“0806”华南持续性暴雨诊断分析与数值模拟

用NCEP再分析资料、常规气象观测等资料,对2008年6月11—13日发生在华南地区的持续性暴雨的大尺度背景进行了分析,用MM5模式模拟出了暴雨的大尺度背景,利用模拟结果对这次暴雨过程的系统演变做了进一步的分析。结果表明:(1)西南涡是暴雨的直接影响系统,随着西南涡的东移,暴雨从广西北部一直推进到广东东南部。(2)中高纬稳定的两槽一脊的环流形势和偏南的西太平洋副高,及不断南下的小股冷空气,为这次暴雨提供了有利的中高纬环流背景冷空气条件;东亚夏季风偏南,越赤道气流偏强,给暴雨的维持提供了丰富的水汽条件。(3)模拟的结果验证了暴雨发生的大尺度环流背景,并在700hPa上模拟出了3个正涡度中心,是华南暴雨发生的动力因子。     

高低空急流耦合对长江中游强暴雨形成的机理研究

对1998-07-22T08-14发生于武汉附近的一次强暴雨过程的分析发现,这次强暴雨发生于南方暖区与北方冷空气脱离的孤立系统中,副热带经圈环流上升支是暴雨发生的大尺度背景场,它的低空入流和高空出流对大尺度雨区的生成与维持具有重要作用.边界层南风急流、低空西风急流和高空西风急流上下的耦合作用是强暴雨发生的重要原因.925hPa上边界层偏南风急流是暴雨区所需水汽的最大提供者和暴雨区对流不稳定能量释放的触发者,850hPa上低空偏西风急流的主要作用是建立和维持了暴雨区中低空的对流不稳定,200hPa上中纬高空西风急流的主要作用是建立和维持了暴雨区高空的条件对称不稳定,三者上下耦合使得中低空对流上升运动得以向上发展和加强,从而产生强暴雨.     

高低空急流耦合对长江中游强暴雨形成的机理研究

对1998－07－22T08－14发生于武汉附近的一次强暴雨过程的分析发现，这次强暴雨发生于南方暖区与北方冷空气脱离的孤立系统中，副热带经圈环流上升支是暴雨发生的大尺度背景场，它的低空入流和高空出流对大尺度雨区的生成与维持具有重要作用。边界层南风急流、低空西风急流和高空西风急流上下的耦合作用理强暴雨发生的重要原因。925hPa上边界层偏南风急流是暴雨区所需水汽的最大提供者和暴雨区对流不稳定能量释放的触发者，850hPa上低空偏西风急流的主要作用是建立和维持了暴雨区中低空的对流不稳定，200hPa上中纬高空西风急流的主要作用是建立和维持了暴雨区高空的条件对称不稳定，三者上下耦合使得中低空对流上升运动得以向上发展和加强，从而产生强暴雨。     

关中陕南1980年汛期第一场暴雨分析

近年来对于暴雨的分析认为中尺度系统是造成暴雨的直接系统,但中分析在日常业务预报中难于实现。因此,深入分析发生暴雨的大尺度环流背景,了解暴雨过程的若干天气学条件,提供预报线索,是非常必要的。为此,本文从天气动力学角度分析了一九八○年汛期第一场暴雨,以求进一步认识汛期第一场暴雨发生的大尺度环流演变特点,影响系统,以及产生这场暴雨所具备的天气学条件。     

1981年7月9-14日四川持续性暴雨分析

1981年7月9—14日岷江、沱江、涪江和嘉陵江流域出现持续性暴雨,并在四川省造成了历史上最严重的洪涝灾害。该文利用逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°逐日再分析资料和日本GMS卫星资料反演的TBB资料进行诊断分析以探讨此次暴雨持续的原因。结果表明:由于对流层低层的暖平流和其他大尺度强迫,高空槽长时间维持在长江上游地区,有利于槽后冷空气下沉南伸,与来自孟加拉湾的暖湿气流在盆地交汇,致使西南涡东移甚慢,于7月11—14日活跃在四川盆地上空。当西南涡沿梅雨锋缓慢东移时,长生命史的中尺度对流系统(MCS)在岷江、沱江、涪江和嘉陵江流域连续多次生消,导致暴雨系统持续维持在这些地区。大尺度的强迫在暴雨区上空产生了大范围持续性的上升运动,而暴雨所需的强上升运动主要由大量局地对流有效位能释放提供。对流层低层持续的水汽辐合和位势不稳定能量的输送则为暴雨的持续提供了充足的水汽和能量。与2004年9月发生在四川盆地东部的严重致洪持续性暴雨比较发现,虽然两次持续性暴雨发生的环流背景不同,但暴雨发生的物理机理一致,暴雨过程中持续性的上升运动均主要由大尺度强迫等引起,而且两次持续性暴雨的发生均与来自孟加拉湾的强水汽输送有关。     

