阿克达拉区域大气本底站反应性气体在线观测

为了促进大气成分业务观测水平的提高,对阿克达拉区域大气本底站新建设的NO_x、SO_2、CO和O_3 4种反应性气体集成观测系统的构造、功能以及质量控制方法进行了介绍,分析了在站址科学论证期间观测到的O_3和CO的浓度水平和变化特征,并与其他本底站的观测结果进行了比较,给出了新观测系统的一些初步观测结果。结果表明,阿克达拉站观测到的O_3和CO的浓度水平及其变化特征有别于中国东部几个大气本底站的观测结果,反映了该站与其他站的差异;新的观测系统自动化程度较高、易于实现质量控制,其性能指标能够满足该偏远站点观测的需求。     

城市排放与输送对北京上甸子站温室气体本底观测的影响分析

以北京上甸子区域大气本底站二氧化碳(CO2)和几种典型卤代温室气体(HFC-134a、PFC-218和HCFC-22)浓度在线观测为例,统计分析并匹配计算了各风向浓度距平与浓度载荷,探讨了各季节城市排放和输送对上甸子站温室气体本底观测的影响。研究期间,CO2本底数据比例约21.2%,受局地和城市排放与输送影响,非本底浓度比本底浓度偏高(3.7±1.3)×10~(-6);HFC-134a和PFC-218浓度距平和浓度载荷的特征反映了两个物种源区特征的差别;HCFC-22浓度特征与空调制冷剂夏高冬低的季节排放规律相一致。     

瓦里关温室气体本底研究的主要进展

由于温室气体浓度显著增长及其在气候与环境变化中的作用,国际上众多的科学计划和观测体系都把它们的时空分布、源汇及趋势列为重要内容,获得的各种资料在评价人类活动对气候和环境的影响及有关对策研究中起着关键作用。文章阐述了在中国内陆本底地区开展温室气体长期、定点观测的意义和必要性,系统地讨论了10多年来中国瓦里关本底站温室气体本底研究的主要进展。利用瓦里关经严格国际比对和质量控制的大气CO2、CH4长期观测资料,结合同期的地面风资料进行统计分析,建立了瓦里关大气CO2和CH4本底资料筛选方法;利用本底观测资料,研究了瓦里关大气CO2及其δ13C、CH4和CO本底变化及源汇特征所体现的亚洲内陆地域特点和全球代表性,并进一步与同期、同纬度海洋边界层参比值(MBL)以及北半球其他6个大气本底站同期观测数据对比分析,发现了瓦里关大气CH4和CO独特的季节变化并探讨了成因;根据空气团后向轨迹簇所途经的下垫面源汇同观测的大气CO2和CH4浓度变化之间的关系,探讨了瓦里关大气CO2和CH4的输送来源;利用Hysplit-4扩散与输送模式,计算了冬、夏典型月份人为源和自然生态系统源汇对瓦里关大气CO2浓度变化的贡献。并在现有基础上,提出了有待进一步解决的科学问题。     

我国瓦里关山、兴隆温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的背景浓度

为了研究中国大陆温室性气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂O大气浓度的区域分布和变化特征以及与人类活动的关系,从1995~2000年,先后在青海瓦里关山全球大气基准站（36°18′N,100°54′E,3810 m）及河北中国科学院兴隆天文台（40°24′N,117°30′E, 940 m）,利用不锈钢瓶取样和气相色谱法分析,观测了两地大气中温室气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的浓度及其变化情况。结果表明:兴隆和瓦里关山站CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的同期年平均浓度分别为376.7×10-6和373.5×10-6,1886×10-9和1831×10-9,316.7×10-9和314.9×10-9。从1995~2000年,兴隆站CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的年增长率分别为1.95×10-6,9.02×10-9和0.75×10-9。而瓦里关山站从1997~2000年,CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的年增长率分别为1.41×10-6,9.95×10-9和0.82×10-9。两地大气中三种气体的浓度与年增长率与全球同类台站的观测结果接近。同时也在一定程度上反映了各自不同的环境背景特征。     

我国温室气体本底浓度网络化观测的初步结果

CO₂和CH₄是《京都议定书》限排的主要温室气体。自1990年以来的长期观测表明, 我国青海瓦里关全球本底站大气CO₂和CH₄浓度与北半球中纬度地区其他一些本底站的同期观测结果具有可比性, 观测数据已成为WMO全球温室气体公报及国内外有关评估报告的重要参考依据; 我国4个区域本底站过去一年来的采样分析结果显示:北京上甸子、浙江临安、黑龙江龙凤山、湖北金沙大气CO₂和CH₄浓度明显高于同期瓦里关站的观测值, 表明4个区域站大气CO₂和CH₄受自然及人为活动的影响较大。迄今为止, 国内相关部门通过多种方式开展了温室气体浓度长期观测或短期科研, 各具优势和特点, 但力量相对分散、观测站稀少、侧重点和目标各异。为了全面掌握我国温室气体本底浓度时空变化, 了解不同区域大气受自然和人为活动影响的程度, 亟需相关部门分工协作、优势互补、资源共享, 尽快推进我国温室气体及相关微量成分的网络化观测分析和源汇反演模式系统建设, 进而测算、验证不同区域温室气体排放源和吸收汇的动态变化, 分析、评估各区域之间的输送和影响, 为我国应对气候变化的内政、外交提供决策支持。     

中国4个国家级野外站大气CH4本底浓度变化特征

CH4是仅次于CO2的重要温室气体。2006年9月至2008年8月期间,按全球大气本底观测要求,在青海瓦里关、北京上甸子、浙江临安和黑龙江龙凤山4个国家级野外站开展每周一次空气样品flask瓶采样分析,获得了该地区为期2 a的大气CH4本底浓度资料。结果表明,2 a间瓦里关、上甸子、临安和龙凤山4站CH4浓度年均增幅分别为9.1×10-9、3.8×10-9、21.8×10-9和8.2×10-9;瓦里关站大气CH4浓度增长趋势与全球平均状况较为接近,能较好地反映北半球中高纬度内陆地区大气本底特征;但上甸子站年均本底值相对较低且季振幅偏小,而龙凤山和临安站季节变化规律相似,表现为CH4浓度冬季高而夏季偏低且季振幅较大。     

地面臭氧观测

近年来认识到近地面层系统地观测臭氧可与对流层上部臭氧观测联系在一起,从而给出大气中臭氧的总收支,为大气本底污染监测内容之一;山地与平原观测记录之比较,也是很有价值的。地面臭氧观测基准站和区域站的臭氧取样及分析方法指南,可参见世界气象组织业务手册(WMO Operations Manual)第299号出版物。加拿大大气环境局“世界臭氧资料中心”正作出安排,将世界各地未污染地点的地面臭     

利用Picarro观测系统分析2009年瓦里关全球站CO_2浓度

2009年在青海瓦里关全球大气本底站,利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术组装的Picarro系统对大气CO2进行在线观测,并与瓦里关站及美国Manua Loa站FLASK瓶的结果进行分析、比对。分析结果表明,全年瓦里关站大气CO2浓度季节性变化趋势相同,增长趋势不变。全球大气CO2浓度增加趋势和季节变化情况相同。     

中美大气化学联合考察实验结果的初步分析与比较

根据临安区域本底站观测资料分析结果得出,中国中纬度地区秋、冬季O₃及其前体物NO_x等浓度偏高,可以对农作物和地表生态系统产生影响.观测结果表明:近地层大气O₃浓度主要决定于地面总辐射量控制下的光化学反应过程;O₃的生成受到前体物NO_x的控制,但O₃与NO_x存在着明显的非线性关系.从PEM-WESTA和B的实验及1995年的观测资料表明,O₃的生成效率随着NO_x浓度的增大而减小.尽管O₃的生成速率秋季比冬季的大,但由于秋季较高的NO_x抑制了过氧基的生成,因此冬季O₃的累积量几乎可以和秋季相比拟.在临安观测的NMHC和NO_x的比值比国外同纬度地区测值要大.这说明在临安本底站O₃的光化学生成中,NMHC不是控制物种.从而提示我们,在这些季节临安O₃光化学产物能够被NO_x浓度所控制.中美大气化学联合考察(PEM-WEST-B)实验期间,台湾省的卡盯站SO₂的平均浓度为0.29ppb,O₃的平均浓度为42.2ppb,可以认为此值为低纬度海岛的本底值.1994年PEM-WEST-B实验期间临安站的观测资料和台湾省的卡盯站资料相比,临安站SO₂的浓度约为卡盯站SO₂浓度的50倍左右,从而可以看出人类活动对大气本底的显着影响.     

