季风爆发前后青藏高原西部改则地区大气结构的初步分析

通过2008年青藏高原西部改则地区季风前(FM)和季风爆发阶段(MJ)两个加强观测期的无线电探空资料发现: 青藏高原西部改则地区对流层顶以第二对流层顶为主。冬季多表现为双对流层顶或复对流层顶。到了夏季, 第一对流层顶 (极地对流层顶) 较少见, 基本只有第二对流层顶。季风前第一对流层顶高度为10752 m, 温度为219 K, 气压为245.2 hPa, 第二对流层顶高度16826 m, 温度为202 K, 气压93 hPa。季风爆发阶段, 第一对流层高度为10695 m, 温度229 K, 气压256.7 hPa; 第二对流层顶高度为17360 m, 温度198 K, 气压89.4 hPa。由两个观测期的月平均温度的升温情况可以判断出第二对流层顶温度夏低冬高, 第一对流层顶温度为夏高冬低。从小时的时间尺度上发现, 第二对流层顶的高度变化和对流层顶温度、气压、风速的变化均为反位相变化; 对流层顶升高时, 对流层顶气压、温度、风速、湿度随之降低, 反之也成立。第一对流层顶对地表向上的热量输送及云顶有很好的阻挡作用, 进而对大气加热有显著影响。从靠近地面的月平均风速均匀混合特征, 判断出季风爆发阶段改则地区边界层高度能达到3500 m左右。西风急流在高原改则地区有明显季节变化。冬季西风急流最强, 几乎没有东风带出现。季风爆发阶段西风急流逐渐离开改则地区并向高原北部移动, 在该地区表现为减弱。同时东风带逐渐北移到改则地区, 在该地区上空表现为逐渐增强, 并位于西风带之上。     

青藏高原与同纬度其他地区热带对流层顶气压变化特征的比较

基于1979—2014年ERA-Interim逐日再分析温度资料,依据温度递减率插值法计算出青藏高原及同纬度其他地区热带对流层顶气压数据,比较了高原和同纬度其他地区热带对流层顶气压季节变化和长期变化趋势,讨论了热带对流层顶气压与高空温度的关系。结果表明:1)在季节变化上,除12月和1月外,青藏高原热带对流层顶气压全年低于同纬度其他地区;青藏高原热带对流层顶气压、对流层中上层以及平流层下部平均温度均表现出比同纬度其他地区更明显的单峰型特征。2)热带对流层顶气压与高空温度变化关系密切,对流层中上层(平流层下部)平均温度升高(降低),有利于热带对流层顶气压降低;相对于同纬度其他地区,青藏高原对流层顶气压与对流层中上层平均温度的关系更密切。3)1979—2014年青藏高原和同纬度其他地区各季节的热带对流层顶气压均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,冬春季下降趋势更加显著;青藏高原各季节对流层中上层增温和平流层下部降温的幅度均超过同纬度其他地区,导致其热带对流层顶气压的下降趋势比同纬度其他地区更加明显。     

基于CloudSat资料的中国及周边地区各类云的宏观特征分析

利用2006年7月—2009年4月的CloudSat2B-CLDCLASS云分类资料,针对中国及周边地区(0°—60°N,70°—140°E)各类云量和垂直结构参数的地理分布及季节变化进行了统计分析,并根据气候特征的地域差异从该区域选出8个子区域,逐区统计了各类云的垂直结构特征。结果表明,各类云量的分布存在较明显的区域差异和季节变化;青藏高原和帕米尔高原地区卷云、高层云和高积云等中高云的高度和厚度相对较小,陆上深对流云的云底高度大于海上,而热带、副热带地区云顶高度大于中纬度地区;除积云、层积云和雨层云外,中国南方地区其他各类云的云层厚度均大于北方地区;除了层积云外,其他各类云的云顶高度在各区域都存在比较明显的季节变化,低云云底高度的季节变化和区域差异都很小,而中高云的云底高度除了在印度洋季风区、南海和西太平洋地区季节差异较小外,其他地区季节差异较明显,各个地区在任何季节内,深对流云厚度最大,层积云最小;各类云出现频率随高度的分布具有较明显的区域差异;卷云与高积云的相关性比较强,经常相伴出现,夏季更加明显,而雨层云和深对流云之间相互排斥,两者几乎不可能同时出现。此外,统计中国及周边地区各类云的水平均一性发现,中...     

6·23龙卷FY-2G卫星云微物理特征分析

利用FY-2G静止卫星资料,采用多光谱综合分析方法,对2016年6月23日江苏盐城特大龙卷强对流灾害天气进行分析,重点分析强对流云微物理特征和识别强对流的卫星信号,并与雷达、TRMM卫星观测资料进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)静止卫星RGB合成图能够可视化、便捷显示云微物理特征与发展趋势,对流云2区云团是产生龙卷的主云团,云系移动缓慢、位置基本保持不变是本次龙卷的特点,致使龙卷始终维持在盐城。(2)归纳出龙卷强对流云微物理特征和卫星信号为云顶高、云顶温度(T_(top))达到-80℃,存在过顶现象;云顶粒子有效半径(Re_(top))小、以小冰粒子为主,云砧结构明显,上部存在云粒子有效半径(Re)随温度(T)递减带;晶化温度(T_g)冷,达到同质冻结温度,对应有效半径(Re_g)小。08:00(北京时) FY-2G已探测到1、2、4区云团具有强对流发展潜势,通过卫星跟踪云团强弱变化,及时发现灾害性强对流天气发生云团,加强对该云团监测,提前预警强对流灾害性天气发生,为静止卫星应用于强对流天气监测预警提供新途径。     

用增强显示云图确定热带气旋强度的方法

文章介绍了用增强显示红外云图确定热带气旋强度的方法。利用1983—1988年GMS增强显示云图资料，对中央气象台使用的《用地球同步气象卫星红外云图估计热带气旋强度》的方法中的云特征指数进行了修改与调整，增加了眼区的温度、中心强对流云区和螺旋云带的云顶温度等新的云特征因子。经统计、拟合，得到云特征指数与热带气旋中心附近最大风速、最低海平面气压的对应关系，给出了计算热带气旋强度的人-机交互方法流程，此方法对各种强度的热带气旋都能客观地计算其强度，使用简便，且精度满足业务应用要求。     

利用FY-2E红外和水汽波段对强对流云团的识别和演变研究

使用FY-2E静止气象卫星的红外1(10.3~11.3μm)和水汽波段(6.3~7.6μm)时序图像,对强对流云进行识别和短时预测。亮温阈值法是将强对流云和其他高云区分开的常用方法,但是合适的亮温阈值是随着时间和空间而变化的,过高的阈值会将许多卷云包括进来,太低的阈值会排除掉云顶发展还不是很高的强对流云。水汽波段所在的位置是水汽的一个强吸收带,而高度在400 h Pa上下的大气层是水汽波段的一个强吸收层,大气在垂直方向上的对水汽波段辐射吸收的分布模式使得卫星接收到的水汽波段辐射主要来自于400 h Pa以上的大气中高层,而卫星接收到的红外波段辐射主要来自于大气中低层,两个波段间辐射来源的差异使得不同光学厚度的高云的辐射观测值在红外—水汽光谱空间中的分布具有明显差别,并且这种差异具有时空的稳定性。本文将一定范围内的云团的象元测值在红外—水汽光谱空间中的分布的拟合直线斜率作为强对流云识别的依据,结果表明相对于亮温阈值法,本文的识别方法不仅能够较好地区别卷云和强对流云,同时也能更有效地识别未达到旺盛阶段的对流云。在对强对流云进行识别后,根据相邻时间段的卫星图像,利用交叉相关法反演得到强对流云团顶部的位移矢量场,并根据后向轨迹法对强对流云团位置形状进行短时预测,预报结果在短时间内(0~1 h)较好,并且对面积较大的云团的预报效果要优于较小的对流云团。此外文中还利用逐半小时的云顶黑体温度(Temperature of Black Body,TBB)资料分析了云顶亮温的分布变化,得到了整个强对流过程的演变特征。     

根据GMS-IR观测资料推断的大尺度云场分布及其季节变化

本文利用GMS-IR云图资料研究了90°E-170°W,50°S-50°N范围内云的分布和云季节变化的大尺度气候学特征.定量描述了自1984年6月至1986年6月3年间(1984年6月除外)云顶高度在700hPa以上的大尺度云场分布及其季节变化.通过算得高云量(云顶高于400hPa)与高、中云量(云顶高于700 hPa)的比率以及考察被云覆盖的1°×1°区域内云顶高的标准差研究了云顶高度和云型的分布和季节变化. 研究结果表明,最大云量(～4/10)区分布在150°E以西的热带,次大云量(3/10～4/10)区分布在中纬度的气旋路径带,最小云量(1/10～2/10)区在副高附近.年平均云顶高度在热带高于中纬度.在两半球中纬度的气旋路径带上,云顶高度差异悬殊:最低纬度气旋路径带上的平均云顶高度大大高于其他气旋路径带上的平均云顶高度. 热带季风区内云量的年变化很大(2/10～4/10).此外,在热带季风区大陆及其邻域(大约1000km以内)冬季云顶高度明显降低.这表明在冬季深对流活动在那里受到强烈抑制,可因冷流而加强的强对流活动限于远离大陆的区域.在冬季,自中国南方至日本这一副热带季风区也可观测到云顶高度的降低.在中国南方和东海,云顶高度大的季节变化伴随着云型显著的季节变化:暖季为深厚对流云,冷季为层状中云.除了热带和副热带季风区,深厚对流云在夏季亚洲大陆上甚至可出现在50°N的较高纬度且高云量增加达2/10.这与澳大利亚大陆明显不同,在那里除热带季风区外,全年高云很少(～0.5/10).     

卫星遥感人工增雨作业条件 I: 对流云

利用卫星反演技术和云微物理分析方法,针对云微物理结构和降水形成过程探讨可播性、播撒方式,通过对不同类型对流云分析,归纳出4类可播云系,分析表明:1)重污染深厚对流云,当云底粒子有效半径小于7 μm、凝结增长带深厚、降水启动厚度大于20℃、碰并增长带薄、无雨胚带、晶化温度低于-30℃时,可播撒吸湿性核或播撒AgI.2)强上升冰雹云,若云外型强对流特征明显、各增长带增长缓慢、无雨胚带、晶化温度低于-30℃,且云顶附近存在明显的有效半径减小带,可播撒吸湿性核或播撒AgI.3)强上升强降水对流云,云底滴较大,通常大于10 μm,碰并增长较为充分,晶化温度低,一般低于-30℃,冰晶化延迟明显,冷云降水发展不充分,通过在0℃层附近播撒AgI促进冷云降水.4)污染性浅薄对流云,当云底有效半径小于10 μm、凝结增长带深厚、碰并增长带薄、无雨胚带、云顶有效半径小于14 μm、云厚3～6km,可播撒吸湿性核.     

甘肃省对流层顶高度的季节变化特征分析

根据甘肃省8个探空站25年(1980—2004年)的对流层顶观测资料,分析了第一对流层顶和第二对流层顶高度的季节变化特征,结果表明:(1)全省各站全年各月均可观测到复合对流层顶,两类对流层顶存在着明显的季节差异,冬(夏)季以第一(二)对流层顶为主。(2)第一对流层顶的平均高度在春、秋(冬、夏)季相对较高(低),年变化曲线呈双峰型;第二对流层顶的平均高度在春、夏(秋、冬)季相对较高(低),年变化表现出单峰型。(3)两类对流层顶高度均存在明显的年际变化,除秋季外,各个季节第一(二)对流层顶普遍存在5～6 a(准3 a)的周期振荡。(4)近25年来甘肃省两类对流层顶主要以上升趋势为主,特别是在夏季两类对流层顶高度均存在明显的上升趋势。     

辽宁长历时暴雨中尺度对流系统特征分析

选取发生在辽宁的3次典型长历时暴雨过程,利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析、FY-2E黑体亮温TBB、多普勒天气雷达和自动气象站等资料,分析了降水实况、天气形势背景、卫星红外云图、雷达回波的结构和强度变化的代表性特征。结果表明:辽宁长历时暴雨是在有利于产生暴雨的大尺度环流背景下,异常稳定的形势场导致冷暖空气在某一地区长时间相互对峙而形成的。该型暴雨的降水实况具有雨强变化小、强降水无明显阶段性特征和雨强变化大、强降水具有明显阶段性两种特征。一般性对流云团、暖云和深对流云团均可造成该型暴雨,其中一般性对流云团的云顶亮温变化幅度小,在-47～-36℃,暖云的云顶亮温在-8～3℃,深对流云团的云顶亮温-68～-50℃且强降水发生在云顶亮温低值中心偏向温度梯度大值区一侧。该型暴雨的雷达反射率因子强回波质心较低,表现为上游回波同一方向连续移入形成的"列车效应"、本地生成回波并不断加强以及不同方向的强回波先后移入影响三种类型,小时平均回波强度及其变化对降水强度和趋势有较好的指示意义。需要特别关注副热带高压西侧低层高能高湿、凝结高度低、整层近乎饱和且又具有局地地形抬升触发条件地区的暖云强降水的分析和监测。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on