1996年7月洞庭湖流域持续性暴雨过程分析

1996年7月洞庭湖流域发生了严重的洪涝灾害。利用观测资料进行诊断分析表明:(1)这次大洪水是由梅雨锋西端高空槽前的持续性大面积暴雨引起；(2)引起持续性暴雨的直接原因是MCS形成后停滞少动，并在同一地区连续多次生消；(3)由于高空槽长时间维持在长江中游地区，对流层低层的暖平流等大尺度强迫使暴雨区能较长时间维持上升运动，同时低层持续强的水汽辐合和位势不稳定能量的输送为暴雨持续地发生提供了充足的水汽和能量。     

暴雨量经验计算公式

暴雨是各种尺度天气系统相互作用的产物,是中尺度天气现象。形成的原因很复杂,既涉及小扰动在大尺度环境中发生和增长的问题,又涉及到小扰动发展时对大尺度场的反馈问题,而这些问题都尚未解决。因此,目前暴雨预报准确率很低。为了探索暴雨量的预报,本文从产生暴雨三个条件入手,试验了一个区域暴雨量计算公式。     

一次冬季暴雨过程的诊断分析

本文通过对金衢两市941210区域性暴雨过程的天气形势和物理量场的诊断,给出了冬季暴雨发生前的大尺度环流形势和物理量场分布特征,剖析出冬季暴雨和汛期暴雨的相同和不同之处,并在此基础上得出了本次暴雨过程的大致物理图像。     

1002号台风对四川盆地大暴雨的影响分析

利用逐日NCEP再分析常规观测资料、逐小时自动站资料和卫星云图资料,对2010年7月14—18日发生在四川盆地的大暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析,重点探讨了台风活动对大尺度环流背景、西南低涡形成与维持、水汽及能量输送的作用。结果表明:(1) 本次暴雨是在副热带高压、台风、西南低涡等多个不同尺度系统相互作用下发生的;(2) 台风环流东侧偏南气流和副高西侧偏南气流长时间的融合贯通,一方面有利于“鞍”型场大尺度环流背景稳定和低层西南涡的发展及维持;另一方面两支气流叠加构成输送带,将低纬大量水汽和热量向暴雨区上空输送,有利于暴雨区上空水汽的积聚及形成高能不稳定区;冷暖空气交绥于暴雨区,促使不稳定能量释放,形成大暴雨天气。      

一次浙赣沿线梅雨锋暴雨过程诊断分析

利用日本GMS卫星数据TBB资料、多普勒雷达产品及NCEP逐6小时再分析资料对2013年6月27日20时—29日20时发生在江西省浙赣沿线附近的一次梅雨锋大暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:(1)中高纬双阻型和副热带高压位置偏南,是引发该暴雨过程的大尺度背景条件,梅雨锋上不断有中小尺度对流系统产生,这些中小尺度对流系统在受到大尺度强迫作用而增强并长时间维持,在导致暴雨区形成强降水;(2)此次过程是发生在不稳定流较弱、强迫流极强的环境下,暴雨区发生在低层西南急流出口区左侧、高层急流入口区,该区域上空具有低层正涡度、高层负涡度和低层负散度、高层正散度的藕合形势,这种形势非常有利于强垂直上升运动的维持,为这次梅雨锋暴雨过程提供了强大的动力机制。     

