为100μs,上升沿为10ns的固定幅度的脉冲指挥信号,同时触发各观测闪电的记录设备及GPS同步的高精度时钟,开始记录点定标在闪电发生时域的信号波形上,记录的绝对精度时间由高精度时钟标记,实现了同一闪电不同参量记录尺度开始记录点的一致性,为对比分析闪电不同参量精细结构及多站计算闪电到达时差提供了精确的基准点。     

深圳市闪电定位资料误差分析及其优化

利用场地误差优化模式对深圳地区的地闪定位资料进行优化处理。首先对深圳市闪电定位系统进行简单介绍,然后利用改进的传输线模式对真实地表环境下的闪电辐射电磁场进行计算,以分析深圳市闪电定位系统的场地误差,最后基于定位误差和场地误差模式对闪电定位数据进行定位误差订正。结果表明不同方位角上的不规则地形对继后回击电磁场波形具有不同影响,随着表征地形粗糙程度的高度均方根的增加,电场的峰值下降,波形的上升沿时间增加。同时,电场波形上升沿时间也会随着方位角的变化而变化,这可能会给时间到达法的定位带来一定误差。为了验证该算法的合理性,对该系统覆盖的区域进行了闪电定位数据优化精度的时空分布分析和评估。结果表明这种优化方案是可行的、可靠的,优化后的闪电定位精度明显提高。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;