宜丰短时强降水雷达回波特征分析

使用江西自动站数据、MICAPS天气图资料、雷达拼图CR产品和单部雷达基数据等资料,采用统计分析、形态对比、特征提取等方法,对2017—2019年宜丰4次暴雨和大暴雨过程中的短时强降水天气的演变与回波特征进行分析,结果表明:(1)宜丰暴雨或大暴雨过程都出现了≥30 mm·h^-1的短时强降水。(2)200 hPa赣北处辐散分流区中,500 hPa 588 dagpm线稳定维持在江西南部,赣北处于850 hPa西南急流的左侧及前端,形成上干下暖湿的不稳定层结;地面辐合线是短时强降水的主要触发系统。(3)在短时强降水期间,雷暴回波群中超级单体回波强度为60~65 dBZ,短带回波强度为50~55 dBZ,复合体回波强度为55~60 dBZ,絮状回波带回波强度为40~45 d BZ。(4)在单部雷达回波产品上,雷暴回波群、回波短带、复合单体回波和絮带状回波,组合反射率CR为40~65 d BZ,回波顶高ET为8~15 km,垂直液态水含量VIL为10~60 kg/m²,50 dBZ强回波顶高为5~12 km。     

2013-2018年天山北坡短时强降水中小尺度特征

利用常规观测、自动站逐时雨量、新一代多普勒天气雷达和ERA-interim再分析等资料， 对2013-2018年6-8月天山北坡73次短时强降水过程的中尺度影响系统、对流风暴特征进行分析研究。结果表明：天山北坡短时强降水过程主要中尺度系统为低空急流、低空切变线或辐合线及地面中尺度高压前的辐合线；雷达回波形态分为合并加强型（占33.9%）、列车效应型（占39.0%）及孤立对流型（占27.1%）3类，其垂直剖面有“低质心”和“高质心”2种结构，且前者占多数；径向速度图上有81%的过程有逆风区。以集合箱线图25%百分位作为最低阈值，天山北坡短时强降水阈值为最大反射率因子强度≥46.5 dBZ、强回波中心（40 dBZ）顶高≥4.0 km、回波顶高ET≥8.6 km及垂直累积液态水含量VIL≥7.0 kg?m-2，并以典型个例进行分析。     

江西两次雷击事件雷达回波特征分析

为了做好江西雷电监测预警和预报服务工作，使用天气图资料、地面气象要素、雷电数据、江西WebGIS雷达拼图、单部雷达产品等资料，采用天气学、统计学和雷达气象学等分析方法，对2021年3月江西两次雷击事件进行分析，结果表明：（1）两次雷击事件是由超级单体和强单体回波系统影响产生。（2）超级单体回波有四个特征：①具有≥60 dBZ回波强度，并存有≥65 dBZ回波核；②强回波面积≥10×10 km2；③强回波梯度≤8 km；④在强回波移动方向的下风方有云砧形成的“前伸”回波结构；强单体回波的回波强度（没有回波核）、强回波面积、强回波梯度和“前伸”回波结构都弱于超级单体回波。（3）超级单体CR回波强度达到65 dBZ，ET回波顶高达到11～12 km，VIL垂直累积液态水含量达到60 kg/m2；垂直反射率因子RCS向移动方向倾斜、55 dBZ强回波顶高达到8 km、65 dBZ强中心悬挂在6 km高度；垂直径向速度VCS在强回波区存在速度对、-5～19 m·s-1 速度达到弱切变的强度。（4）强单体回波CR强度达到60 dBZ，ET顶高达到9～10 km，VIL垂直累积液态水含量达到50～60 kg/m2；强单体回波垂直反射率因子RCS倾斜角度弱于超级单体，55 dBZ强回波顶高达到8 km，60 dBZ强回波高度伸展到6 km，没有65 dBZ强回波中心；垂直径向速度VCS表现为正速度区分成上下两层。研究结果为江西雷电天气的监测预警和预报服务，减轻雷击灾害提供有指导意义的范例。     