大气中硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵和钙的浓度

1985年10月,在中国的三个不同地点用太氟龙和尼龙滤膜采样系统观测了硝酸根、硫酸根、铵和钙的浓度。平均而言,硫酸根的摩尔浓度与硝酸根的摩尔浓度之比不到2。考虑到中国燃煤大量排放SO_2这一事实,这一低比值有点出乎预料。在北京钙是最重要的阳离子,而在华北山区的兴隆天文观测站和南方城市长沙气溶胶中铵离子多于钙离子。在北风条件下,兴隆的硫酸根和硝酸根浓度与文献中报道的欧洲和北美的本底值接近。因此,兴隆天文观测站是研究亚洲大陆本底空气的理想地点。     

Wind-Driven, Double-Gyre, Ocean Circulation in a Reduced-Gravity, 2.5-Layer, Lattice Boltzmann Model

A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes.     

Anthropogenic, Climatic, and Hydrologic Trends in the Kosi Basin, Himalaya

A great debate exists concerning theinfluence of land-use and climatic changes onhydrology in the Himalayan region and its adjacentplains. As a representative basin of the Himalayas, westudied basinwide land-use, climatic and hydrologictrends over the Kosi Basin (54,000 km²) in themountainous area of the central Himalayan region. Theassessment of anthropogenic inputs showed that thepopulation of the basin grew at a compound rate ofabout one percent per annum during the past fourdecades. The comparison of land-use data between thesurveys made during the 1960s and 1978–1979 did notreveal noticeable trends in land-use change. Theanalysis of meteorological and hydrological timeseries from 1947 to 1993 showed some increasingtendency of temperature and precipitation. Thestatistical tests of hydrologic trends indicated anoverall decrease in discharge on the Kosi River andits major tributaries. The decreasing trends ofstreamflow were more significant during the low-flowmonths. The statistical analysis of homogeneityshowed that the climatic as well as the hydrologictrends were more localized in nature lacking adistinct basinwide significance.     

Forest ecosystems, disturbance, and climatic change in Washington State, USA

Climatic change is likely to affect Pacific Northwest (PNW) forests in several important ways. In this paper, we address the role of climate in four forest ecosystem processes and project the effects of future climatic change on these processes across Washington State. First, we relate Douglas-fir growth to climatic limitation and suggest that where Douglas-fir is currently water-limited, growth is likely to decline due to increased summer water deficit. Second, we use existing analyses of climatic controls on tree species biogeography to demonstrate that by the mid twenty-first century, climate will be less suitable for key species in some areas of Washington. Third, we examine the relationships between climate and the area burned by fire and project climatically driven regional and sub-regional increases in area burned. Fourth, we suggest that climatic change influences mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks by increasing host-tree vulnerability and by shifting the region of climate suitability upward in elevation. The increased rates of disturbance by fire and mountain pine beetle are likely to be more significant agents of changes in forests in the twenty-first century than species turnover or declines in productivity, suggesting that understanding future disturbance regimes is critical for successful adaptation to climate change.     

Climate change,migration and adaptation in Funafuti,Tuvalu

This paper shows the extent to which people in Funafuti – the main island of Tuvalu – are intending to migrate in response to climate change. It presents evidence collected from Funafuti to challenge the widely held assumption that climate change is, will, or should result in large-scale migration from Tuvalu. It shows that for most people climate change is not a reason for concern, let alone a reason to migrate, and that would-be migrants do not cite climate change as a reason to leave. People in Funafuti wish to remain living in Funafuti for reasons of lifestyle, culture and identity. Concerns about the impacts of climate change are not currently a significant driver of migration from Funafuti, and do not appear to be a significant influence on those who intend to migrate in the future.     

Benefits, Costs, and Cooperation in Greenhouse Gas Abatement

Abatement cost and benefit projections through 2100are computed, assembled and interpreted with respectto various levels of emission reduction. Mathematicalexpressions describing regional costs and benefits asa function of abatement strategy are developed. Usingthese data and expressions, optimal abatementstrategies are defined for noncooperative andcooperative (Pareto optimal) policies. Thecooperative solution calls for an average emissionsreduction of 16.6 percent over the 1990–2100 period,as compared to 5.8 percent in the noncooperative case. Achieving the cooperative solution would require sidepayments to China and potentially to the U.S., as wellas stringent (though beneficial) restrictions onnon-OECD countries. It is argued that Paretooptimality is technically achievable but possiblyinfeasible in the real world.     

