华北区域四部雷达探测强度与定位一致性分析

由中国气象科学研究院国家灾害天气重点实验室开发的新一代天气雷达3D组网拼图产品,目前已经在北京、河北、广东等地投入业务试运行,相对于单部雷达的体扫产品其覆盖范围更大,使用更为方便,它为新一代天气雷达资料的深度和广度应用以及与其他观测资料的融合提供了强有力的平台.但是在组网过程中,参与组网的雷达在探测强度和定位上的差异将在很大程度上影响三维组网的效果.本文以北京、天津、张北、石家庄四部雷达为例,对各个雷达在定位、回波强度上的一致性情况进行了分析.结果表明:北京、石家庄、天津、张北雷达探测的回波位置非常一致,在回波强度上相对于其他三部雷达,张北雷达有明显的衰减.雷达定位与探测强度一致性分析为进一步提高华北区域三维组网的准确性和一致性提供了良好的支持.     

数字化测雨雷达的组网与拼图

从气象业务的实际应用出发，阐明了以呼和浩特713天气雷达为主站，集宁、东胜711天气雷达为子站进行数字化天气雷达组网、拼图的意义和作用。论证了组网拼图的必要性及研制实施过程中的依据和方法，提出了目前尚存在的问题及投入业务应用和建立广域的中西部测雨雷达组网拼图的设想和方案。     

多普勒天气雷达的统一授时和同步观测初探

多普勒雷达在短时预报和强对流天气的监测中发挥了很好的作用,将多部雷达科学地进行组网拼图,能够更好地发挥雷达的合力效能,而对参与组网的多部雷达进行统一授时,实现同步观测,可以进一步提高雷达拼图的质量。据此,介绍了采用GPS时间系统对雷达进行授时的具体方案,以及实现雷达同步观测的技术方法。     

区天气雷达中心从五月一日起开展天气雷达组网试验

区大气雷达中心经过近一年时间的筹备,将于五月一日起正式开展天气雷达组网试验工作。 区天气雷达中心是根据国民经济建设的需要,由原南宁713雷达站改建而成的,隶属区观象台建制。它的任务,主要是负责组织实施全区天气雷达组网业务和日常业务的技术指导,包括雷达网内各级气象台站重大灾害性天气的雷达探测实况的上下沟通、左右衔接,专业性雷达探测服务的开展等。天气雷达组网业务除日常雷达定时观测并图外,将根据天气预报单位的需要,结合其他信息指标,对可能出现的暴雨、冰雹、飑     

基于高分辨率高程数据统计分析新一代天气雷达组网的地形遮挡影响

新一代天气雷达由于受到地形限制产生波束遮挡导致波束能量衰减,从而造成雷达探测回波强度偏弱、雷达定量估测降水结果失真,因此对于雷达波束遮挡情况的统计和分析是一项重要的基础研究工作。利用SRTM （Shuttle Radar Topography Mission）数字高程数据对中国目前业务运行的212部新一代天气雷达波束遮挡情况进行模拟计算分析。计算结果包括雷达单站遮蔽角、VCP21模式0.5°、1.5°、2.4°、3.4°、4.3°仰角波束遮挡率、混合扫描及分区混合扫描波束遮挡率、雷达单站探测范围覆盖情况;计算并绘制全国天气雷达组网遮挡率拼图,统计全国天气雷达组网遮挡情况;利用2019年8月广东省11部天气雷达基数据对比验证单站及组网遮挡计算结果。结果表明雷达组网探测面积覆盖率超过70%,整体覆盖效果较好,遮挡计算结果与实际数据对比验证结果高度一致,对雷达数据订正、降水估测等产品具有正贡献。      

常规天气雷达数字化组网软件设计

本文提出一种常规天气雷达数字化组网拼图的软件设计思想,包括单部雷达的数据格式、雷达局地直角坐标向地图直角坐标的变换以及准实时组网软件建立原则和结构流程。并介绍在IBM PC/XT微处理机上初步建立的华东雷达网模型。     

广州相控阵天气雷达组网站址分析

X波段双偏振相控阵天气雷达在观测中小尺度天气系统方面具有优势,然而在反射率因子超过一定值之后,有效探测距离会急剧下降。利用雷达组网建设,能确保有效探测,提高观测数据质量。根据相关文献资料,结合2018年5月7日广州暴雨过程,得出组网观测系统中的X波段相控阵天气雷达彼此间隔为35～45 km,基于此间距,通过综合分析,明确广州X波段双偏振相控阵天气雷达组网建设站址。     

郑州714CD雷达全国组网拼图资料预处理系统

郑州７１４ＣＤ雷达全国组网拼图资料预处理系统,通过对郑州７１４ＣＤ天气雷达立体扫描资料的软件处理,可生成全国雷达组网拼图所要求的３ｋｍ高度上的ＣＡＰＰＩ资料,并将其转化成拼图所要求的全国统一格式,然后通过９２１０工程上传到北京。     

多部数字化天气雷达组网观测资料处理系统

提出一种多部雷达组网观测资料处理的新方法，即由底图坐标出发，有针对性地要求各组网雷达站提供必不可少的数据资料，将以往国内外组网拼图的集中处理方式分解成并行处理方式，从而减少各站的发送时间，提高雷达组网观测资科处理的实时性。此外还对本文提出的方案进行了误差分析。     

星载雷达与C波段地基雷达数据一致性个例分析

为提高单部雷达与多部雷达组网探测降水的精度,对地基雷达进行了一致性定标。星载雷达作为标准参考源已应用于S波段天气雷达的一致性定标,但对于C波段天气雷达的适用性仍有待研究。为此,本文选择了位于较高纬度的兰州C波段业务雷达,设计了以星载雷达标定C波段雷达的方法。通过对两个降水个例进行分析发现:定标后的C波段雷达回波强度和降水反演精度均有一定改善。说明采用星载雷达对C波段雷达进行定标也是可行的,这有利于解决西部地区地基雷达组网探测的一致性定标难题,展现了良好的应用前景。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on