新疆短时强降水天气系统环流配置及雷达回波特征

利用2010—2018年新疆105个国家站、1240个区域自动站逐时降水资料及8部多普勒天气雷达资料,从预报业务应用角度提出新疆短时强降水过程定义并遴选468次短时强降水过程,分析短时强降水影响系统环流配置和雷达回波特征。结果表明新疆短时强降水的影响系统主要有中亚低槽(涡)、西西伯利亚低槽(涡)、西北低空急流。造成新疆短时强降水的对流风暴主要有合并加强型、列车效应型和孤立对流单体型,其中合并加强型最多,占45.1%,孤立对流单体型占34.8%,列车效应型最少,占20.2%,且各区域对流风暴的影响比例也有一定差异。南疆短时强降水过程中多普勒雷达最大反射率因子强度(Z max)、强回波中心顶高(D max)、回波顶高(ET)、最大垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)预警阈值小于北疆,且伊犁州最大,阿克苏最小,伊犁州短时强降水以低质心回波为主,其他区域则为低质心和高质心回波。     

青岛地区短时强降水雷达回波特征与中小尺度系统分析

利用青岛地区2011—2015年间32次短时强降水个例的雷达反射率因子、地面雨量站数据和FNL再分析资料对产生短时强降水的中小尺度系统和雷达回波特征进行分析,结果表明:造成短时强降水的中小尺度系统主要为与低空切变(槽)、台风倒槽或在偏南(北)气流中局地发展的对流相联系的辐合区或中小尺度辐合线;雷达回波多表现为中尺度强回波带,其移向与回波带长轴的夹角较小,或为局地发展少动的强对流单体;雷达回波剖面显示回波按质心高度可分为大陆强对流型和热带海洋型,大陆强对流型强降水的平均反射率因子垂直廓线强度总体明显强于热带海洋型,对流发展更加旺盛,热带海洋型强回波集中在低层,在近地面最强,而大陆强对流型回波悬垂明显,最强回波位于2km左右;针对大陆强对流型和热带海洋型两种不同类型的短时强降水,采用分型Z-I关系法进行定量降水估测能够较好地反映强降水的落区和极值,相比于固定Z-I关系法,20mm·h~(-1)以上雨强的相对误差由70%左右下降到30%左右。     

小时雨量100mm以上强降水单体雷达回波特征分析

利用地面观测资料和多普勒天气雷达探测资料,对2015－2016年山东省11站次,小时降水量超过100mm的强降水单体的风暴参数特征和形态结构演变特征及10分钟雨量变化情况进行了分析。10分钟雨量变化情况表明,15～20mm降水量出现次数最多,约 85%的降水量≥10mm,65%的降水量≥15mm;最大雨量多数在25mm以上,平均值是27.6mm;最大降水量所对应的站点上空最大反射率因子平均值为52.5dBZ,所对应Z-R关系与Z=250R1.28非常接近。强降水单体风暴参数和形态结构演变特征表明,强降水阶段C-VIL值多数在17～37kg?m-2之间,平均值为28kg?m-2,明显小于冰雹预警C-VIL阈值;DBZM值多数在52～58dBZ之间,平均值为55dBZ;HT值多数在2.2～5.8km之间,平均值为4.2km;TOP值多数在7.5～12km之间,平均值为9.9km;ET值多数在11～15km之间,平均值为13.1km;盛夏季节,强降水单体具有低质心特征,降水强度较大;强降水单体演变具有“列车效应”或移动缓慢特征。     

一次中尺度温度和湿度锋区对冰雹回波系统的影响

为了更好地监测预警冰雹和雷暴大风等强天气，使用常规天气图、TBB云图、自动气象站、雷达拼图、雷达PUP产品等资料，对2021年5月10日江西雷暴回波群冰雹天气过程，采用中尺度气象学和雷达气象学等方法进行分析，结果表明：雷暴回波群中超级单体产生大冰雹并伴随雷暴大风天气，没有出现短时强降水；超单往往造成较大冰雹，强单出现较小冰雹；樟树、丰城的对流云系发展成为中尺度对流系统MCS。湿度锋区达到≥40%/100 km和温度锋区达到≥10℃/100 km时，就能够触发产生对流运动而形成新的对流回波；当原有对流回波移到锋区附近时，回波会快速发展加强，强回波面积迅速扩大。风暴跟踪信息STI能较好地指示超级单体和强单体回波的移动方向和移动速度，多条STI指向一致时可信度更高。超单CR在65 dBZ以上，强回波面积较大，VIL在60 kg/m2，V0.5有正负速度对，RCS有冰雹回波特殊结构特征；VCS有正负速度切变；强单CR在60～65 dBZ之间，强回波面积较小，VIL在45～50 kg/m2之间，V0.5不一定有速度切变，RCS冰雹回波特殊结构特征不明显，VCS表现在负值区中出现大值区。     

强冰雹和短时强降水天气雷达特征及临近预警

利用恩施多普勒雷达和常规分析资料,详细对比分析了2007-2008年发生在恩施山区强冰雹和短时强降水天气过程中的雷达产品特征.在此基础上,找出了适合恩施山区强冰雹和短时强降水天气的雷达临近预警指标:选取负温区回波厚度≥7 km、CR强中心回波强度≥55 dBz、强回波梯度≥15 dBz·km-1、45 dBz强回波伸展高度≥7.5 km、累积液态含水量(VIL)密度≥3.2 g·m-3和雷达风廓线1.8～6.1 km风垂直切变均值≥2.3×10-3s-1作为强冰雹临近预警指标;当满足组合反射率(CR)强中心回波强度、VIL密度、40 dBz强回波伸展高度和雷达风廓线(VWP)上1.8～6.1 km风垂直切变值达43.0 dBz,1.1 g·m-3,7.0 km和1.9×10-3s-1,可以考虑该站点及附近地区进入短时强降水临近预警状态,并利用2009年发生的强冰雹和短时强降水天气过程检验了这些临近预警指标性能.     

北京夏季强雷暴降水回波结构与闪电特征个例分析

利用北京市气象局短时临近交互预报系统（VIPS）资料,对2008年奥运会期间两次强降水天气过程雷达回波结构及闪电时空特征进行了细致分析。结果表明,局地性强雷暴降雨天气中,降雨率峰值与闪电活动峰值关系有超前也有略滞后的情况;关于云闪和地闪出现时间,云闪一般要超前地闪5～15min;强降水回波单体中,总闪电次数的70％以上出现在大于40dBZ的强回波区,当最大回波强度大于60dBZ时,云闪出现在强回波区的概率接近90％,说明回波强度越强,云闪出现在强回波区的概率越大;对云闪与雷达回波垂直结构分析发现,强降水单体中云闪发生的高度主要在6km以上,且云闪发生频数峰值出现在8～11km高度。     

基于SWAN产品的短时强降水雷达特征及预警分析

利用SWAN产品和自动站雨量资料,详细对比分析了2010~2012年区域性暴雨中的短时强降水雷达特征,结果表明:(1)短时强降水具有反射率因子大,液态水含量高、回波顶高,强回波厚度大等特征,在每隔6min的SWAN拼图产品中,短时强降水通常满足:3km高度处CAPPI回波≥30dBZ,组合反射率CR中心强度≥40dBZ,VIL>5kg/m2,45dBZ以上的回波中心厚度(H)≥3km,这些参数的变化可以作为短时强降水的预警临近指标。(2)现有SWAN产品中的QPE/QPF产品对未来逐小时的雨量和落区具有一定的预报能力,但QPE产品估测1h累计降水量更接近于实况雨量,在监测到有上述强回波发展时,可通过分析QPE产品和回波特征及预警指标对短时强降水过程进行预报。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on