Nowcasting precipitation, clouds, and surface state in winter

Freezing of rainwater on a surface is often caused by nocturnal clearing after precipitation, which goes along with radiative cooling. Forecasting cloudiness, and especially the risk of clearing, on a scale of 1 to 3 h is of interest in the domains of road weather, agriculture, or water management.Cloud amount and the difference between air and surface temperature are important parameters of the radiation balance. In this contribution, we show the relationship between them, proved at several stations all over Switzerland. We found a correlation coefficient of 0.88 and improved it considering other meteorological parameters like wind speed. We conclude that temperature difference is a signature for nocturnal cloudiness.We investigated nocturnal cloudiness for a case from winter 2001/02 in northern Switzerland. An ultra-dense combination of two networks with 70 stations in total is operated, measuring air and surface temperature, wind and other parameters. With the aid of our equations, these measurements where converted into cloud maps, including also precipitation seen by radar. We identified a frontal precipitation area, postfrontal clearing, freezing, and the first clouds of a following frontal passage.All these findings will contribute to a better observation and predictability of surface state and other risks connected with radiative cooling.     

中国古诗词中的云雾雨雪

从云雾降水物理学的角度学习和分析了一些中国古诗词。内容有:1）分析和统计了唐诗300首和毛泽东诗词中用到云雾雨雪等字的百分比,其分别占总首数的45%和66%;2）列举和分析了描述自然过程、大气过程有云雨雪等字的诗(词)句;3）从现代科学观出发,分析了在一些古诗词中有关云、雨、霜、露等的理解,并作了一些评述;4）对古诗词中直接描述云、雾、雨、雪的内容进行了评论。       

从气候变化的新视角理解灾害风险、暴露度、脆弱性和恢复力

不断变化的气候可导致前所未有的极端天气和气候事件。这些事件能否构成灾害,在很大程度上取决于脆弱性和暴露度水平。虽然无法完全消除各种灾害风险,但灾害风险管理和气候变化适应的重点是减少脆弱性和暴露度,并提高对各种潜在极端事件不利影响的恢复力,从而促进社会和经济的可持续发展。全面的灾害风险管理要求更加合理地分配对减灾、灾害管理等方面所付出的努力。过去的主流是强调灾害管理,但目前减灾成为关注焦点和挑战。这种主动积极的灾害风险管理与适应有助于避免未来的风险和灾害,而不仅仅是减少已有的风险和灾害,同时这也是灾害风险管理和气候变化适应更加紧密联系的一个背景。灾害风险管理促进气候变化适应从应对当前的影响中汲取经验,而气候变化适应帮助灾害风险管理更加有效地应对未来变化的条件。     

Aridity in Vojvodina, Serbia

For investigating aridity in Vojvodina, two parameters were used: the De Martonne aridity index and the Pinna combinative index. These indices were chosen as the most suitable for the analysis of climate in Vojvodina (a region in northern part of Serbia). Also, these indices were calculated from data obtained from 10 meteorological stations for the period from 1949 to 2006. The spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal De Martonne and the Pinna combinative indices as well as the mean monthly values of the De Martonne index and aridity trends of these indices are presented. There were two, four, and five types of climate on a yearly, seasonal, and monthly basis in Vojvodina, according to the De Martonne climate classification which consists of a total of seven types. In addition, semi-humid and humid climate types were represented in the region, on a yearly basis. The winter season was dominated by wetter types of climate, while the summer season was characterized by drier ones. During the spring and autumn seasons, there were types of climate which range between both aforementioned types. Two out of three climate types, which can be identified using the Pinna combinative index, were registered in Vojvodina region. The most dominant climate type was the semidry Mediterranean with formal Mediterranean vegetation, while the humid type was only identified in one small part of southwestern Vojvodina. The calculated values of both aridity indices showed that there were no annual trends. Therefore, it can be considered that there were no recent aridity changes during the observed period. For paleoclimate, the general story is more complex. The lack of aridity trends in the recent period from 1949 to 2006 supports the fact that Vojvodina has very well preserved loess–palaeosol sequences from the Middle and Late Pleistocene, which indicates that crucial point for their preservation was caused by the weak aridity variability in the region.