实施飞机人工增雨对密云水库水质中Ag+影响研究

针对2004年6月--2005年7月汛期（5—9月）在密云水库上游汇水区开展以飞机播撒AgI催化剂为主的人工增雨试验，对水库与白河入口处2个采样点水质进行定期连续监测，分析了作业期间汇水区降水量增加对水库水质Ag^＋及化学组分的影响，发现水库水体所测组分浓度值作业期小于非作业期；Ag^＋有明显的月变化，即作业期为低值区，非作业期为高值区。得出人工增雨后，降水量的增加未影响到水库中Ag^＋离子浓度的增加。     

汛期密云水库水质中Ag变化特征分析

针对汛期(5—9月)在密云水库上游流域开展飞机、火箭播撒AgI催化剂为主的人工增雨作业,利用2004年6月至2008年9月水库Ag定点定期连续监测数据,分析了水库水质Ag平均浓度值在汛期年变化特征,及与水库蓄水量的变化关系,得出汛期Ag从2004—2008年年变化幅度由大逐渐趋于平缓,且北京奥运期间Ag平均浓度值与2007年同期持平,并未出现超标。     

福建周宁水库地面暖云人工增雨作业效果分析

利用2012年4月至2013年8月期间在福建省周宁水库开展的地面烟炉暖云人工增雨试验资料,结合区域对比试验方法对每次暖云人工增雨作业进行效果评估,探讨暖云人工增雨的作业效果。结果表明：周宁水库开展地面暖云人工增雨作业的平均增雨量为51 mm;在西南暖湿气流影响下的暖云增雨效果最明显;采用多点及多时次暖云人工增雨作业方式,有利于提高人工增雨的作业效果。通过作业效果分析,地面烟炉暖云人工增雨技术适合于南方山区。     

密云水库及增雨汇水区白河入库段水质变化趋势

2005—2009年在密云水库及人工增雨汇水区白河入库河段开展了水质监测和分析。结果表明：两监测点pH值年平均值差异很小,并表现出春季最高,冬季最低,夏秋季相对较低的时间变化特征;水库pH值年变化下降趋势较白河明显;分析水库蓄水量及降水量对水库pH值变化影响,5—9月随着降水量增大减小,10月至次年4月随蓄水量变化呈负相关;降水量对pH值年变化影响比蓄水量明显。所测的化学组分含量（K除外）水库均低于白河,其中Ca浓度含量最高,其次是SO42-,碱金属（Ca、Mg、Na、K）总浓度远大于阴离子（SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、F-）;碱金属和阴离子月变化均是冬春季浓度值大于夏秋季,冬季值最高。水库阴离子年际变化趋势不明显,碱金属呈下降趋势。Ag年际变化呈上升态势,白河略高于水库。     

一次小流域增雨作业的分析和评估

根据高空环流形势和地面降水资料,对2002年9月27日秦皇岛市石河水库上游实施的人工增雨作业进行了分析和检验。增雨作业影响区5个雨量点平均雨量108.4 mm,其中最大达160.2 mm(非影响区雨量33 mm)。此次增雨作业使石河水库洪水总量达803×104m3,为水库增加260×104元经济效益。对作业后1 h作业影响区和非影响区雨量进行秩和检验,结果表明作业影响区和非影响降水差异明显,人工增雨效果显著。文中对火箭人工增雨作业方法和时机进行了探讨。     

对流云人工增雨潜力初步探讨

利用在古田水库建立的以新一代天气雷达为主,包括稠密地面雨量站网等人工增雨综合监测技术系统,结合古田水库“蓄水型”人工增雨外场试验研究对流云降水量、降水效率和人工增雨潜力。研究表明:①试验区对流云自然降水效率平均约为1222×103m3,最大为1626×103m3;②人工催化后18~36 min,平均降水效率提高6个百分点,每次作业降水量增加395.5×103m3;相对增加28.36%,最大分别增加10个百分点,为972×103m3和59.78%;③每次作业水库入库流量增加143×103m3;④综合12年(1975~1986)古田人工增雨试验和2004年古田水库“蓄水型”人工增雨效果分析,可以认为对流云云内含水量大,有明显的增雨潜力。     

湖南省柘溪水库人工增雨试验优化技术研究

在总结柘溪水库多年人工增雨发电试验经验的基础上,通过分析资水流域的气候特征、防汛形势、发电需求和安全生产要求,确定了柘溪水库人工增雨作业的适宜时段。通过分析近5年资水流域37次典型降雨日的天气形势和降雨特征,将影响流域降水的主要天气系统归类分型为西风带降雨系统、东风带降雨系统和地形云,并进一步确定了柘溪水库人工增雨作业的优化布局和作业方式。在分析库区特大致洪暴雨典型个例的基础上,找出了柘溪水库人工增雨作业需要规避的强降雨自然灾害高风险区域。     

对白山水库蓄水发电人工增雨作业过程的效果分析

1引言 根据吉林省人工影响天气中心与白山电厂联合开展人工增雨水库蓄水发电试验研究项目的要求,白山市气象局分别于2007年9月7-9日、15日、18—20日在白山水库流域上游的抚松和靖字境内开展了人工增雨作业,总作业区域面积为707．59km^2。     

飞机人工增雨作业效果分析

采用2009年12月～2010年1月广西飞机人工增雨作业数据,结合作业期间的相关气象资料,分析飞机人工增雨作业效果。结果表明,在影响广西的天气系统总体偏弱的情况下,实施飞机人工增雨作业后,雷达回波强度出现明显增强,降雨明显增加,降雨实况均比常年同期偏多,偏多程度在1成～2倍以上。     

古田水库2004年蓄水型人工增雨作业分析

将宁德市人工增雨指挥系统应用到2004年6~8月古田水库抗旱蓄水型人工增雨作业和进行综合效果评价,取得显著效果。5次作业过程,水库流域共增雨16117×104m3。结果表明:新一代天气雷达宁德市人工增雨指挥系统在实际作业中应用,对旱情的监测、作业条件确定、把握最佳作业时机、场外作业指挥、云团跟踪分析、效果综合评价等方面发挥了很好的作用,使人工增雨作业科学化、客观化、系统化,提高了工作效率,增强了工作效果,扩大了社会影响。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences