海口市空气污染特征分析及预报检验

利用海南省二次开发的CAPPS2.0模式，对2006年1月1日-2007年1月1日海口市逐日PM10、SO2、NO2污染浓度监测资料进行输出分析，得出海口市空气污染的变化特征。结果表明，污染物SO2和NO2的预报效果较好，而PM10预报效果较差。因此采用多元线性回归分析方法建立污染物浓度与气象要素的预报方程，并对PM10进行优化和校正，从而提高预报准确率。     

贵阳市大气污染物浓度特征及降水的清除作用

本文利用2013年1月1日~2015年6月30日贵阳市9个环境监测站的6种主要大气污染物(SO2、NO2、O3、PM10、CO、PM2.5)监测数据,分析了贵阳市主要大气污染物的年变化、日变化特征及降水对首要污染物浓度变化的影响。发现SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5浓度为单谷型年变化,夏季浓度最低,冬季浓度最高;O3浓度为双峰型年变化,4、10月分别有两个极大值、11~2月与7月分别为两个极小值;SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5浓度日变化呈双峰型特征;O3浓度日变化为单峰型特征;郊区SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5日平均浓度低于市区,而郊区O3日平均浓度高于市区。降水对O3的湿清除效果不好,对其余大气污染物的湿清除效果较好,尤其夜间降水对颗粒污染物(PM2.5、PM10)的清除效果优于白天降水,但会使O3浓度明显上升。     

基于CUACE系统沈阳地区春季空气质量预报的校验及修正

本文基于CUACE系统,利用2015年4—5月沈阳市大气环境观测数据对沈阳地区春季空气质量的预报效果进行了校验和修正。结果表明:CUACE模式对6种污染物(PM10、PM2.5、NO2、O3、SO2和CO)质量浓度的预报值普遍小于观测值,对PM10浓度的预报存在严重低估。CUACE模式预报的沈阳地区春季日首要污染物多为PM2.5,而观测表明沈阳地区春季PM10和PM2.5为日首要污染物的日数相当。同时,CUACE模式预报的空气污染等级与实际观测的空气污染等级相比存在较高的等级偏差率。利用污染物观测浓度和预报浓度之间的线性拟合公式修正CUACE模式的预报结果,修正后首要污染物的预报结果与实际观测结果基本吻合,同时空气污染等级的预报准确率也明显提高,提高幅度为50.0%—80.0%。     

东胜区污染状况分析

文章利用东胜区主要污染源排放情况以及2005年9月1日-2007年8月31日每日SO2、NO2、PM10浓度监测值和2005-2007年SO2、NO2、PM10平均值,分析了东胜区主要污染类型、污染物来源以及东胜区近3年SO2、NO2、PM10监测值日、月、季、年分布特征和变化规律;提出了消减大气污染物排放的对策。     

南昌市空气质量预报产品检验分析及统计订正试验

利用南昌市环境空气质量监测数据,对比分析了WRF-Chem模式和国家级空气质量预报指导产品对6种污染物浓度的预报效果,并采用时序法、时刻法和标准化法3种训练样本构建方案,利用BP神经网络法对WRF-Chem模式和国家级空气质量预报指导产品6种污染物浓度的预报结果进行订正试验。结果表明:1)WRF-Chem模式预报的6种污染物浓度的预报误差整体比国家级空气质量预报指导产品的预报误差要小,即WRF-Chem模式的预报效果优于国家级空气质量预报指导产品。2)WRF-Chem模式6种污染物浓度预报值与观测值的均方根误差的日变化均呈波动形式,除了O3在10时开始升高到18时达到峰值以外,其余的污染物均是从10时开始下降到16时或18时达到谷值。国家级指导产品6种污染物浓度预报值与观测值的均方根误差日变化则略有不同,除了NO2和O3分别在08时和20时达到谷值以外,其他4种污染物均是在14时达到谷值。3)采用标准化法对CO、SO2、PM10、PM2.5集合订正后的误差比WRF-Chem模式的要小;时刻法、时序法对NO2、SO2、PM2.5集合订正后的误差比WRF-Chem模式的要小,预报效果对单一模式预报结果有一定改进作用。     

辽宁中部城市群主要大气污染物时空分布特征的数值模拟

利用美国第三代空气质量模式系统Models-3对2002年1月17～18日辽宁中部城市群大气污染物SO2,NO2和PM10的浓度分布进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与监测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:污染物的模拟值与观测值变化趋势具有一致性,模式反映了SO2,NO2和PM10浓度的时空分布特征和变化规律,再现了污染物浓度呈波峰波谷日变化的重要特征,可用于辽宁中部城市群区域大气污染物的研究。     

乌海市空气污染浓度的时间分布特征分析

利用2005—2007年乌海市区大气中SO2、NO2、PM10浓度的实测数据,分析了乌海市大气污染物的时间分布特征,分析结果表明:乌海市首要污染物是PM10,其次是SO2;从2005—2007年日平均值看:SO2、PM10呈下降趋势,NO2略呈上升趋势。SO2、NO2、PM10的浓度都有明显的季节变化。     

CAPPS1和CAPPS2数值预报模式对比分析

对CAPPS1模式和CAPPS2模式预报广西污染物进行了对比分析。主要对比了其污染扩散原理、气象预报模式、操作系统、运行时间、预报时效及预报效果。分析表明：CAPPS1和CAPPS2模式对各种污染物预报的相关系数均在0．44以上，两种模式预报广西空气污染都是可行的；两种模式均对SO2的预报效果最好，NO2次之，PM10相对最差；CAPPS2模式对各种污染物的预报值与实测值相关系数均比CAPPS1高，其中NO2的相关系数提高幅度最大；CAPPS2模式对NO2和PM10的预报准确率比CAPPS1偏高，而对SO2的预报准确率比CAPPS1偏低；CAPPS2预报首要污染物正确率比CAPPS1高出11个百分点，而预报首要污染物等级正确率则高出9个百分点。     

北京空气质量预报系统奥运模拟检验与应用

采用2007年8—9月空气质量数据,对CAPPS-3空气质量预报系统进行模拟预报检验。结果表明,从污染物浓度值的模拟预报结果看,SO2的模拟效果优于NO2和PM10;从API指数检验结果看,SO2的模拟效果较好,而PM10模拟效果略差于SO2;从API指数分级检验结果看,SO2的模拟效果最好,PM10次之,而NO2预报结果最差。如果将模拟预报的结果与提前两天的观测值进行对比,预报的准确率会显著提升。总体上看,CAPPS-3空气质量预报系统运行效果良好,经订正后,该模式在奥运期间空气质量预报中得以应用,并取得了较好效果。     

CUACE系统在乌鲁木齐空气质量预报中的效果检验

采用2013年12月1日—2014年2月28日空气质量观测数据,对CUACE系统在乌鲁木齐空气质量预报中的效果进行离线检验。结果表明,在污染物浓度和空气质量分指数方面,NO2的预报效果优于PM10和PM2.5,28 h预报时效的预报效果优于52 h预报时效;在首要污染物预报结果中,28 h预报时效的总体预报效果优于52 h,28 h预报时效中PM2.5预报正确率为65%;从空气质量等级的预报效果来看,28 h预报时效与52 h预报时效无明显差别,对NO2和PM10的预报准确率达到100%,对PM2.5三级预报准确率达到90%以上,对二、四级预报准确率在70%～80%之间,对五、六级重度污染预报值偏低两个级别或以上。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.