瓦里关大气本底观象台CO2、CH4观测过程的质量控制

以中国大气本底基准观象台的温室气体(CO2、CH4)观测仪器为例,从仪器运行的稳定性和各级标准气体标定两个方面介绍了温室气体观测数据的质量控制方法.结果表明,瓦里关大气本底台的CO2、CH4观测仪器运行稳定,观测数据具有很高的精确度和可信度.经过严格质量控制的温室气体实时测量数据报送到世界气象组织下属的温室气体数据中心,成为各国科学家分析欧亚大陆温室气体本底浓度的主要依据.     

Climate policy strength compared: China,the US,the EU,India, Russia,and Japan

The few systematic international comparisons of climate policy strength made so far have serious weaknesses, particularly those that assign arbitrary weightings to different policy instrument types in order to calculate an aggregate score for policy strength. This article avoids these problems by ranking the six biggest emitters by far – China, the US, the EU, India, Russia, and Japan – on a set of six key policy instruments that are individually potent and together representative of climate policy as a whole: carbon taxes, emissions trading, feed-in tariffs, renewable energy quotas, fossil fuel power plant bans, and vehicle emissions standards. The results cast strong doubt on any idea that there is a clear hierarchy on climate policy with Europe at the top: the EU does lead on a number of policies but so does Japan. China, the US, and India each lead on one area. Russia is inactive on all fronts. At the same time climate policy everywhere remains weak compared to what it could be.

Policy relevance

This study enables climate policy strength, defined as the extent to which the statutory provisions of climate policies are likely to restrict GHG emissions if implemented as intended, to be assessed and compared more realistically across space and time. As such its availability for the six biggest emitters, which together account for over 70% of global CO₂ emissions, should facilitate international negotiations (1) by giving participants a better idea of where major emitters stand relative to each other as far as climate policy stringency is concerned, and (2) by identifying areas of weakness that need action.     

1,800 Years of abrupt climate change, severe fire, and accelerated erosion, Sierra Nevada, California, USA

This paper provides both a detailed history of environmental change in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years and evidence for climate teleconnections between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland during the late Holocene. A review of Greenland ice core data suggests that the magnitudes of abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation increased beginning c. 3,700 and 3,000 years ago, respectively. Precipitation increased abruptly 1,300 years ago. Comparing paleotemperature data from Cirque Peak, CA with paleoprecipitation data from Pyramid Lake, NV suggests that hot temperatures occurred at the beginnings of most severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. Severe fires and erosion also occurred at Coburn Lake, CA at the beginning of all severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. This suggests that abrupt climate change during the late Holocene caused vegetation and mountain slopes in some areas to be out of equilibrium with abruptly changed climates. Finally, the ending of drought conditions in Greenland coincided with the beginning of drought conditions in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years, perhaps as a result of the rapidly changed locations of the Earth??s major precipitation belts during abrupt climate change events.     

The temperature dependent,infrared absorption cross-sections for the chlorofluorocarbons: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-13, CFC-14, CFC-22, CFC-113, CFC-114, and CFC-115

The infrared absorption cross-sections for eight commonly used halogenated methanes and ethanes have been measured as a function of temperature from 203 to 293 K. High resolution spectra (0.03 cm^-1) have been used to derive integrated band strengths and peak cross-sections associated with the spectral features in the infrared region from 600 to 1500 cm^-2. The values obtained in this study are compared to those from previous reports, and recommendations are made for uses in atmospheric sensing and radiative energy transfer models. The observed temperature dependence in the spectral features is also discussed.     

Wind-Driven, Double-Gyre, Ocean Circulation in a Reduced-Gravity, 2.5-Layer, Lattice Boltzmann Model

A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes.     

基于L波段探空的云区边界识别改进算法

利用气象业务中使用的L波段探空数据和毫米波云雷达观测资料,分析探空相对湿度在入云和出云时的变化规律,提出一种基于探空相对湿度阈值与梯度相结合的云区边界识别改进算法,并利用云雷达观测数据对算法识别结果进行验证.利用北京市南郊观象台2019年1—6月层状云样本验证分析,结果表明:改进算法相比相对湿度阈值法,对云区边界识别更...     

江苏三次不同量级降雪过程的对比分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,通过对发生在江苏的三次不同量级的区域性暴雪、大雪和中雪过程典型个例进行对比分析,发现降雪时,700hPa低空急流的位置和强度是影响降雪量级的主要因素之一;降雪区上空涡度的垂直分布遵循低层负涡度、中层正涡度和高层负涡度的配置,暴雪时正涡度强且正涡度区最为深厚,动力抬升作用强,中雪发生时正涡度区相对最为浅薄,不利于形成强辐合抬升,动力抬升作用弱。且暴雪和大雪发生时基本上整层都为垂直螺旋度正值区,中雪时没有出现明显的正值区;暴雪和大雪过程时中低层都具有明显的逆温层,中高层西南急流造成的对流层中层的爆发性增温是逆温层形成的关键,中雪发生时不一定有逆温层结;降雪强度与湿位涡分量绝对值存在一定的正相关关系。     

The microstructure of selected, small, isolated, cumulus clouds near Red Deer, Alberta

Physical experiments designed to explore the potential of rain augmentation through airborne glaciogenic seeding on small, isolated non-precipitating cumuliform clouds near Red Deer, Alberta were carried out during the period 1982–1985. The microstructure of 90 cumulus congestus clouds have been documented through repeated in-situ sampling using a cloud physics instrumented aircraft platform. Observations from the inspection passes of 57 clouds seeded with either dry ice pellets or silver iodide pyrotechnics, and all the passes of 33 natural clouds are presented.Measurements of the cloud droplet concentration indicate that Alberta cumulus clouds are typically continental in nature, with an average droplet concentration of 535 cm⁻³ and an average droplet diameter of 10.6 μm. Alberta clouds have average liquid water contents of 0.57 g m⁻³, with a peak 1-sec value of 3.17 g m⁻³. The 1-km average liquid water contents are 0.83 g m⁻³, with a peak value of 2.81 g m⁻³. Cloud lifetimes vary between 11 and 20 minutes. Concentrations of naturally occurring ice crystals are found to be low. The average maximum 1-km ice concentration was 31⁻¹, and the peak 1-km concentration was 73.11⁻¹ in the natural cloud dataset. Evidence of precipitation-sized particles was detected in 21% (7 of 33) of the clouds, and precipitation below cloud base was detected in 6% (2 of 33) of the clouds.A comparison of the Alberta cloud characteristics to the cumulus clouds from different locations showed that there are some distinct differences between Alberta clouds and the clouds from the other regions.     

Weeds, Insects, and Diseases

The geographic distribution, vigor, virulence, and agricultural impact of weeds, insects, and plant pathogens will be affected by climatic changes accompanying the global "greenhouse effect." Weed/crop competitive interactions, particularly among species differing in photosynthetic pathway (C₃ v C₄), may be altered, with the C₃ species favored by increasing CO₂. Physiological and biochemical changes induced in host crop plants by rising CO₂ may affect feeding patterns of pest insects. Compilation of climatic thresholds for phenological development of pest insects reveals the potential for shifts in pest behavior induced by global warming and other climatic change. Generation times may be reduced, enabling more rapid population increases to occur. Poleward migration may be accelerated during the crop season. The epidemiology of plant diseases also will be altered. Prediction of disease outbreaks will be more difficult in periods of rapidly changing climate and unstable weather. Environmental instability and increased incidence of extreme weather may reduce the effectiveness of pesticides on targeted pests or result in more injury to non-target organisms. Biological control may be affected either negatively or positively. Overall, the challenge to agriculture from pests probably will increase.     

承德市一次由快速发展气旋诱发的大风天气分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对承德市2017年5月5—6日大风天气的环流形势和物理量进行分析,结果表明气旋的快速发展(气旋加深率0.84 B)导致锋生加强,引发气压和变压梯度加大是导致大风的直接原因。500 hPa高压脊东移迫使冷空气向南堆积,高空槽不断发展成为冷涡,温度平流为地面气旋的发展提供热力条件,高低层涡度平流的差异,也是地面气旋快速发展的重要原因;当1.5 PVU位涡面伸展至对流层低层时,局地位涡异常在气旋的发展过程中不可忽视;高空急流出口区发生质量调整,出口区左侧的辐散强度达10×10~(-5) s~(-1),使低层大气减压,有利于气旋发展。     

Governance,complexity, and resilience

This special issue brings together prominent scholars to explore novel multilevel governance challenges posed by the behavior of dynamic and complex social-ecological systems. Here we expand and investigate the emerging notion of “resilience” as a perspective for understanding how societies can cope with, and develop from, disturbances and change. As the contributions to the special issue illustrate, resilience thinking in its current form contains substantial normative and conceptual difficulties for the analysis of social systems. However, a resilience approach to governance issues also shows a great deal of promise as it enables a more refined understanding of the dynamics of rapid, interlinked and multiscale change. This potential should not be underestimated as institutions and decision-makers try to deal with converging trends of global interconnectedness and increasing pressure on social-ecological systems.